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Drug Abuse

Drug abuse refers to the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including illegal drugs and the misuse of legal drugs.
This can lead to dependence, health problems, and other negative consequences.
Effective research protocols are crucial for understanding the complexities of drug abuse and developing evidence-based interventions.
PubCompare.ai can optimize your drug abuse research by helping you locate the most effective protocols from literature, preprints, and patents using advanced comparisons.
Streamline your work and achieve accurate, reproducible results with this AI-driven platform.

Most cited protocols related to «Drug Abuse»

Genetic Factors in Schizophrenia Symptomatology

Cited 138 times

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Publication 2012

Brain Diseases Childbirth Craniocerebral Trauma Diagnosis Drug Abuse Ethanol Ethics Committees, Research Nervous System Disorder Schizoaffective Disorder Schizophrenia Visually Impaired Persons

Behavioral Pattern Separation in Healthy Aging

Cited 94 times

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Publication 2013

Adult Age Groups Alzheimer's Disease Cognitive Impairments, Mild Craniocerebral Trauma Dementia Diagnosis Drug Abuse Fingers Males Memory Memory, Short-Term Memory Deficits Mental Disorders Patients Recognition, Psychology Respiratory Diaphragm TNFSF10 protein, human Vision

Reliability and Validity of DSM-5 Alcohol Use Disorder Assessments

Cited 88 times

Lifetime DSM-5 AUD diagnoses required at least 2 of the 11 criteria in the 12 months preceding the interview or previously. Diagnoses before the past 12 months required clustering of at least 2 criteria within a 1-year period. Consistent with DSM-5 criteria, AUD severity levels were classified as mild, moderate, or severe (2-3, 4-5, or ≥6 criteria, respectively). Lifetime alcohol abuse diagnoses based on DSM-IV criteria required at least 1 of the 4 abuse criteria in the 12 months preceding the interview or previously. Lifetime alcohol dependence based on DSM-IV criteria required at least 3 dependence criteria in the past 12 months or previously. Diagnoses before the past 12 months also required clustering of criteria within a 1-year period. Concordances between DSM-IV and DSM-5 12-month and lifetime AUDs in the NESARC-III were excellent (κ = 0.76 and κ = 0.61, respectively).^{23 (link)}Symptom items (n = 37) that assessed DSM-IV AUD diagnoses in the NESARC and NESARC-III were virtually identical. However, 3 items were slightly reworded and 3 additional abuse questions appeared in the NESARC-III. Comparisons between DSM-IV 12-month AUD diagnoses with and without the additional questions yielded virtually identical prevalences (12.7% and 12.2%, respectively), with near-perfect concordance (κ = 0.98), which suggested that trivial differences between AUD operationalizations were not responsible for the changes reported herein.
Test-retest reliability of AUDADIS-5 and DSM-5 AUD categorical diagnoses (κ = 0.60 and κ = 0.62, respectively) and dimensional criteria scales (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC], 0.83 and 0.85, respectively) was substantial in a large general population sample.^{24 (link)} Procedural validity of AUDADIS-5 and DSM-5 AUD was assessed through blind clinical reappraisal using the clinician-administered, semi-structured Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance Use and Mental Disorders, DSM-5 (PRISM-5) version.²⁵ The clinical reappraisal, conducted in a large general population sample,^{26 (link)} showed fair to good concordance on AUDADIS-5 and PRISM-5 AUD diagnoses (κ = 0.49 and κ = 0.62, respectively) and excellent concordance (ICC, 0.81 and 0.85, respectively) for their dimensional counterparts.
Test-retest reliability of AUDADIS-IV and DSM-IV AUD diagnoses was good to excellent in clinical and general population samples.^{27 (link)-31 (link)} Convergent, discriminant, and construct validity of AUDADIS-IV AUD diagnoses were good to excellent,^{32 (link)-36 (link)} including in the World Health Organization/National Institutes of Health Study on Reliability and Validity (κ range, 0.60-0.70).^{37 (link)-39 (link)}

Grant B.F., Goldstein R.B., Saha T.D., Chou S.P., Jung J., Zhang H., Pickering R.P., Ruan W.J., Smith S.M., Huang B, & Hasin D.S. (2015). Epidemiology of DSM-5 Alcohol Use Disorder: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions III. JAMA psychiatry, 72(8), 757-766.

Publication 2015

Abuse, Alcohol Alcoholic Intoxication, Chronic Diagnosis Drug Abuse Mental Disorders prisma Substance Use Visually Impaired Persons

Comprehensive Stress Measurement Protocol

Cited 54 times

Based on prior research on stress and health, our assessment of stressors utilized multiple stressors, adapted from some of the best available measures, in each of eight domains (acute life events, employment, financial, life discrimination, job discrimination, relationship, early life, and community stressors) that reflect key arenas in which people operate (e.g., home, job, neighborhood) and the major roles/statuses they assume (Lantz et al., 2005 (link); Pearlin 1989 (link)). Before fielding the CCAHS survey, a large pretest was conducted with various psychosocial instruments (including stressors) in suburban Chicago to develop shorter versions of existing scales that maintained good psychometric properties. Although some of the specific stress measures are short, our assessment reflects an effort to provide broad coverage of the critical stressors that appear to matter for health given that the failure to measure stressors comprehensively understates the association between stressors and health (Thoits 2010 (link)).
Appendix A describes the stressors, including internal reliability scores for the subscales within each type. Correlations among our summary stressors were low (ranging from −0.1 to 0.33). The acute life events domain consists of standard measures of traumatic experiences (lifetime) and acute life events (past five years). Employment stressors (Karasek and Theorell, 1990 ) comprise six measures: job dissatisfaction, job autonomy, job insecurity, work demands, work-life conflicts, and job hazards. Financial stressors contain two measures (Pearlin and Schooler, 1978 (link)): financial strain and an inventory of economic problems. Life discrimination combines measures of both racial and nonracial discrimination from an abbreviated inventory of major discriminatory events and a shortened version of the Everyday Discrimination Scale (Williams et al., 1997 (link)). Preliminary analyses revealed that both racial and nonracial discrimination were similarly related to our health outcomes. Job discrimination includes two scales (job harassment and unfair treatment at work) adapted from the Perceived Racism Scale (McNeilly et al., 1996 (link)) and the Los Angeles Study of Urban Inequality (Bobo and Suh, 2000 ). The relationship stressors domain consists of five measures adapted from the Americans’ Changing Lives study (House et al., 1994 (link)): marital stressors, marital abuse, child-related stressors, an inventory of problems experienced by one’s children, and friend criticism. Early life stressors assess adversities prior to age twelve, including abuse, educational neglect, and hunger. Finally, community stressors combine measures of community disorder, community violence, and personal victimization adapted from the PHDCN (Sampson et al., 1997 (link)).
Our eight final summary stressors were created by standardizing each stressor (into a z-score) and then summing all indicators of stressors composing a given domain, restandardizing the resulting summary measure to facilitate comparisons across domains, and dichotomously scoring the final variable, to contrast scores in the top quintile (“high stress”) versus all others. Focusing on the top quintile allows us to capture both severity and accumulation of stressors. We chose a top-quintile threshold based on prior research that indicates that the negative effects of stressors are most clearly evident among those experiencing chronic, cumulative, and severe stressors (Williams and Mohammed, 2009 (link)). Sensitivity analyses utilizing alternative thresholds (top tertile, top quartile) revealed similar results.

Sternthal M.J., Slopen N, & Williams D.R. (2011). RACIAL DISPARITIES IN HEALTH: How Much Does Stress Really Matter?. Du Bois review : social science research on race, 8(1), 95-113.

Publication 2011

Child Discrimination, Psychology Drug Abuse Friend Hunger Hypersensitivity Psychometrics Strains Victimization

Diagnosing Mental Disorders in Adolescents

Cited 51 times

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Publication 2010

Abuse, Alcohol Adolescent Agoraphobia Alcoholic Intoxication, Chronic Anorexia Nervosa Anxiety Disorders Behavior Disorders Bulimia Nervosa Conduct Disorder Diagnosis Disorder, Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder, Binge-Eating Drug Abuse Drug Dependence Dysthymic Disorder Eating Disorders Emotions Interviewers Major Depressive Disorder Mental Disorders Mood Disorders Oppositional Defiant Disorder Panic Disorder Parent Phobia, Social Phobia, Specific Physical Examination Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Problem Behavior Separation Anxiety Disorder Substance Use Disorders

Most recents protocols related to «Drug Abuse»

Intimate Relationships and Drug Transitions

Women leaving home or becoming homeless at an early age were particularly vulnerable to predatory relationships with older men or romantic relationships of necessity and convenience. Prior studies found a particular association between intimate relationships as a source of increased violence and transitions into injection drug among females [67 (link)]. Consistent with these findings the women in this study frequently described how partners introduced them to drugs and were the catalyst to transition into “harder” drugs:

met a guy who was like 29 and he gave me heroin, like I’d never touched drugs in my life, he injected me, with heroin. I know. I had crack. I didn’t really know what I was taking. He introduced me to heroin at 15 (Gillian).

Intimate relationships were often based on the need for protection: “[partner’s name] is there all the time cos she protects us. She makes us like get up in the mornings and try and get ready and get washed, and stuff like that and she’ll like cooks for us and like she is there. If she hadn’t have been, I wouldn’t be here” (Carina).
Several women met their partners through drug networks and were subsequently coerced into drug dealing: [I met him] through different people in […], who were selling drugs and people knowing people and me being young he swept us off my feet, wined and dined us and I was a lot younger and – he used us basically, to his advantage. “Well if you do this, do that, I’ve got me third strike I’m out, you’ll have to sell this and that” (Delia).
Gillian illustrates the difficulty of getting away from the pull of street culture. Having had a relatively happy and stable relationship for several years, coinciding with better mental health, a job and sense of purpose, the end of that relationship swiftly led to her going back to where she felt a “connection”, a drug dealer who knew her which she associated with having a sense of belonging:

When I was with [partner] and we were both PT [Personal Trainers] everything was fine … my life was absolutely the best … No domestic violence or nothing. I was just happy … I was drug free, like totally, just normal just normal shit and he broke my heart and that and I ended up, like not back on heroin just crack. I started using cocaine and drinking and that you know, cos he left us. And then from then I went out like a coke dealer who I knew from all them years ago when I had [...] who used to serve us up. And I felt like a connection with him cos he knew us (Gillian).

Intimate relationships were entered into out of necessity, following crisis points (homelessness, death of previous partner) and women described partners exacerbating drug use, or precipitating further trauma and abuse.

McGrath J., Crossley S., Lhussier M, & Forster N. (2023). Social capital and women’s narratives of homelessness and multiple exclusion in northern England. International Journal for Equity in Health, 22, 41.

Publication 2023

Cocaine Domestic Violence Drug Abuse Feelings Females Foot Heart Heroin Mental Health Persons, Homeless Pharmaceutical Preparations SELL protein, human Woman Wounds and Injuries Youth

Disrupted Childhoods and Lasting Trauma

Fragmented, often abusive early settings characterised by poor relationships with one or both parents characterised participants sense of their place in the world. The family home was frequently associated with experiences of physical, emotional and sexual abuse. With the disruption of formative networks and bonds with caregivers, this culminated for many within institutional care or the care of relatives. Reported experiences of care were mixed, with many women describing “getting in with the wrong crowd” and taking drugs for the first time but also feelings of relief during a respite from abuse at home:

Me mam was a severe alcoholic. I used to get beat up daily. The school didn’t do anything until I was 12-year old, after me nanna died. And basically, I got put with the person who was actually raping me. So I was there for 3 months and the trauma of that, I just couldn’t cope with. So I rebelled at school, and that’s when I got put into […] children’s home. Things started to calm down a little bit there, but I just wanted to be – it sounds stupid – but I wanted to be where my safety net was, where my mam was (Rosie).

Women described the home environment being one where substance misuse and interpersonal conflict were normalized. Trauma was widely experienced, with multiple adverse experiences throughout the life course. Leaving home often occurred as a result of crisis, either the death of a main caregiver or family breakdown. Women described getting into relationships with older men, which provided both a means of escape and in many cases a trap. For Michelle, a relationship initially provided a refuge from her homelife and though the relationship quickly turned sour her mother did not allow her to return home: “I moved out when I was 15 year old I rang me mam crying cos I was miles away from [home …] and she went “you’ve made your bed you lie in it” (Michelle).
Early experiences of abusive family life set future expectations of relationships, where physical violence was normalized and associated with love. Tracy described how unremarkable experiences of violence were, which foreshadowed later relationships:

I was beaten as a child by my father. My mother beat my sister. Never ever hit me. Sides get picked, you get her I get her. And I thought it was how someone showed that they loved you, you know? … I had my nose broken. First my dad. And then boyfriends. There was a competition going on. It becomes a way of life I guess (Tracy).

Early experiences of lack of informal support of parents and extended family; resources that are normative and critical to healthy child development and achievement even into early adulthood [64 (link)] impact these women throughout their lives. Experiencing early trauma, including emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, neglect, parental mental ill-health and/or substance abuse, are all particular risk factors associated with unresolved trauma and long-term homelessness in adulthood [65 (link)].

Publication 2023

Abuse, Physical Alcoholics Catabolism Child Child Development Children's Health Drug Abuse Emotions Extended Family Feelings Life Experiences Mental Health Mothers Nose Parent Pharmaceutical Preparations Physical Examination Safety Sexual Abuse Sound Substance Abuse Woman Wounds and Injuries

Holistic Support for Homeless with Complex Needs

Participants ranged in age from 25 to 58 (mean age 41). Their current living situation was reported as either currently homeless (38%), supported housing (50%), private rented accommodation (6%) and 6% were vulnerably housed in unsuitable accommodation.
Primary presenting substance misuse was reported as opiates (74%), alcohol (13%), and benzodiazepines (13%). Self-identified poor mental health was characterised as suffering from long term depression and anxiety, and 100% had trouble sleeping. 63% of participants reported suicidal ideation within the past 12 months. 25% reported that they had ever been admitted to a psychiatric facility. A minority had psychiatric diagnoses (6%) which were reported as schizophrenia and personality disorder.
Within the previous 12 months, 56% had accessed housing support services, 56% had used substance misuse services, 38% had accessed support for domestic abuse and 25% had accessed mental health support. Fifty percent had visited their GP at least once. Significant acute healthcare use was reported, with at least 18 individual admissions to A&E reported within the group in the previous 12 months.

Publication 2023

Anxiety Benzodiazepines Diagnosis, Psychiatric Drug Abuse Ethanol Mental Health Minority Groups Ocular Accommodation Opiate Alkaloids Personality Disorders Persons, Homeless Schizophrenia

Exploring Homelessness Among Women: A Grounded Theory Approach

All interviews were audio-recorded and afterwards transcribed by the lead researcher to increase familiarity with the data. After checking the transcripts for transcription errors, meaning was constructed into the data using a grounded theory approach. Transcripts were explored by the lead researcher for pertinent themes and discussed with the research team.The data were labelled line by line using open coding as we asked, “what is this an example of?” Open coding was used to identify basic themes relating to women’s experiences (see Table 2) and decision-making processes in relation to homelessness across the 20 interviews. Concepts such as trauma, interpersonal violence, and child removal. Were grouped under category labels. Each category was considered in terms of its characteristics and as differences and similarities emerged, we collapsed our initial collection of concepts into a code list of important concepts. It was at this stage that the centrality of networks and resources, and thus social capital, in the discussion became apparent. Interview transcripts were then re-examined to identify broader themes (or forms) of agency under which certain basic themes could be grouped.Table 2

Number of participants who identified different experiences (n = 16)

	identified	disagreed	not addressed
Habitus of instability
Early trauma	88% (14/16)		12% (2/16)
Care experienced	69% (11/16)	31% (5/16)
Homeless before age 21	63% (10/16)	31% (5/16)	6% (1/16)
Hidden homelessness
Significant trauma whilst homeless	56% (9/16)		44% (7/16)
Domestic abuse
Experienced physical abuse	88% (14/16)	6% (1/16)	6% (1/16)
Experienced emotional abuse	88% (14/16)		12% (2/16)

Publication 2023

Child Drug Abuse Emotions Interpersonal Violence Persons, Homeless Physical Examination Transcription, Genetic Woman Wounds and Injuries

Domestic Abuse Narratives and Homelessness

Repeated experiences of domestic abuse were apparent in the biographies of almost all women though it was not always perceived as such. Relationships were often idealised in the first few months then quickly descended into abuse:

You think you find the right person, you think they’re so nice and everything’s perfect for the first 6 to 12 months and then after 12 months it just goes pfffft. Like woah. And by the time that’s happened you’re just too far involved. And then you end up the one that’s out on the street (Rosa).

One of the most harmful aspects of domestic abuse is detachment from social networks, thus further deepening exclusion. Here, Sally describes being isolated her from family and friends and eventually her children: Nobody knew what was going on. So I eventually left, and unknown to me … I was made out to be the bad person, like a complete weirdo (Sally).
Several women described long term physical and mental health impact resulting from injuries caused by their partner. Dee was using heroin to manage chronic pain caused by physical injuries as well as trauma from abuse: “I was married once. And I’d never do it again. He was a woman batterer. Steel plate in my head. He was so violent” (Dee).
Other women described how their partner provided resources but also perpetuated further trauma:

he used to say “you’ve got nobody. You’ll never go hungry if you stay with me...” And it’s just hard like. I struggle every day. So it’s like I’m either, it’s easier for food, I’d get lifts if I needed to go to places or I’m not being with that person and struggle. Erm, but not arguing and not fighting. It’s just hard (Sienna).

Michelle describes how her relationship commands a lot of her attention and energy, with expressions of affection interspersed with mental turmoil and uncertainty:

Me partner who lives with me, [name], he’s really well known here. He got kicked out of a hostel a while ago and that’s how I met him... he’s playing us [me] along saying he loves me and wants to be with me, and it’s ripping me to bits, my head’s battered. … he doesn’t have a good word for us. Constantly puts us down. I don’t know. But he walked away a couple of month ago when he got paid, spent £750 left me with not a penny and went away for a week and come back when he had nothing. I knew then, he didn’t love me. No-one who loved someone would do that to them. You know. I couldn’t see the lad on the streets, I just couldn’t (Michelle).

Amongst the women who had exited homelessness, many chose to live alone: “I mean I just don’t intend getting into a relationship to discover how to have one. I’m done. I’ve had enough bad ones. I’ve loved, and I’ve been loved back a couple of times. But it hurts even harder when they’re the ones that try to kill you” (Tracy).
Most of the women who had successfully exited homelessness actively avoided situations where they might meet a new partner and expressed no desire for intimate relationships. This perhaps relates to not only their overwhelmingly bad experiences of relationships, but provides context to their perception of relationships primarily driven by necessity to obtain shelter, protection and resources.

Publication 2023

Attention Child Chronic Pain Drug Abuse ErbB Receptors Food Friend Head Heroin Hunger Injuries Mental Health Physical Examination Rosa Steel Woman Wounds Wounds and Injuries

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What are the different types of drug abuse?

Drug abuse can take many forms, including the use of illegal drugs like heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine, as well as the misuse of legal prescription medications like opioid painkillers, benzodiazepines, and stimulants. The abuse of alcohol and nicotine are also considered forms of drug abuse. Each type of drug abuse carries its own unique risks and consequences.

How does drug abuse impact health and wellbeing?

Drug abuse can have severe and far-reaching impacts on an individual's health and overall wellbeing. It can lead to addiction, overdose, and a range of physical and mental health problems, including organ damage, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric disorders. Long-term drug abuse can also disrupt social, professional, and familial relationships, making it difficult for individuals to maintain a healthy, productive lifestyle.

What are some effective strategies for preventing and treating drug abuse?

Effective strategies for addressing drug abuse include education and awareness campaigns, evidence-based addiction treatment programs, and policies that limit the availability and misuse of substances. Treatments may involve counseling, medication, and support groups to help individuals overcome addiction and develop healthy coping mechanisms. Additionally, harm reduction approaches, such as needle exchange programs and overdose prevention initiatives, can help mitigate the negative consequences of drug abuse.

How can PubCompare.ai assist with drug abuse research?

PubCompare.ai can be a valuable tool for researchers studying drug abuse. The platform's AI-driven analysis can help you screen protocol literature more efficiently, leveraging machine learning to pinpoint critical insights that may be overlooked. By comparing the effectiveness of different protocols related to drug abuse research, PubCompare.ai can assist you in identifying the most robust and reliable methods, enabling you to achieve more accurate and reproducible results. This can be especially helpful in optimizing your research protocols and staying up-to-date with the latest advancements in the field.

What are some common challenges faced in drug abuse research?

Drug abuse research can be a complex and challenging field, with a variety of obstacles to overcome. Some common challenges include the ethical considerations around studying illegal or potentially harmful substances, the difficulty in establishing causality between drug use and its effects, and the need to account for individual differences and comorbidities that can influence outcomes. Reguardless, effective research protocols are crucial for advancing our understanding of drug abuse and developing evidence-based interventions to address this pressing public health issue.

More about "Drug Abuse"

Drug abuse, also known as substance abuse, refers to the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including illegal drugs and the misuse of legal drugs.
This can lead to dependence, health problems, and other negative consequences.
Effective research protocols are crucial for understanding the complexities of drug abuse and developing evidence-based interventions.
Effective data analysis is essential for drug abuse research.
Tools like SAS 9.4, SPSS version 25, and Stata 14 can be used to analyze data and gain insights into the patterns and trends of drug abuse.
SAS version 9.4, SPSS version 21, and Stata 15 are also popular choices for researchers in this field.
When it comes to drug abuse research, it's important to use the right tools and protocols to ensure accurate and reproducible results.
PubCompare.ai can help optimize your research by identifying the most effective protocols from literature, preprints, and patents using advanced comparisons.
This AI-driven platform can streamline your work and help you achieve accurate, reproducibile results.
In addition to data analysis tools, other key subtopics in drug abuse research include epidemiology, risk factors, prevention strategies, and treatment approaches.
Researchers may also explore the neurobiological mechanisms underlying addiction, the social and environmental factors that contribute to drug abuse, and the effectiveness of various intervention programs.
One typo to note: the word 'reproducibile' should be 'reproducible'.
With the right tools and protocols, drug abuse researchers can gain valuable insights and develop more effective interventions to address this complex and challenging issue.