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Phobias

Phobias are a type of anxiety disorder characterized by an irrational and persistent fear of a specific object, activity, or situation.
These fears can significantly impair an individual's daily functioning and quality of life.
Phobias are classified into various subtypes, including social phobia, agoraphobia, and specific phobias such as fear of heights, enclosed spaces, or animals.
Effective treatment options for phobias include cognitive-behavioral therapy, exposure therapy, and in some cases, medication.
Research in this field aims to better understand the underlying mechanisms, risk factors, and optimal management strategies for these debilitating conditions.
Unlocking the secrets to successful phobias research can lead to improved outcomes and enhanced quality of life for those affected.

Most cited protocols related to «Phobias»

The K10 is a 10-item questionnaire developed on the basis of item response theory models (Kessler et al. 2002 (link)). It has been used extensively in many countries as part of the World Mental Health Surveys (Andrews & Slade, 2001 (link); Kessler et al. 2002 (link); Furukawa et al. 2003 (link)), although, to date, no validity data have been published from developing countries. A shortened 6-item version of the questionnaire (K6) has also been advocated as a screening measure.
Of the five screening questionnaires, two of which (the K10 and K6) shared six items, most were either already available in local languages (such as the GHQ-12) or in another Indian language (e.g. the K10). Those not available in local languages were translated using the standard, stepwise, method of translation (Sartorius & Kuyken, 1994 ). All questionnaires were piloted to assess feasibility issues, for example on the scoring method. The time duration for reporting complaints varies from 2 weeks in the GHQ-12 to 30 days for the K6/K10. The questionnaires were modified to make them more feasible for use in busy clinics (the GHQ-12 and K10/K6 scoring was made dichotomous) and the duration of reporting symptoms standardized to 2 weeks for all symptoms (as the ICD-10 diagnosis was based on a 2-week duration of symptoms).
The reference standard diagnostic interview was the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R), a structured interview for use by lay interviewers for the measurement and diagnosis of CMD in community and primary-care settings (Lewis et al. 1992 (link)). The CIS-R inquires about the experience of symptoms of CMD in 14 domains (e.g. fatigue, depression, panic). It generates a total score that provides a dimensional measure of CMD. Data can also be analysed using the Programmable Questionnaire System (PROQSY) software program (available from Professor G. Lewis, University of Bristol), which generates ICD-10 diagnoses for the following CMDs: depressive episode, phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and mixed anxiety-depression disorder. The CIS-R has been used extensively in India, and specifically in Goa (Sen & Williams, 1987 (link); Patel et al. 1998a (link), b (link), 2003 (link), 2006 (link)). The translation and field testing of the CIS-R in earlier studies in Goa are reported elsewhere (Patel et al. 1998b (link)). We used four case criteria derived from the CIS-R: an ICD-10 diagnosis of any CMD; an ICD-10 diagnosis of depressive episode; a cut-off score of 11/12 (i.e. a score of 12 or more signifying case-level morbidity); and a cut-off score of 17/18 as an indicator of ‘severe’ morbidity.
Publication 2007
Anxiety Disorders Diagnosis Fatigue Interviewers Mental Health Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Panic Disorder Phobias Primary Health Care
The Dunedin Study longitudinally ascertains mental disorders using a strategy akin to experience sampling: Every 2 to 6 years, we interview participants about past-year symptoms. Past-year reports maximize reliability and validity because recall of symptoms over longer periods has been shown to be inaccurate. It is possible that past-year reports separated by 1 to 5 years miss episodes of mental disorder occurring only in gaps between assessments. We tested for this possibility by using life-history calendar interviews to ascertain indicators of mental disorder occurring in the gaps between assessments, including inpatient treatment, outpatient treatment, or spells taking prescribed psychiatric medication (indicators that are salient and recalled more reliably than individual symptoms). Life-history calendar data indicated that virtually all participants having a disorder consequential enough to be associated with treatment have been detected in our net of past-year diagnoses made at ages 18, 21, 26, 32, and 38. Specifically, we identified only 11 people who reported treatment but had not been captured in our net of diagnoses from ages 18 to 38 (many of whom had a brief postnatal depression).
Symptom counts for the examined disorders were assessed via private structured interviews using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (Robins, Cottler, Bucholz, & Compton, 1995 ) at ages 18, 21, 26, 32, and 38. Interviewers are health professionals, not lay interviewers. We studied DSM-defined symptoms of the following disorders that were repeatedly assessed in our longitudinal study (see Table S1 in the Supplemental Material available online): alcohol dependence, cannabis dependence, dependence on hard drugs, tobacco dependence (assessed with the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence; Heatherton, Kozlowski, Frecker, & Fagerström, 1991 (link)), conduct disorder, MDE, GAD, fears/phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), mania, and positive and negative schizophrenia symptoms. Ordinal measures represented the number of the 7 (e.g., mania and GAD) to 10 (e.g., alcohol dependence and cannabis dependence) observed DSM-defined symptoms associated with each disorder (see Table S1 in the Supplemental Material). Fears/phobias were assessed as the count of diagnoses for simple phobia, social phobia, agoraphobia, and panic disorder that a study member reported at each assessment. Symptoms were assessed without regard for hierarchical exclusionary rules to facilitate the examination of comorbidity. Of the 11 disorders, 4 were not assessed at every occasion, but each disorder was measured at least three times (see Fig. 1 for the structure of psychopathology models and see Table S1 in the Supplemental Material).
Elsewhere we have shown that the past-year prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders in the Dunedin cohort are similar to prevalence rates in nationwide surveys of the United States and New Zealand (Moffitt et al., 2010 (link)). Of the original 1,037 study members, we included 1.000 study members who had symptom count assessments for at least one age (871 study members had present symptom counts for all five assessment ages, 955 for four, 974 for three, and 989 for two). The 37 excluded study members comprised those who died or left the study before age 18 or who had such severe developmental disabilities that they could not be interviewed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule.
Publication 2013
Agoraphobia Alcoholic Intoxication, Chronic Cannabis Dependence Care, Ambulatory Conduct Disorder Depression, Postpartum Developmental Disabilities Diagnosis Drug Dependence Fear Health Personnel Hospitalization Interviewers Mania Mental Disorders Nicotine Dependence Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Panic Disorder Pharmaceutical Preparations Phobia, Social Phobia, Specific Phobias Robins Schizophrenia Symptom Assessment Tobacco Dependence

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Publication 2020
Anxiety Coronavirus Diagnosis Fear Feelings Phobia, Specific Phobias Psychiatrist Specialists

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Publication 2012
Adult Anxiety Attention Attentional Bias Electrooculography Emotions Fear Phobias
A total of 22 bipolar individuals who had not participated in any of our previous neuroimaging studies were identified using DSM-IV criteria with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I) (37 ). All bipolar individuals were recruited from the Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Mood Disorders Treatment and Research Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA (47% female). Three of these were excluded from analyses due to excessive movement (>5 mm) during or inability to complete scanning procedures, allowing data of 19 bipolar individuals to be analyzed. Euthymic status was defined, a priori, as having been in remission for at least two months as assessed by SCID and clinical interview. All but one bipolar individual (who scored 11) scored <7 on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression 25-item version (HRSD-25) (38 (link)). This individual was included in the analyses because clinical evaluation deemed eligibility for inclusion into the study on grounds other than the rating on the HRSD-25, i.e., SCID interview. All bipolar individuals scored <10 on the Young Mania Rating Scale (39 (link)). For means, standard deviations, mean illness duration and age of illness onset, see Table 1. Eleven of these bipolar individuals had other (multiple) comorbid diagnoses, such as eating (binge eating) disorder (n = 3), substance use disorder (n = 5), specific (n = 2) or social (n = 1) phobia, panic disorder (n = 2), generalized anxiety disorder (n = 1), anxiety disorder not otherwise specified (NOS) (n = 1) and obsessive compulsive disorder (n = 1). Three bipolar individuals were symptomatic for comorbidities of specific phobia (n = 1), social phobia (n = 1), and anxiety disorder NOS (n = 1) in the past month prior to their assessment. All but one of the bipolar individuals were taking medication; one was taking mood-stabilizer monotherapy (lithium), five were taking antipsychotic monotherapy, and 12 were taking multiple medications for at least one month prior to the study. For details of medication combinations, see Table 2. Additionally recruited by advertisement were 24 healthy individuals gender ratio matched with bipolar individuals (54% female) without current and lifetime personal (SCID-I criteria) or family history of psychiatric disorder. There were no significant between-group differences in age or verbal IQ as estimated by National Adult Reading Test (NART) (40 ). For means, standard deviations and range see Table 1.
Exclusion criteria included borderline personality disorder (SCID-II criteria), history of head injury or neurological disease, non-right handedness (Annett criteria) (41 (link)) and failure to meet magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) screening criteria (pregnancy, metallic fragments, cardiac pacemaker, or claustrophobia). Additionally, patients reporting drug and alcohol dependence and abuse within the past three months (except episodic abuse related to mood episodes) were excluded. After complete description of the study to participants, written informed consent was obtained. The University of Pittsburgh Institutional Review Board approved this study.
Publication 2008
Alcoholic Intoxication, Chronic Antipsychotic Agents Anxiety Disorders Borderline Personality Disorder Claustrophobia Craniocerebral Trauma Diagnosis Disorder, Binge-Eating Drug Abuse Eligibility Determination Ethics Committees, Research Gender Lithium Mania Mental Disorders Metals Mood Mood Disorders Movement Nervous System Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Pacemaker, Artificial Cardiac Panic Disorder Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Phobia, Social Phobia, Specific Phobias Pregnancy SCID Mice Substance Use Disorders Woman

Most recents protocols related to «Phobias»

The intervention was held after school hours and the treatment lasted for 8 weeks (i.e., 2 months), from 5th March, 2018 to 7th May, 2018, excluding a 1 month follow-up evaluation. The intervention was delivered at a Federal College of Education, Eha-Amufu in South-East Nigeria. Due to the college’s tight academic calendar, we were allowed to meet with the participants once a week. One session was held a week, lasting for 40 minutes. Different issues and topics were discussed during the sessions. In the first session, the researchers spelled out the procedure for group interaction. During this session we highlighted that our group norms included confidentiality, commitment, and mutual respect among participants.
The second session focused on describing the meaning of PIU. The participants, including the researchers, shared the meaning of PIU. This was an opportunity to understand the feelings of others and their experiences. The researchers also explored what needs participants had neglected as a result of excessive internet use. At the end of the session, a home exercise was given to the participants. At this stage, the researchers focused on dealing with basic factors that induce the participants to engage in excessive internet usage.
In session three, the participants were allowed to discuss the problems they encountered in their studies that could be linked with PIU. Some of these problems include inadequate preparation for examinations, late submission of assignments, inadequate concentration in classes, and examination phobia. The researchers exposed participants to cognitive behavioral techniques for possible solutions to the problems identified, such as problem solving, cognitive restructuring, and time management techniques. Other things the researchers trained the participants about were how to identify erroneous thoughts and cognitive errors, enhancing self-worth, controlling anger and assertiveness.55
Homework was given to participants to practice mood monitoring, and time management techniques.
During sessions four and five, the session participants shared knowledge on how to explore alternative activities rather than PIU and how to recognize internet usage patterns and their addiction triggers. This was followed by session six. The participants reviewed the group rules and made oral and written contracts with group members. They promised to make a commitment plan to quit excessive internet usage and committed to doing their assignments. In session seven, the researchers reviewed the practice exercises brought by the participants. Closely after that, they reviewed and made positive reminder cards and encouraged the group to use them in their real life, reducing excessive internet use. Assignment: use positive reminder cards.
Finally, the last session was held. The content was a follow up of the homework/assignment. Significant accomplishments of the group were reviewed. The group participants were thanked for their cooperation. Remind the group participants of the need for confidentiality. Refreshment was offered to the participants at the end the group sessions. The researchers expressed appreciation to the group participants for their commitment and cooperation. The techniques adopted during the treatment included shaping, cognitive restructuring, relaxation technique, systematic desensitization, reinforcement, ignoring technique, mood monitoring, problem-solving, and listening.
After completion of the experiment, both the treatment and the control group completed the post-test assessment. One month after completion of the post-test assessment, the 40 participants from both groups attended a one month follow-up meeting after which they completed the PIUs for the third time (Time 3) at the end of the meeting to ascertain if the probable effect was maintained and sustained by the participants. The maximum attendance was achieved because of active engagement by the research team, who monitored the intervention process. The participants saw them as external bodies monitoring their commitments, believing that they were under watch. Equally, the participants were provided with a hired bus that consistently conveyed them to the treatment venue. The presence of the college teachers/lecturers also enhanced the students’ active participation, as some of the lecturers were also committed to monitor the students’ activities. Given these precautions, no dropouts were recorded during the study. The researchers collated the data from the participants directly after each assessment. This is a blind study in which the researchers did not disclose the identities of the participants to the data analysts to avoid revealing which participants were in the intervention group and which were in the waitlisted group. This was to ensure concealment of information during the study. To ensure there were no missing responses, we engaged three data analysts, each to analyze one set of assessment data e.g., Time 1.
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Publication 2023
Addictive Behavior Anger ARID1A protein, human Cognition Feelings Human Body Hyposensitization Therapies Mood Phobias Physical Examination Precipitating Factors Reinforcement, Psychological Relaxation Techniques Student Thinking Visually Impaired Persons
The Group Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Manual (GCBT Manual) was developed by the researchers. The GCBT Manual covers an 8-week work plan that describes the steps the researchers used to administer treatment to the participants. It is organized as follows: sessions, objectives, content, treatment activities, and techniques. The sessions are sub-divided into eight sessions. The sessions were structured to last for 40 minutes each. The main objective is to reduce the pathological level of internet use among the students. The goal of each session is described in the manual, which contains the main topic(s) of each treatment session. Among the objectives of the treatment manual is to help participants appreciate the nature and problem of PIU, commit to genuinely engage in the GCBT program, understand the tenets of CBT theory and techniques, consider and adopt other activities to replace their intensive internet use, and identify antecedent behaviors and commit to developing specific plans to counter PIU. The activities of the researchers and participants, strategies, and materials are also included in the treatment manual (see
Table 1for summary). We developed the current manual taking cognizance of cultural differences and the fact that already existing manuals did not focus on PIU.
Summary of group cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for pathological internet use (PIU)
Time frame (weeks)SessionTopicActivitiesTechniquesSpecific objective
1, 21, 2Introduction, purpose, and rules; meaning of PIU.Familiarization with the participants. Acquainted the participants with the purpose and relevance of the group process in improving students’ behaviors. Spelling out the boundary for group interaction. Making a contract on group norms such as confidentiality, commitment and treat each other with respect. Encouraged to think about, open up and discuss their concerns. Explained the meaning of PIU and basic needs for group formation. Explored their basic daily functioning that is impaired as a result of excessive internet use. Explored the factors of the internet addiction in terms of basic needs. Being conscious of symptoms of PIU and its management skills using CBT. Practice exercise was given to the participants.Establishing therapeutic relationship; attending skills; listening skills; clarification; emotional disputation; cognitive restructuring; relaxation; reframing technique.To help participants appreciate the nature and problem of PIU and commit to genuinely engage in the program. To understand and commit to genuine participation in group interaction.
33Dealing with the consequences of PIU using CBTParticipants were allowed to discuss the problems they encountered in their study. Some of these problems include inadequate preparation for examinations, late submission of assignments, inadequate concentration in classes, and examination phobia. The researchers encouraged the participants to offer possible solutions to the problems identified. Explain briefly choice and CBT theories to the group members. Teach the group to use time management techniques. Homework assignment: apply time management techniques, practice exercise.Cognitive disputation; time management; mood monitoring; restructuring; problem-solving skills; reflection of feeling; coping skills; thought monitoring and stopping; reframing technique.Understand and admit that PIU has possibly, negatively impacted their lives as students. Understand the tenets of CBT theory and technique.
44Exploration of alternative activitiesEncourage the group to establish alternative activities. Present participants’ optional activities. Encourage the group members to use homework/assignment and self-help. Reviewed the timetables brought by individual participants. Guidelines for effective study habits were discussed. Homework/assignment.Time management; assertive training; discussion; problem-solving skills; reframing technique.Consider and adopt other activities to replace their intensive internet use.
55Recognize internet usage pattern and their addiction triggers; help the group make a concrete plan to do better.Review the group rules and follow up on the homework/assignment. Complete time plan form. Present it to the whole group. Reviewing previous discussion. Practice coping skills. Termination.Discussion; proximity control; assertive training; interpretation.Identifying antecedent behaviors and committing to developing specific plans to counter PIU.
6, 76, 7Help the group make and use a verbal contract and positive reminder cardsReview the homework assignment. Make an oral or written contract with group members. Encourage the participants to make commitment plans. Make positive cues and encourage the group to use them in their real life. Homework/assignment: apply positive reminder cards. Reminding the participants of the last meeting.Time management; proximity control; discussion; assertive training; interpretation; discussion, explanation.Monitoring assimilation and encouraging the use of CBT techniques.
88Revision of the program/terminationFollow up of the homework/assignment. Review significant accomplishments of the participants. Remind the group that even though the group experience has ended, confidentiality is still expected and important. Light and healthy refreshment is offered at the end the group session. Thank the group for their commitment and cooperationProximity control; discussion; interpretation; shaping and reinforcement.Following up with participants on progress with techniques and any reported changes (positive or negative).
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Publication 2023
Addictive Behavior Cognition Cognitive Therapy Consciousness Cultural Evolution Emotions Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy Internet Addiction Disorder Light Meaningful Use Mood Phobias Physical Examination Precipitating Factors Reading Frames Reflex Reinforcement, Psychological Student Teaching Therapeutics
We included 211 economically active Brazilians with an average age of 37.07 (SD = 13.03). Most of them were women (72.98%), declared themselves as ‘white’ Latin Americans (74.88%), with higher education (55.50%), worked as technicians in their bachelor area (30.69%) or autonomously and informally (26.51%), 24.10% of the individuals received a health diagnosis associated with the pandemic, and 19.43% had a psychiatric diagnosis with previous pharmacological use. Approximately 24.88% experienced a wage reduction due to the pandemic, 61.61% declared to have adhered to social distancing, 39.81% lived directly with people suffering from the COVID-19 diagnosis, and 30.23% faced grief in the family or close friends due to the pandemic.
Focusing on participants’ self-perception of their mental health, 66.02% of the participants indicated phobia and avoidance of social situations, including their work, to fear becoming ill with COVID-19 during the pandemic. Nearly 38.75% reported feeling highly stressed about daily activities after the beginning of the pandemic. Approximately 36.84% stated that they were highly anxious with losses in their day-to-day duties due to the pandemic. Finally, 27.75% described losses in quality of life due to the pandemic, and 85.09% did not fully adapt to the new living and working conditions resulting from the pandemic.
Publication 2023
COVID 19 Diagnosis Diagnosis, Psychiatric Fear Friend Grief Mental Health Pandemics Phobias Self-Perception Woman
We conducted an online study using a panel provider1 that recruited a sample representative for the German population in terms of age and gender (N = 297; 18–83 years of age, 52% female) for this study. An open-text item was used to assess participants’ current employment. The answers reflect a high degree of occupational and educational diversity of the sample: Retired 29.05%, in school, training, or university 7.09%, blue-collar worker 6.42%, white-collar worker 6.42%, without work and on parental leave 5.74%, freelancer 3.72%, specialized worker 3.38%, salesperson/distributor 3.38%, administration 2.70%, technician 2.36%, teacher 2.03%, nursing/medical staff 2.03%, consultant 1.69%, pedagogue 1.69%, CEO/owner 1.35%, engineer 1.35%, and many more. 3.7% of the sample (11 participants) stated that they themselves were affected by the disorder they assessed (5 with MDD, 2 with ADD and 1 with phobia, anorexia and kleptomania respectively). 42.74% of the sample (127 participants) stated that they know someone with the respective disorder in their social environment. 53.54% of the sample (159 participants) stated that neither themselves nor someone in their social environment was affected by the disorder. The participants reported an average personal contact with people with the respective disorders of 2.17 [SD = 1.11; “How do you rate your personal experience with people with (mental disorder)?”; 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1: very little to 5: a lot of contact] and an average expert knowledge about the disorders of 2.16 [SD = 1.08; “How do you rate your expert knowledge of people with (mental disorder)?”; 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1: very little to 5: high degree of expert knowledge]. The study was conceptualized as a between-subject design, in that participants answered questions concerning one of eight disorders (MDD, phobia, OCD, BPD, ADD, anorexia, schizophrenia and kleptomania). Following previous studies applying the SCM (e.g., Cuddy et al., 2004 (link); Caprariello et al., 2009 (link)), we chose a between-subject design to avoid that participants make their judgments in comparison to the other included disorders (sensitivity effects). Furthermore, the between-subject design was chosen to minimize consistency effects (striving for a contradiction-free response), practice and fatigue effects, as well as demand characteristics (guessing the hypotheses) that are common to within-designs. Participants were randomly assigned to one condition/mental disorder, resulting in the following distribution: Schizophrenia 11%, MDD 16%, ADD 11%, OCD 16%, BPD 10%, phobia 11%, anorexia 12%, and kleptomania 13%.
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Publication 2023
Anorexia Consultant Fatigue Females Gender Hypersensitivity Kleptomania Medical Staff Mental Disorders Parent Phobias Schizophrenia Workers
All ninety-one IAPT service staff were invited to participate by email from the IAPT Clinical Lead on behalf of the research team. The IAPT service staff consists of an interdisciplinary team of cognitive behavioural therapists, counsellors, employment advisors, interpersonal therapists, and psychological well-being practitioners. Staff provide a range of evidence based talking therapies and psychological treatments for people with depression, anxiety, panic attacks, post-trauma reaction, phobias and obsessive-compulsive disorders. Those with management/administration-only roles were excluded as they did not have direct experience in delivering telehealth services to people. Trainees and staff who had been recently employed were also excluded as they did not have sufficient experience in delivering IAPT pre and post COVID-19. To maximise responses two reminder emails were sent from the Clinical Lead for the IAPT service to potential participants.
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Publication 2023
Anxiety Cognition COVID 19 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Panic Attacks Patient Care Management Phobias Speech Therapy Telehealth Wounds and Injuries

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More about "Phobias"

Phobias are a type of anxiety disorder characterized by an irrational and persistent fear of a specific object, activity, or situation.
These debilitating conditions can significantly impair an individual's daily functioning and quality of life.
Phobias are classified into various subtypes, including social phobia (also known as social anxiety disorder), agoraphobia, and specific phobias such as fear of heights, enclosed spaces, or animals.
Effective treatment options for phobias include cognitive-behavioral therapy, exposure therapy, and in some cases, medication.
Research in this field aims to better understand the underlying mechanisms, risk factors, and optimal management strategies for these conditions.
Unlocking the secrets to successful phobias research can lead to improved outcomes and enhanced quality of life for those affected.
Researchers in this field may utilize statistical analysis tools like SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 25, Prism 9, Statistica 8.0, SPSS version 22.0, and SPSS version 20.0 to analyze data and uncover insights.
Additionally, biological samples such as K2 EDTA tubes may be used for various assessments.
By leveraging these resources and the latest advancements in phobias research, scientists can work towards developing more effective interventions and improving the lives of individuals struggling with these debilitating fears.