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Phobia, Social

Q: What are the different types of social phobia?

Social phobia, also known as social anxiety disorder, can manifest in various ways. Some common types include performance anxiety (fear of public speaking or performing), generalized social phobia (anxiety in most social situations), and specific social phobia (fear of particular social interactions like eating in public or using public restrooms).

Phobia, Social: A persistent and unreasonable fear of social or performance situations, where the individual may feel embarrassed, judged, or humiliated.
This condition can significantly impact one's ability to engage in everyday social interactions and activities.
The causes of social phobia are complex, often involving a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors.
Effective treatment options may include cognitive-behavioral therapy, medication, and support groups.
With the right interventions, individuals with social phobia can learn to manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.

Most cited protocols related to «Phobia, Social»

Diagnostic Assessment of DSM-5 Disorders

Cited 77 times

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Publication 2014

Agoraphobia Alcohol Use Disorder Anxiety Disorders Cannabis Central Nervous System Stimulants Club Drugs Cocaine Conduct Disorder Diagnosis Disorder, Depressive Drug Use Disorders Dysthymic Disorder Hallucinogens Heroin Inhalation Drug Administration Manic Episode Mood Disorders Opioids Panic Disorder Pharmaceutical Preparations Phobia, Social Phobia, Specific Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Sedatives Solvents Tobacco Products Tobacco Use Disorder Tranquilizing Agents

Assessing Depression and Anxiety Symptoms

Cited 58 times

The PHQ-9 consists of 9 items representing the criterion symptoms for DSM 5 major depressive disorder.^{31 (link)} Respondents are asked how much each symptom has bothered them over the past 2 weeks, with response options of “not at all”, “several days”, “more than half the days”, and “nearly every day”, scored as 0, 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The PHQ-9 can be scored as either a continuous variable from 0 to 27 (with higher scores representing more severe depression) or categorically using a diagnostic algorithm for major depressive or other depressive disorder. The GAD-7 has 7 items with response options identical to the PHQ-9 and therefore can be scored as a continuous variable from 0 to 21 (with higher scores representing more severe anxiety). Although originally developed as a measure to detect generalized anxiety disorder^{32 (link)}, the operating characteristics of the GAD-7 are nearly as good for the other common anxiety disorders in clinical practice – panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder.^{23 (link)} The PHQ-9 and GAD-7 have strong internal and test-retest reliability as well as construct and factor-structure validity.^{20 (link)} Moreover, both measures have proven sensitive to change when monitoring treatment response.^{20 (link);33 (link)-36 (link)} The PHQ-ADS is the sum of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores and thus can range from 0 to 48, with higher scores indicating higher levels of depression and anxiety symptomatology.

Kroenke K., Wu J., Yu Z., Bair M.J., Kean J., Stump T, & Monahan P.O. (2016). The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials. Psychosomatic medicine, 78(6), 716-727.

Publication 2016

Anxiety Disorders Diagnosis Major Depressive Disorder Panic Disorder Phobia, Social Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Diagnosing Mental Disorders in Adolescents

Cited 51 times

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Publication 2010

Abuse, Alcohol Adolescent Agoraphobia Alcoholic Intoxication, Chronic Anorexia Nervosa Anxiety Disorders Behavior Disorders Bulimia Nervosa Conduct Disorder Diagnosis Disorder, Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder, Binge-Eating Drug Abuse Drug Dependence Dysthymic Disorder Eating Disorders Emotions Interviewers Major Depressive Disorder Mental Disorders Mood Disorders Oppositional Defiant Disorder Panic Disorder Parent Phobia, Social Phobia, Specific Physical Examination Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Problem Behavior Separation Anxiety Disorder Substance Use Disorders

Longitudinal Assessment of Mental Disorders

Cited 30 times

The Dunedin Study longitudinally ascertains mental disorders using a strategy akin to experience sampling: Every 2 to 6 years, we interview participants about past-year symptoms. Past-year reports maximize reliability and validity because recall of symptoms over longer periods has been shown to be inaccurate. It is possible that past-year reports separated by 1 to 5 years miss episodes of mental disorder occurring only in gaps between assessments. We tested for this possibility by using life-history calendar interviews to ascertain indicators of mental disorder occurring in the gaps between assessments, including inpatient treatment, outpatient treatment, or spells taking prescribed psychiatric medication (indicators that are salient and recalled more reliably than individual symptoms). Life-history calendar data indicated that virtually all participants having a disorder consequential enough to be associated with treatment have been detected in our net of past-year diagnoses made at ages 18, 21, 26, 32, and 38. Specifically, we identified only 11 people who reported treatment but had not been captured in our net of diagnoses from ages 18 to 38 (many of whom had a brief postnatal depression).
Symptom counts for the examined disorders were assessed via private structured interviews using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (Robins, Cottler, Bucholz, & Compton, 1995 ) at ages 18, 21, 26, 32, and 38. Interviewers are health professionals, not lay interviewers. We studied DSM-defined symptoms of the following disorders that were repeatedly assessed in our longitudinal study (see Table S1 in the Supplemental Material available online): alcohol dependence, cannabis dependence, dependence on hard drugs, tobacco dependence (assessed with the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence; Heatherton, Kozlowski, Frecker, & Fagerström, 1991 (link)), conduct disorder, MDE, GAD, fears/phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), mania, and positive and negative schizophrenia symptoms. Ordinal measures represented the number of the 7 (e.g., mania and GAD) to 10 (e.g., alcohol dependence and cannabis dependence) observed DSM-defined symptoms associated with each disorder (see Table S1 in the Supplemental Material). Fears/phobias were assessed as the count of diagnoses for simple phobia, social phobia, agoraphobia, and panic disorder that a study member reported at each assessment. Symptoms were assessed without regard for hierarchical exclusionary rules to facilitate the examination of comorbidity. Of the 11 disorders, 4 were not assessed at every occasion, but each disorder was measured at least three times (see Fig. 1 for the structure of psychopathology models and see Table S1 in the Supplemental Material).
Elsewhere we have shown that the past-year prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders in the Dunedin cohort are similar to prevalence rates in nationwide surveys of the United States and New Zealand (Moffitt et al., 2010 (link)). Of the original 1,037 study members, we included 1.000 study members who had symptom count assessments for at least one age (871 study members had present symptom counts for all five assessment ages, 955 for four, 974 for three, and 989 for two). The 37 excluded study members comprised those who died or left the study before age 18 or who had such severe developmental disabilities that they could not be interviewed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule.

Caspi A., Houts R.M., Belsky D.W., Goldman-Mellor S.J., Harrington H., Israel S., Meier M.H., Ramrakha S., Shalev I., Poulton R, & Moffitt T.E. (2014). The p Factor: One General Psychopathology Factor in the Structure of Psychiatric Disorders?. Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 2(2), 119-137.

Publication 2013

Agoraphobia Alcoholic Intoxication, Chronic Cannabis Dependence Care, Ambulatory Conduct Disorder Depression, Postpartum Developmental Disabilities Diagnosis Drug Dependence Fear Health Personnel Hospitalization Interviewers Mania Mental Disorders Nicotine Dependence Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Panic Disorder Pharmaceutical Preparations Phobia, Social Phobia, Specific Phobias Robins Schizophrenia Symptom Assessment Tobacco Dependence

Genome-wide study of anxiety disorders

Cited 28 times

We conducted parallel GWAS in nine samples of European ancestry and combined the results via meta-analysis. We applied two phenotypic strategies aimed at capturing common (pleiotropic) genetic effects shared across the five core ADs: GAD, PD, social phobia, agoraphobia, and specific phobias. We conducted two types of analyses in each sample based upon complementary approaches to modeling the comorbidity and common genetic risk across the ADs: (1) case-control (CC) comparisons, in which cases were designated as having “any AD” versus supernormal controls, and (2) quantitative factor scores (FS) estimated for every subject in the sample using confirmatory factor analysis.

Otowa T., Hek K., Lee M., Byrne E.M., Mirza S.S., Nivard M.G., Bigdeli T., Aggen S.H., Adkins D., Wolen A., Fanous A., Keller M.C., Castelao E., Kutalik Z., Van der Auwera S., Homuth G., Nauck M., Teumer A., Milaneschi Y., Hottenga J.J., Direk N., Hofman A., Uitterlinden A., Mulder C.L., Henders A.K., Medland S.E., Gordon S., Heath A.C., Madden P.A., Pergadia M., van der Most P.J., Nolte I.M., van Oort F.V., Hartman C.A., Oldehinkel A.J., Preisig M., Grabe H.J., Middeldorp C.M., Penninx B.W., Boomsma D., Martin N.G., Montgomery G., Maher B.S., van den Oord E.J., Wray N.R., Tiemeier H, & Hettema J.M. (2016). Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of anxiety disorders. Molecular psychiatry, 21(10), 1391-1399.

Publication 2015

Agoraphobia Birth Europeans Genome-Wide Association Study Phenotype Phobia, Social Phobia, Specific

Most recents protocols related to «Phobia, Social»

Exploring Mental Health and Childhood Experiences

Information was collected on participants’ gender identification, sexual orientation, perceived household wealth, and language spoken most at home. Participants were also asked to indicate whether they had ever been diagnosed with a range of mental illnesses (e.g., major depression, social anxiety disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder) by a professional, and to complete the Adapted Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System Adverse Childhood Experience Module (BRFSS-ACE). The BRFSS-ACE (e.g., Have you ever felt like your life was in serious danger or that you would be harmed?; Have you ever been in out-of-home or foster care?) is a widely used 8-item scale to assess adverse childhood experiences and has acceptable psychometric properties [38 (link)]. For both mental illness history and adverse childhood experiences, we calculated a composite score from item responses, which was then dichotomised to identify participants who had no mental illness history/adverse experiences and those who had a mental illness history/adverse experiences.

Beames J.R., Huckvale K., Fujimoto H., Maston K., Batterham P.J., Calear A.L., Mackinnon A., Werner-Seidler A, & Christensen H. (2023). The impact of COVID-19 and bushfires on the mental health of Australian adolescents: a cross-sectional study. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 17, 34.

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Publication 2023

Anxiety Disorders Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Feelings Gender Households Major Depressive Disorder Mental Disorders Panic Disorder Phobia, Social Psychometrics Sexual Orientation

Evaluating a Digital Mental Health Intervention for Postpartum Mothers

All mothers deemed eligible to participate will be invited to complete a series of questionnaires via RedCap to assess baseline data of interest before allocation. See Table 2 for specific questionnaires.Table 2

Schedule for assessment administration

Study period
TIMEPOINT	Enrolment	Allocation	Intervention	Post-intervention	Follow-up
TIMEPOINT	Weeks 1–8	Week 9	Weeks 9–19^v	Weeks 19–21	Weeks 32–34
Adverse Childhood Experiences^a	X
Ages and Stages Questionnaire: Social-Emotional, Second Edition(6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36 months)^b	X			X	X
Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test^c	X			X	X
Anxiety Persistence Scale^a				X
BEAM^d App-Based Questionnaire^a				X
BEAM^d Forum Questionnaire^a				X
BEAM^d Perceived Social Support Questionnaire^a				X
BEAM^d Zoom Telehealth Group Questionnaire^a				X
Cannabis, Tobacco, and Illicit Drug Use^a	X			X	X
Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test – Revised^e	X			X	X
Couples Satisfaction Index – 4 Item^f	X			X	X
Depression Persistence Scale^a	X
Depressive Symptom Index – Suicidality Subscale^g				X	X
Emergency Health & Social Service Utilization^a	X			X	X
Generalized Anxiety Disorder – 2 Item^h			X
Generalized Anxiety Disorder – 7 Itemⁱ	X			X	X
Infant Behavior Questionnaire – Very Short – Revised^j	X			X	X
mHealth App Usability Questionnaire^k				X
Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview^l	X
Mood Mission App-Based Questionnaire				X
Parenting Scale(modified 10 item scale)^m				X	X
Parenting Stress Indexⁿ	X			X	X
Parenting Stress Index(modified 4 item scale)^a			X
Patient Health Questionnaire – 2 Item^o			X
Patient Health Questionnaire – 9 Item^p	X			X	X
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System(Anger and Sleep Disturbance Subscales)^q	X			X	X
Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory(1–12 or 13–24 months)^r,s	X			X	X
Perceived Maternal Parenting Self-Efficacy Questionnaire^t	X			X	X
Positive and Negative Affect Scale(modified 2-item scale)^u			X
Recent Stressful Experiences^a	X			X	X
Sociodemographics^a	X
Substance Use Motives Measure(Coping Motive Subscales)^v	X			X	X

Note. ^aAuthor-Compiled Questionnaire; ^bSquires et al. (2015)^cBabor et al. (2001)^dBEAM = Building Emotional Awareness and Mental health^eAdamson & Sellman (2003)^fFunk & Rogge (2007) ^gStanley et al. (2021)^hKroenke et al. (2007)^ISpitzer et al. (2006) ^jIBQ-VS-R (Putnam et al., 2014) ^kZhou et al. (2019) ^lSheehan et al. (1998) ^mIrvine et al. 1999 ⁿBarroso et al. (2016) ^oKroenke et al. (2003) ^pKroenke et al. (2001) ^qPROMIS (Hanish et al., 2017; Pilkonis et al., 2011) ^rPhysical Functioning, Physical Symptoms, Emotional Functioning, Social Functioning, and Cognitive Functioning Subscales ^sVarni et al. (1999) ^tBarnes & Adamson-Macedo (2007) ^uWatson et al. (1988) ^vBiolcati & Passini (2019); ^vWeekly questionnaires are only administered to those in the BEAM program

Joyce K.M., Rioux C., MacKinnon A.L., Katz L.Y., Reynolds K., Kelly L.E., Klassen T., Afifi T.O., Mushquash A.R., Clement F.M., Chartier M., Xie E.B., Penner K.E., Hunter S., Berard L., Tomfohr-Madsen L, & Roos L.E. (2023). The Building Emotional Awareness and Mental health (BEAM) program developed with a community partner for mothers of infants: protocol for a feasibility randomized controlled trial. Pilot and Feasibility Studies, 9, 35.

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Publication 2023

Anger Awareness Behavior Disorders Dyssomnias Emotions Illicit Drugs Mothers Motivation Phobia, Social Physical Examination Satisfaction Telemedicine Tobacco Products

Telehealth Intervention for Maternal Mental Health

Participants must (a) identify as a mother (i.e., biological, adoptive, foster, step-mother, or another type of woman-identifying primary caregiver), (b) have a child between 6 and 18 months old at recruitment, (c) be 18 years old or above, (d) reside in Manitoba, Canada, with access to a cellular network, (e) score > 9 on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Item (PHQ-9) [35 (link)] and/or the General Anxiety Disorder-7 Item (GAD-7) [36 (link)], (f) complete a psychodiagnostic mental health assessment (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview; MINI) [34 ] and pre-intervention survey before randomization, (g) meet criteria for a major depressive episode and/or anxiety disorder (i.e., panic disorder, agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, or generalized anxiety disorder) as assessed by the MINI, (h) be available to attend weekly telehealth groups, and (i) be comfortable understanding, reading, and speaking English. Exclusion criteria include: (a) a suicide attempt in the past year, (b) self-harm in the past 6 months, and/or (c) clinically significant psychotic symptoms, posttraumatic stress disorder, or alcohol/substance use disorder (identified on the MINI 34 ) which, based on clinical judgement, would make it unlikely for the individual to attend weekly group telehealth sessions and/or make treatment gains. The BEAM and MoodMission programs are not suitable to treat these acute mental health needs and as such mothers deemed ineligible for these reasons will be provided with local mental health resources more appropriate for their needs.

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Publication 2023

Agoraphobia Alcohol Use Disorder Anxiety Disorders Biopharmaceuticals Cells Child Clinical Reasoning Mental Disorders Mental Health Mothers Panic Disorder Phobia, Social Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Suicide Attempt Telemedicine Woman

Mental Health Assessment in Mothers

If deemed eligible on the eligibility screener, mothers will be invited to complete a psychodiagnostics mental health assessment (i.e., MINI) [34 ] with trained research personnel via Zoom. The following modules of the MINI will be administered: major depressive episode, suicidality, panic disorder, agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, alcohol use disorder, substance use disorder, psychotic disorders and mood disorders with psychotic features, and generalized anxiety disorder. Mothers meeting criteria for a major depressive episode and/or an anxiety disorder (i.e., panic disorder, agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, and/or generalized anxiety disorder) will be deemed eligible once they complete the pre-intervention survey and consent to randomization. Those who do not meet inclusion criteria will be provided with a list of local mental health resources.

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Publication 2023

Agoraphobia Alcohol Use Disorder Anxiety Disorders Eligibility Determination Mental Health Mothers Panic Disorder Phobia, Social Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Psychotic Disorders Psychotic Mood Disorders Substance Use Disorders

Longitudinal Anxiety Symptoms in Adults

Symptoms of anxiety were observed monthly from mid-March 2021 to mid-June 2022 (see Figure 1) with two short data gaps (mid-May 2021 to mid-June 2021 and January 2022). The indicator was measured with the established ultra-brief screening instrument “Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2” (GAD-2), which has been found to perform well as a screening tool for anxiety disorders in the German general population (88 (link)). The GAD-2 captures the frequency of two core symptoms of anxiety disorders, asking, “Over the last 2 weeks, how often have you been bothered by the following problems?”: (1) “feeling nervous, anxious or on edge” (2) “not being able to stop or control worrying” (possible responses: 0 = “not at all,” 1 = “several days,” 2 = “more than half the days,” 3 = “nearly every day”). The total score of the GAD-2 ranges from 0 to 6 (no symptoms to severe symptoms). Scores ≥ 3 represent a positive screen for possible anxiety disorder, including generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder (88 (link)). In our analytical sample, the internal consistency of the GAD-2 is α = 0.67 (standardized alpha unstandardized α = 0.66), almost the same value as in a comparable German sample (45 (link)). Just as with depressive symptoms, two measures are reported: (1) the mean anxiety symptom score and (2) the proportion of the adult population screening positive for possible anxiety disorder.

Mauz E., Walther L., Junker S., Kersjes C., Damerow S., Eicher S., Hölling H., Müters S., Peitz D., Schnitzer S, & Thom J. (2023). Time trends in mental health indicators in Germany's adult population before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1065938.

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Publication 2023

Adult Anxiety Disorders Depressive Symptoms Nervousness Panic Disorder Phobia, Social Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

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What are the different types of social phobia?

How can PubCompare.ai help with research on social phobia?

PubCompare.ai allows researchers to screen protocol literature more efficiently and leverage AI to pinpoint critical insights. The platform's AI-driven analysis can help identify the most effective protocols related to social phobia, highlighting key differences in protocol effectiveness. This enables researchers to choose the best option for reproducibility and accuracy in their studies on social phobia.

What are some common treatment options for social phobia?

Effective treatment options for social phobia may include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which helps individuals challenge and reframe negative thought patterns, as well as medication such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Support groups can also be beneficial in providing a safe, supportive environment for individuals to practice social skills and share experiences.

What are some of the causes of social phobia?

The causes of social phobia are complex and often involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. Genetic predisposition, traumatic social experiences, and learned behaviors can all contribute to the development of social phobia. Underlying issues like low self-esteem or poor social skills can also play a role in the onset and maintenance of this condition.

How can PubCompare.ai help researchers overcome challenges in social phobia research?

PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can assist researchers in overcoming challenges in social phobia research by helping them identify the most effective protocols and products from the available literature, pre-prints, and patents. The platform's powerful comparison capabilities can highlight key differences in protocol effectiveness, enabling researchers to make informed decisions and choose the optimal approach for their specific research goals. This can lead to more reproducible and accurate results, ultimately advancing the field of social phobia research.

More about "Phobia, Social"

Social Phobia, Social Anxiety Disorder, Performance Anxiety, Interpersonal Phobia, Public Speaking Phobia, Shyness Disorder.
Utilizing insights from SPSS Statistics, SPSS v20, SAS version 9.4 for Windows, and SPSS Software v.26, we explore the complex causes of social phobia, which often involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors.
Effective treatment options may include cognitive-behavioral therapy, medication, and support groups, as highlighted by research from SPSS Statistics 19 and SPSS Statistics 22.
Individuals with social phobia can learn to manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life with the right interventions, as discussed in Micromedex resources.
PubCompare.ai, the AI-driven research platform, can help you navigate the literature, pre-prints, and patents to identify the optimal protocols and products for overcoming phobias and social challenges, ensuring a seamless research journey.