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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition characterized by intrusive thoughts, obsessions, and repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform to alleviate anxiety.
People with OCD may experience distress, impairment in daily functioning, and a reduced quality of life.
Effective treatments, including cognitive-behavioral therapy and medication, are available to help manage OCD symptoms and improve overall well-being.
Reseach in this area is crucial to enhace understanding, develop novel interventions, and optimize care for individuals affected by this complex disorder.

Most cited protocols related to «Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder»

General psychological symptoms were assessed using the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised [21 ] at baseline, and its abbreviated version, the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) [22 ], at follow-up. Both versions are based on identical items and have been shown to present fairly equivalent psychometric properties [23 (link), 24 (link)]. Hence, we focused our analyses on the BSI. The BSI is a widely used 53-item measure of subjective psychological distress experienced in the preceding seven days. All responses are scored on a 5-point scale from 0 (“not at all”) to 4 (“extremely”). The BSI’s nine subscales cover symptoms of clinically relevant psychological syndromes: somatization, obsessive-compulsive disorder, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism. The Global Severity Index (GSI) is a measure of overall psychological distress and is calculated by summing up all nine subscales. Urbán and colleagues [24 (link)] proposed a bifactor model that supports reporting the nine subscales in addition to the rather sound GSI as outcome measures. In this study, Cronbach’s alpha of the GSI was .97 and .96 at baseline and follow-up, respectively.
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Publication 2019
Anxiety Hypersensitivity Mental Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Psychological Distress Psychometrics Sound Syndrome
42 Dutch patients were clinically assessed using a standard psychiatric interview by five psychiatrists experienced in obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. The general medical history as well as the psychiatric history was collected for all patients. Personality pathology was evaluated using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II) [6] . The following questionnaires were completed:
The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) [7] (link), a 17-item scale determining a patient’s level of depression.
The 14-item Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) [8] (link), which measures the severity of anxiety symptoms.
The Symptom Checklist (SCL-90) [9] (link), which is a widely used screening instrument for mental and physical dysfunctioning. The 90 items comprise eight subscales: Agoraphobia, Anxiety, Depression, Somatic complaints, Insufficiency in thinking and acting, Suspicion and interpersonal sensitivity, Hostility and Sleep problems. The total score is seen as a general index for psychoneuroticism.
To measure the severity of the misophonia symptoms, we developed an adapted version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) [10] (link), [11] (link), which we have named the Amsterdam Misophonia Scale (A-MISO-S). Similar adaptations of the Y-BOCS have appeared to be reliable and valid measures of symptom severity in other obsessive-compulsive and impulse control disorders, such as pathological gambling (PG-YBOCS) [12] and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD-YBOCS) [13] .
On a 6-item scale (range 0–24) patients were asked about the (1) time they spent on misophonia; (2) interference with social functioning; (3) level of anger; (4) resistance against the impulse; (5) control they had over their thoughts and anger; and (6) time they spent avoiding misophonic situations. Scores from 0–4 are considered subclinical misophonic symptoms, 5–9 mild, 10–14 moderate, 15–19 severe, 20–24 extreme.
To rule out any potential hearing problems we randomly selected five patients to perform a standard hearing test, including pure tone, speech audiometry and loudness discomfort levels, which are commonly performed to objectify hearing loss or distortion [14] , [15] . One patient’s test showed unexplained conductive hearing loss. In the other four patients no significant audiological distortion was found and further testing was therefore omitted.
The medical ethics testing committee of the Academic Medical Center did not require approval because this study was anecdotal and observational. All patients gave written informed consent for publication.
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Publication 2013
Acclimatization Agoraphobia Anger Anxiety Audiometry Audiometry, Speech Body Dysmorphic Disorders Conductive Hearing Loss Diploid Cell Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders Dyssomnias Epistropheus Hearing Impairment Hostility Hypersensitivity misophonia Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Patients Personality Disorders Physical Examination Psychiatrist Respiratory Diaphragm SCID Mice Thinking Vision
The K10 is a 10-item questionnaire developed on the basis of item response theory models (Kessler et al. 2002 (link)). It has been used extensively in many countries as part of the World Mental Health Surveys (Andrews & Slade, 2001 (link); Kessler et al. 2002 (link); Furukawa et al. 2003 (link)), although, to date, no validity data have been published from developing countries. A shortened 6-item version of the questionnaire (K6) has also been advocated as a screening measure.
Of the five screening questionnaires, two of which (the K10 and K6) shared six items, most were either already available in local languages (such as the GHQ-12) or in another Indian language (e.g. the K10). Those not available in local languages were translated using the standard, stepwise, method of translation (Sartorius & Kuyken, 1994 ). All questionnaires were piloted to assess feasibility issues, for example on the scoring method. The time duration for reporting complaints varies from 2 weeks in the GHQ-12 to 30 days for the K6/K10. The questionnaires were modified to make them more feasible for use in busy clinics (the GHQ-12 and K10/K6 scoring was made dichotomous) and the duration of reporting symptoms standardized to 2 weeks for all symptoms (as the ICD-10 diagnosis was based on a 2-week duration of symptoms).
The reference standard diagnostic interview was the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R), a structured interview for use by lay interviewers for the measurement and diagnosis of CMD in community and primary-care settings (Lewis et al. 1992 (link)). The CIS-R inquires about the experience of symptoms of CMD in 14 domains (e.g. fatigue, depression, panic). It generates a total score that provides a dimensional measure of CMD. Data can also be analysed using the Programmable Questionnaire System (PROQSY) software program (available from Professor G. Lewis, University of Bristol), which generates ICD-10 diagnoses for the following CMDs: depressive episode, phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and mixed anxiety-depression disorder. The CIS-R has been used extensively in India, and specifically in Goa (Sen & Williams, 1987 (link); Patel et al. 1998a (link), b (link), 2003 (link), 2006 (link)). The translation and field testing of the CIS-R in earlier studies in Goa are reported elsewhere (Patel et al. 1998b (link)). We used four case criteria derived from the CIS-R: an ICD-10 diagnosis of any CMD; an ICD-10 diagnosis of depressive episode; a cut-off score of 11/12 (i.e. a score of 12 or more signifying case-level morbidity); and a cut-off score of 17/18 as an indicator of ‘severe’ morbidity.
Publication 2007
Anxiety Disorders Diagnosis Fatigue Interviewers Mental Health Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Panic Disorder Phobias Primary Health Care
The Dunedin Study longitudinally ascertains mental disorders using a strategy akin to experience sampling: Every 2 to 6 years, we interview participants about past-year symptoms. Past-year reports maximize reliability and validity because recall of symptoms over longer periods has been shown to be inaccurate. It is possible that past-year reports separated by 1 to 5 years miss episodes of mental disorder occurring only in gaps between assessments. We tested for this possibility by using life-history calendar interviews to ascertain indicators of mental disorder occurring in the gaps between assessments, including inpatient treatment, outpatient treatment, or spells taking prescribed psychiatric medication (indicators that are salient and recalled more reliably than individual symptoms). Life-history calendar data indicated that virtually all participants having a disorder consequential enough to be associated with treatment have been detected in our net of past-year diagnoses made at ages 18, 21, 26, 32, and 38. Specifically, we identified only 11 people who reported treatment but had not been captured in our net of diagnoses from ages 18 to 38 (many of whom had a brief postnatal depression).
Symptom counts for the examined disorders were assessed via private structured interviews using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (Robins, Cottler, Bucholz, & Compton, 1995 ) at ages 18, 21, 26, 32, and 38. Interviewers are health professionals, not lay interviewers. We studied DSM-defined symptoms of the following disorders that were repeatedly assessed in our longitudinal study (see Table S1 in the Supplemental Material available online): alcohol dependence, cannabis dependence, dependence on hard drugs, tobacco dependence (assessed with the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence; Heatherton, Kozlowski, Frecker, & Fagerström, 1991 (link)), conduct disorder, MDE, GAD, fears/phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), mania, and positive and negative schizophrenia symptoms. Ordinal measures represented the number of the 7 (e.g., mania and GAD) to 10 (e.g., alcohol dependence and cannabis dependence) observed DSM-defined symptoms associated with each disorder (see Table S1 in the Supplemental Material). Fears/phobias were assessed as the count of diagnoses for simple phobia, social phobia, agoraphobia, and panic disorder that a study member reported at each assessment. Symptoms were assessed without regard for hierarchical exclusionary rules to facilitate the examination of comorbidity. Of the 11 disorders, 4 were not assessed at every occasion, but each disorder was measured at least three times (see Fig. 1 for the structure of psychopathology models and see Table S1 in the Supplemental Material).
Elsewhere we have shown that the past-year prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders in the Dunedin cohort are similar to prevalence rates in nationwide surveys of the United States and New Zealand (Moffitt et al., 2010 (link)). Of the original 1,037 study members, we included 1.000 study members who had symptom count assessments for at least one age (871 study members had present symptom counts for all five assessment ages, 955 for four, 974 for three, and 989 for two). The 37 excluded study members comprised those who died or left the study before age 18 or who had such severe developmental disabilities that they could not be interviewed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule.
Publication 2013
Agoraphobia Alcoholic Intoxication, Chronic Cannabis Dependence Care, Ambulatory Conduct Disorder Depression, Postpartum Developmental Disabilities Diagnosis Drug Dependence Fear Health Personnel Hospitalization Interviewers Mania Mental Disorders Nicotine Dependence Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Panic Disorder Pharmaceutical Preparations Phobia, Social Phobia, Specific Phobias Robins Schizophrenia Symptom Assessment Tobacco Dependence

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Publication 2010
Bipolar Disorder Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic, Cognitive Disorders Depressive Symptoms Drug Dependence Dysthymic Disorder Eating Disorders Ethanol Hospitalization Males Mental Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Outpatients Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Pharmacotherapy Treatment Protocols Woman

Most recents protocols related to «Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder»

We aim to establish a cohort of 800 patients referred to the Danish treatment packages for unipolar first-episode, non-psychotic depression during 2021–2025. We recruit patients from all six clinics in the region. Each clinic receives approximately 100–250 treatment referrals yearly, and approximately 1100 patients are referred yearly. Approximately 80% of referrals are sent directly to the clinics. Patients are recruited during evaluation at the central diagnostic and referral centre or the first consultation in the clinics. Approximately 88% of referrals result in treatment package initiation.
During 2019–2020, 37% of patients were on an antidepressant (usually the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) Sertraline from their GP) when starting the treatment package, and 54% of patients ended the treatment package on an antidepressant medication. 13% of patients were transferred to a treatment package for a different primary diagnosis group, e.g., generalised, social anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, emotionally unstable personality, avoidant personality disorder, eating disorder or obsessive–compulsive disorder. 20% dropped out of treatment. 5% of patients were hospitalised during their treatment package; hospitalization does not preclude the continuation of the treatment package.
The treatment package is a program with manualised psychotherapy in groups of eight patients as the core treatment module together with psychoeducation for the patient and relative (Sup. Table 1). In brief, a treatment package consists of 15–18 h: 2–3 h of initial workup followed by 6 h of individual therapy or 12 sessions of 2 h group therapy (8 patients per group); 1–2 h of engagement and psychoeducation of relatives; 1–5 h of medication clinic; and 2 h of relapse prevention. The program is designed around group-based CBT, but clinics also offer alternatives to CBT, e.g., psychodynamic and schema therapy, and groups for specific demographics, e.g., men or adolescents, and individual therapy. Medication is available as needed.
The research and assessment at baseline for recruited participants is conducted at the Neurobiology Research Unit (NRU) at the Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet and followed by clinicians from the Mental Health Centre Copenhagen who are not involved in the patient's treatment.
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Publication 2023
Adolescent Antidepressive Agents Avoidant Personality Disorder Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Eating Disorders Group Therapy Hospitalization Mental Disorders Mental Health Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapy Relapse Prevention Schema Therapy Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Sertraline Social Anxiety
Given the prominence of Google as a search engine (eg, Google accounts for roughly 88% of the search engine market in the United States [23 ]), these analyses leveraged Google Trends, which allows for public access to search term volume for a given time and location. Several studies have leveraged Google Trends data to examine how mental health information is sought out [22 (link),24 (link),25 (link)]. As can be found in the documentation for Google Trends, the raw counts for a given search term are normalized by location and time of search and then scaled to a number from 0 to 100 representing the proportion of searches on all topics that the given term constitutes. Such normalization allows for easier comparison across geographic regions, where population may play a significant role in relative search term popularity. This analysis downloaded data from Google Trends using the gtrendsR package in R (version 1.4.8; R Foundation for Statistical Computing) [26 ]. To obtain data with the most granularity, hourly trend data were queried. The areas of interest were the 50 states constituting the United States; thus, search terms were normalized across states. As Google Trends only stores hourly data for up to 7 days, hourly data were programmatically pulled each Monday from March 23, 2020, to March 29, 2021. This period of 372 days spans the early days of the pandemic to the widespread availability of the COVID-19 vaccine in the United States. During this time frame, 39 states implemented statewide mask mandates, most of which went into effect before or during the summer of 2020. Thus, the given time frame allowed for careful introspection into the short- and long-term effects of mask mandate implementation on mental health search term activity.
The following 19 mental health search terms were queried from Google Trends, as described previously: “anxiety,” “depression,” “ocd” (obsessive-compulsive disorder), “hopeless,” “angry,” “afraid,” “apathy,” “worthless,” “worried,” “restless,” “irritable,” “tense,” “scattered,” “tired,” “avoiding,” “procrastinate,” “insomnia,” “suicidal,” and “suicide.” Aligning with previous work by the authors [10 (link),22 (link)], these terms were validated from previous research on using Google Trends to assess mental health [27 (link)], as well as from previous research assessing rapid affective symptom changes as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition [28 ,29 (link)]. In addition to these terms, physical health search terms, both without known associations to COVID-19 (“abrasion,” “allergic,” “angina,” “apnea,” “bleeding,” “blister,” “bruising,” “conjunctivitis,” “constipation,” “discharge,” “earache,” “flatulence,” “fracture,” “hemorrhage,” “incontinence,” “inflammation,” “itching,” “lesions,” “rash,” “spasms,” “swelling,” and “syncope”; 22 terms) and with known associations to COVID-19 (“bloating,” “blurry,” “congestion,” “cough,” “coughing,” “croup,” “diarrhea,” “dizzy,” “fainting,” “fever,” “pain,” “sneezing,” “strep,” “stuffy,” and “vomiting”; 15 terms) were queried to ascertain whether any significantly detected patterns in mental health search term activity were unique to and distinct from those pertaining to physical health. Note that each mental and physical health search term was considered independently in this study; in other words, composite scores aggregating the individual search term counts to create a composite score capturing total mental and physical health activity were not created. This decision was made because combining individual search terms with differential trends throughout the pandemic may attenuate these individual trends in the composite score such that the composite score may not be reflective of changes in specific mental or physical health symptoms, therefore making it uninformative.
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Publication 2023
Affective Symptoms Anger Angina Pectoris Anxiety Apathy Apnea Conjunctivitis Constipation COVID-19 Vaccines COVID 19 Croup Cytoplasmic Granules Diarrhea Earache Exanthema Fear Fever Flatulence Fracture, Bone Hemorrhage Inflammation Longterm Effects Mental Health Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Pain Pandemics Patient Discharge Physical Examination Reading Frames Sleeplessness Spasm Streptococcal Infections
This scoping review is interested in the psychological treatments delivered to those infected with COVID-19. As such, studies conducted on individuals who have been diagnosed with COVID-19 and suffer from mental health symptoms related to the infection will be included. Broadly, these symptoms can be categorised into those related to depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, obsessive-compulsive disorder and trauma and stress-related problems. The selection will not be limited to studies on participants with a diagnosis of a mental health disorder, and any signs of the relevant symptoms will be considered. However, studies will not be eligible if the participants had existing mental health problems prior to COVID-19 exposure since they cannot be considered to be related to the infection. Neurological and other common symptoms of COVID-19 such as fatigue, headache and attention disorder are beyond the objective of this study and will not be included. A detailed list of mental health symptoms of interest is provided in online supplemental appendix 2.
Publication 2023
Anxiety Cognition Disorders COVID 19 Fatigue Headache Healthy Volunteers Infection Mental Health Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Respiratory Diaphragm Signs and Symptoms Sleep Disorders Wounds and Injuries
The study used Arabic OCD scale created by Abohendy and colleagues.29 ,30
It has been validated and standardized on patients with (N=301) and without (N=113) clinical OCD using the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5).16
The Arabic OCD scale includes 83 questions covering 14 different OCD domains; rumination of ideas (7 questions), sexual obsessions (4 questions), aggressive obsessions (5 questions), religious obsessions (9 questions), cleanliness and fear of disease obsessions (9 questions), obsessive impulses (8 questions), obsessive images (4 questions), general and miscellaneous compulsions (5 questions), religious compulsions (4 questions), purity and cleanliness compulsions (7 questions), slowness (4 questions), re-checking compulsions (4 questions), touch rituals (5 questions), the effect of obsessive-compulsive disorder on daily activities (8 questions). Each question was scored between one to 5 points with a total score of 83 and 415 points.
Publication 2023
Compulsive Behavior Fear of disease Obsessions Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Patients Rumination Disorders Touch
We analysed the prescription trajectory of all cohort participants from the date of depression onset until December 2020 to ascertain their TRD status, and matched patients with TRD 1:4 to the non-TRD based on their year of first depression diagnosis, and then age and sex using nearest-neighbour matching. The follow-up started from the prescription date of the third regimen (index date for patients with TRD) until any censoring events. The same index date was applied to the four non-TRD matches. Patients whose deaths or onset of autoimmune diseases occurred earlier than the assigned index dates were further excluded (Supplementary Fig. 1). We reported the incidence of autoimmune diseases per 10,000 person-years using Poisson distribution. Next, we estimated the hazard ratios (HRs) of any development of autoimmune diseases associated with TRD status, using a multivariable Cox regression model. Censoring events were development of autoimmune diseases (outcome), death and end of study period, whichever came first. We performed a Schoenfeld residual-based test, which showed no violation of proportional hazard assumption. Covariates included any history of physical disorders (obesity, type II diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and tumours) and history of psychiatric conditions (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, psychosis or schizophrenia, epilepsy, anxiety disorder, personality disorder, substance use disorder, dementia, bipolar disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder and eating disorder) on or before index date. Detailed ICD-9-CM codes for the covariates are reported in the Supplementary Table 1.
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Publication 2023
Anxiety Disorders Autistic Disorder Autoimmune Diseases Bipolar Disorder Cardiovascular Diseases Dementia Developmental Disabilities Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent Diagnosis Disorder, Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Eating Disorders Epilepsy High Blood Pressures Mental Disorders Neoplasms Obesity Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Patients Personality Disorders Physical Examination Psychotic Disorders Schizophrenia Substance Use Disorders Treatment Protocols

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More about "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder"

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a complex mental health condition characterized by intrusive thoughts, obsessions, and repetitive behaviors or mental acts.
People with OCD may experience significant distress, impairment in daily functioning, and a reduced quality of life.
Effective treatments, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and medication, are available to help manage OCD symptoms and improve overall well-being.
Research in this area is crucial to enhance understanding, develop novel interventions, and optimize care for individuals affected by this challenging disorder.
Synonyms and related terms include obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD), compulsive disorder, and obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders.
Abbreviations like OCD are commonly used.
Key subtopics within OCD research include the role of genetics, neuroimaging, and neuropsychology in understanding the disorder's etiology; the efficacy of various therapeutic approaches, such as exposure and response prevention (ERP), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), and pharmacological interventions; and the impact of OCD on quality of life, comorbidities, and societal burden.
Statistical software like SAS, SPSS, Stata, and Collin are often utilized in OCD research to analyze data, model relationships, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments.
Findings from these analyses contribute to the growing body of evidence that informs best practices and guidelines for OCD management.
By staying up-to-date with the latest research and innovations, clinicians and researchers can optimie the care and support provided to individuals struggling with this complex mental health condition.