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Psychological Trauma

Psychological Trauma: A comprehensive overview of the complex mental and emotional distress experienced following traumatic events.
Covering a range of conditions, including PTSD, acute stress disorder, and trauma-related disorders, this description provides a concise introduction to the key characteristics, risk factors, and impacts of psychological trauma.

Most cited protocols related to «Psychological Trauma»

Mental Health Assessment After Fukushima Disaster

Cited 37 times

Mental health disorders were an important long-term health effect of the Chernobyl accident.^{17 (link)}^–^{27 (link)} Deaths of close relatives, loss of home and property, and fearful experiences during the disaster resulted in psychological trauma for many residents of Fukushima Prefecture. Furthermore, some may have been mentally affected by evacuation, and others may have experienced anxiety regarding radiation exposure. To prevent excess mortality, it is essential to assess their mental health and lifestyle, prevent lifestyle-related diseases, and provide care as necessary.
Target: The target cohort was the same as that for the comprehensive health check, 210 189 people.
Methods: Questionnaires have been mailed since 18 January 2012.
Survey items: The survey items vary according to age category (there are 3 age categories for children and 1 for adults) but mainly ask about current mental and physical status, lifestyle (diet, sleep, smoking, alcohol, and exercise), activities during the last 6 months, and experience during the earthquake (Table 2). Parents of children aged 4 through 15 years are asked to evaluate their children using the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ).^{28 (link)} The K6 scale and PTSD Checklist Stressor-Specific Version (PCL) are self-administered for people 16 years or older.^{29 (link)}^,³⁰Support after the survey: Clinical psychologists and other specialists on the mental health support team offer telephone counseling as necessary based on answers to the questionnaires. When telephone counseling reveals a need for medical support, 93 registered doctors in medical institutions in Fukushima Prefecture are available for introduction. Further treatment is given by a specialist at Fukushima Medical University if necessary. These registered doctors are mainly psychiatrists or pediatricians who agreed to be registered and who attended a relevant seminar or are certified by Fukushima Medical University.
When telephone counseling reveals a need for care by a doctor specialized in radiation, a member of the Radiation Health Consultation Team, which consists of faculty at Fukushima Medical University, will be introduced.

Study Protocol for the Fukushima Health Management Survey. (2012). Journal of Epidemiology, 22(5), 375-383.

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Publication 2012

6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase deficiency Accidents Adult Anxiety Child Diet Disasters Earthquakes Ethanol Faculty Fear Longterm Effects Mental Disorders Mental Health Parent Pediatricians Physical Examination Physicians Psychiatrist Psychological Trauma Radiation Exposure Radiotherapy Sleep

Measuring Intimate Partner Violence in LGBTQ+ Populations

Cited 9 times

A review of the literature indicated that a comprehensive IPV measurement toolbox would require assessment of psychological IPV, physical IPV, sexual IPV, injury by partner, coercive control, and SGM-specific IPV. We elected to adapt the CTS2 because it captures several important types of IPV (psychological, physical, sexual, injury) and an adapted version would allow for comparisons between heterosexual and SGM populations.
The CTS2 does not assess coercive control, which is considered to be an important component of IPV (Hamberger, Larsen, & Lehrner, 2017 ; Stark, 2013 ). Therefore, we developed a measure of coercive control. After a thorough review of the literature, we selected two commonly used measures that had been previously used with SGM samples and had limited content overlap with psychological IPV: Coercive Behaviors Measure and the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS; (Black et al., 2011 ; Frankland & Brown, 2014 ). Given that neither of these measures covered the range of coercive controlling behaviors identified in the literature (intimidation, surveillance, social isolation, threats, dominance, and financial control tactics; (Hamberger et al., 2017 ; Stark, 2013 ), we selected items from both to create a brief measure that more fully captured the range of coercive controlling behaviors.
Given the limitations of measures available when data collection began in 2016, we also elected to develop a novel measure of SGM-specific IPV. Based on existing literature, we defined SGM-specific IPV as actions that leverage the stigmatization of SGM individuals to cause psychological harm or to control an intimate partner (Balsam & Szymanski, 2005 ) and identified two types of SGM-specific IPV to include in the measure: outing and social isolation.
An iterative process was used to develop and adapt all three of these measures. First, the research team examined the existing literature to inform measure adaptation and development. Second, based on this review, we generated an initial set of items. Third, feedback was sought from several sources within the target population, including study team members and an SGM youth advisory council. Fourth, feedback was used to refine measures. Steps three and four were repeated until members of the target population and research team deemed the measures appropriate. For all measures, we changed “his/her” to “their” to remove gender binary language and piped in their partner’s name in place of “my partner.” Other specific adaptations are described in the measures section.

Dyar C., Messinger A.M., Newcomb M.E., Byck G.R., Dunlap P, & Whitton S.W. (2019). Development and Initial Validation of Three Culturally-Sensitive Measures of Intimate Partner Violence for Sexual and Gender Minority Populations. Journal of interpersonal violence, 36(15-16), NP8824-NP8851.

Publication 2019

Acclimatization Heterosexuals Injuries Physical Examination Population Group Psychological Trauma Sexual Violence Target Population Youth

Epidural Analgesia and Postpartum Depression

Cited 6 times

The research activity was approved by the University of Pittsburgh Institutional Review Board, and the requirement for written informed consent was waived. Medical records of all 2,494 women who delivered at Magee-Womens Hospital over the period February 1, 2015 to May 1, 2015 were each assessed for eligibility and had data abstracted by two investigators (LF and GL). Data that were abstracted from the medical record included: estimated gestational age, gravidity, parity, body mass index (BMI) based on height and weight measured on admission to the labor and delivery unit, mode of delivery (spontaneous vaginal, instrumental vaginal including forceps- or vacuum-assisted deliveries, or cesarean), use of epidural labor analgesia, pain scores during labor delivery, duration of labor (for spontaneous labor, defined as the documented time of rupture of membranes, or the time of admission to the labor and delivery unit, until the time of delivery; for induction of labor, defined as the start time of first induction medication administration, or the time of insertion of transcervical balloon, until the time of delivery), maternal co-morbid disease documented in the clinical notes or coded in the diagnostic problem list by ICD-9 or SNOMED Clinical Terms (e.g. hypertensive disorders, antepartum anemia, chronic pain, history of miscarriage, known fetal anomalies), psychiatric disorders (e.g. anxiety/depression, psychological trauma, bipolar disorder, other psychiatric diagnoses), and perineal injuries at delivery. Abuse was defined as a history of substance, partner, sexual, or childhood abuse; trauma was defined as a history of accidental, birth, or other trauma. Chronic pain was defined as a history of fibromyalgia, pseudotumor cerebri, inflammatory bowel or pelvic disease requiring medication, chronic back pain, or juvenile or rheumatoid arthritis. Data reliability were assessed by a two-person verification process; after one investigator completed data abstraction from the records, the second investigator reviewed the records as well as the abstracted data for consistency. Any discrepancies were resolved by consensus. Data were recorded in an Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft Inc., USA) and patient identifiers were removed prior to analysis.
Women who received epidural analgesia for labor pain, who had pain assessed during labor both before and at least once during implementation of labor epidural analgesia by 0–10 numeric rating scores (NRS), and who had depression risk assessed by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at their six-week postpartum visit, were included in the final analysis. The EPDS is self-completed, 10-item scale developed specifically for women in the perinatal period. It has been shown to be an effective means of identifying patients at risk for perinatal depression.^{7 (link),8 (link)} Women who did not have the primary outcome, EPDS score, recorded at the six-week postpartum visit were excluded from the primary analysis (Figure 1).
Women typically requested epidural labor analgesia at their discretion and were interviewed by the anesthesia service at the time of request. Over the investigation period, the institutional rate of utilization of labor epidural analgesia was approximately 90%. Initiation of labor epidural analgesia typically occurred by a loss of resistance to saline technique, followed by delivery of a test dose of lidocaine 1.5% with epinephrine 1:200,000 (3 mL), and finally by a bolus of epidural bupivacaine 0.083% with fentanyl 2 mcg/mL (8 mL) and epidural fentanyl 100 mcg in divided doses. Maintenance of analgesia typically occurred by patient-controlled epidural analgesia with bupivacaine 0.083% with fentanyl 2 mcg/mL at 8mL/hour continuous infusion, 8 mL bolus every 8 minutes by patient demand, with a 24mL/hour maximum. During labor, patients were asked to rate their labor pain intensity using a 0–10 NRS by their bedside nurse, where 0 is no intensity at all and 10 is the most intensity that can be imagined. Pain ratings are generally expected to be recorded in the medical record every one to three hours by the bedside nurse.
Percent improvement in pain (PIP) was used as the primary predictor.^{9 –11 (link)} In sum, PIP is the percent change in pain over time. It is defined as the difference between baseline pain score and the average change in pain per unit of time, and is expressed as a percentage: PIP = ([baseline pain score −average intrapartum pain score]/baseline pain score) × 100. For example, a woman in labor with a baseline NRS of 7, and post analgesia NRS of 0 at 1 hour, 0 at 2 hours, and 4 at 3 hours will have an average post-analgesia pain of 1.33 per hour. In this case, PIP = ( [7 – 1.33] / 7 )*100 = 81%. With PIP, it is also possible that pain worsens after an analgesic intervention. An example of such a case would be a woman with a baseline NRS of 5, and post-analgesia NRS of 8 at 1 hour, 8 at 2 hours and 9 and 3 hours, resulting in an average post-analgesia pain of 8.33 per hour. In this case, PIP = ([5 – 8.33] / 5)*100 = −67%. Baseline pain NRS was defined as the pain score recorded immediately prior to the recorded time of labor epidural analgesia initiation. Women who did not have the primary predictor, PIP, calculable due to missing pain scores were excluded from the primary analysis, but were included in a sensitivity analysis after imputations were computed as described below.

Lim G., Farrell L.M., Facco F.L., Gold M.S, & Wasan A.D. (2018). Labor Analgesia as a Predictor for Reduced Postpartum Depression Scores: A Retrospective Observational Study. Anesthesia and analgesia, 126(5), 1598-1605.

Publication 2017

Accidents Analgesics Anemia Anesthesia Anxiety Back Pain Bipolar Disorder Birth Injuries Bupivacaine Chronic Pain Diagnosis Diagnosis, Psychiatric Drug Abuse Eligibility Determination Epidural Anesthesia Epinephrine Ethics Committees, Research Fentanyl Fetal Anomalies Fibromyalgia Forceps Gestational Age High Blood Pressures Hypersensitivity Index, Body Mass Inflammation Intestines Labor, Induced Labor Pain Lidocaine Management, Pain Mental Disorders Mothers Nurses Obstetric Delivery Obstetric Labor Pain Patient-Controlled Analgesia Patients Pelvis Perineum Pharmaceutical Preparations Pseudotumor Cerebri Psychological Trauma Rheumatoid Arthritis Saline Solution Severity, Pain Spontaneous Abortion Tissue, Membrane Vacuum Extraction, Obstetrical Vagina Woman Wounds and Injuries

Exploring Nepali Perspectives on Psychological Trauma

Cited 6 times

This study was conducted in Nepal using semi-structured interviews, free-lists, comparison tasks, and observant participation to identify types of events considered traumatic, idioms of distress related to these traumatic events, emotions associated with psychological trauma, and perceptions of causation and vulnerability related to traumatic events. All participants were Nepalis. The first author and a Nepali research assistant conducted all interviews in Nepali. All participants completed an informed consent form. The study was approved by Emory University Institutional Review Board and the Nepal Health Research Council.
Free-list and emotion comparison tasks were conducted in 2005. The sample composition for the research tasks was limited to persons residing in Kathmandu because it was unfeasible to travel in rural areas during the time of the People’s War, which did not conclude until the end of 2006. Thirty-five individuals participated in the free-list and emotion questionnaire portion of the study. Thirty-three participants had complete data for emotion comprehension ranking, 32 for emotion-term similarity analysis, and 30 for free lists. The sample included nineteen women and sixteen men, including eighteen Newar, eight high-caste Hindu, four low-caste Hindu, and five from other ethnic groups (Gurung, Magar, Rai, Tamang). Twenty were married, and fifteen were single. Age ranged from 18 to 72 years, with a mean of 33 years. Education level ranged from 0–18 years, with a mean of 10 years (School Leaving Certificate (SLC)-pass). This sample was selected for heterogeneity of ethnicity, age, and level of education to allow for an assessment of terms and concepts that were mutually intelligible and salient across Nepali demographic groups. All participants completed the surveys in Nepali regardless of their ethno-linguistic group. For participants who spoke another ethnic language, such as Newar or Magar, we inquired about their proficiency in Nepali. All of these respondents said they had been educated in Nepali and that they were as proficient or more proficient in Nepali than in their ethnic language.
The survey comprising free lists and an emotion questionnaire were administered to the lay public participants to identity local concepts of psychological trauma. In free list tasks, participants were asked to list types of traumatic events, the effects of traumatic events on one’s life, terms used to describe suffering and traumatic events (idioms of distress), emotions associated with trauma, and gender differences in the impact of trauma. The emotion questionnaire, which included comprehension ranking and dyadic comparisons, was administered to produce a general model of similarity and understanding of terms identified in the free list tasks. This enabled us to identify commonalities of understanding to complement the idiosyncratic individualized responses provided in free-lists and semi-structured interviews. The emotion questionnaire includes a list of emotions derived from free lists. To identify how confidently people understood emotion terms, participants rated emotion terms on a scale of one to five: five signifying “I completely understand the emotion term,” and one signifying “I completely do not understand the term.” Intermediate numbers represent degrees of partial understanding.
After rating their level of understanding of emotion terms, participants rated similarity among emotion term pairs to determine the conceptual similarity. To assess overall consensus on these ratings, we fit a cultural consensus model using an ordinal data type in UCINET 6 (Hruschka, et al. 2008 ). We used correspondence analysis to represent visually the conceptual similarity between trauma-related emotion terms in a two-dimensional space (Moore, et al. 1999 ; Romney, et al. 1997 (link); 2000 (link)). In such a graph, those items that participants consistently rated as more similar are closer together in the graph. In the graph, 95% confidence ellipses reflect the certainty about each emotion term’s average location in the two-dimensional space (SYSTAT 2007 ).
Semi-structured interviews were conducted to gain more in-depth information on concepts of psychological trauma. This was done with practitioners to elicit narratives of care, the practitioners’ beliefs surrounding psychological trauma, and their perceptions of clients’ beliefs and attitudes. Semi-structured interviews with clients were used to understand the traumatic events, models of causation, psychological and social sequelae, and terminology used to describe the event and related emotions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 32 individuals from 18 organizations involved in psychosocial programs. The organization participants included program administrators, counselors, other health professionals, and clients. Semi-structured interviews also were conducted with religious leaders regarding causality of traumatic events. Semi-structured interviews lasted approximately two hours. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in Kathmandu and rural areas of Western Nepal from 2005–2008. Observant participant was conducted in Nepali nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and clinical health settings in both Kathmandu and rural areas from 2006 through 2008. Observant participation was used to identify language of clinical discourse, which may not have been reported in individualized interviews and free list tasks. Observant participation also elucidated common presenting symptoms and referral patterns.

Kohrt B.A, & Hruschka D.J. (2010). Nepali Concepts of Psychological Trauma: The Role of Idioms of Distress, Ethnopsychology, and Ethnophysiology in Alleviating Suffering and Preventing Stigma. Culture, medicine and psychiatry, 34(2), 10.1007/s11013-010-9170-2.

Publication 2010

Administrators Counselors Emotions Ethics Committees, Research Ethnic Groups Ethnicity Genetic Heterogeneity Health Personnel Psychological Trauma sequels Woman Wounds and Injuries

Trauma-Focused vs. Stress Counseling for MI Patients

Cited 4 times

Both counseling sessions were active face-to-face preventive one-session interventions of the same duration and care, and conducted by the bedside of the coronary care unit within 48 h after patients had reached stable circulatory conditions. Counselors were doctoral students in psychology and medicine, all trained and supervised by senior clinical psychotherapists with degrees in psychology or psychiatry. Each intervention consisted of 45-min counseling plus delivery of an information booklet. Text and figures of the two booklets were specific to each mode of intervention, served as the basis for interacting with patients during the counseling session and to elaborate on certain topics, and for further self-guided help after hospital discharge. Both booklets are available as online material of our previous publication (21 (link)). Initially, the counselor dealt with a patient's most immediate concern, before moving on to key issues like “normalization of stress reactions.” For instance, when asking about previous stressful situations (as part of the stress counseling session) and the patient mentioned a difficult situation at work, the discussion was on stress at work. Other forms of stress in life were covered in the session, but the patient could look this up in the information booklet later on.
Trauma-focused counseling applied an educational approach, targeting individual patients' resources and cognitive (re)structuring to prevent any MI-induced traumatic reactions that might occur in the weeks to come. The concept of psychological trauma and PTSD was introduced, including the possibility that MI might induce PTSS. Stress counseling comprised information about the general role of psychosocial stress in cardiac disease and how to use this information in re-building a life after MI, but any trauma-related terminology was strictly avoided. Counseling sessions could be interrupted for medical reasons and later resumed or post-poned on short notice. Pertinent examples and topics, which could specifically be addressed in either 45-min session were for trauma-focused counseling: What is a trauma? What is PTSD in general and related to MI in particular? Why can acute MI be a potentially traumatic event? How do patients cope with and adjust to MI? Which are the expected reactions to a traumatically experienced MI? Why do not all patients react in the same way to MI? How can one cope with traumatic reactions if they occur during follow-up? How can one get professional help? For the stress counseling session, potentially discussed topics were: What is psychosocial stress and when can it become dangerous for the heart? Why do not all patients react the same way to psychosocial stress? Which are the psychosocial stressors with a potential influence on cardiovascular health and prognosis after MI? How can psychosocial stress affect a healthy life style, therapy adherence and cardiovascular biology? How can psychosocial stress be reduced? A more detailed description of the sessions' content can be found elsewhere (14 (link), 21 (link)).

von Känel R., Meister-Langraf R.E., Barth J., Schnyder U., Pazhenkottil A.P., Ledermann K., Schmid J.P., Znoj H., Herbert C, & Princip M. (2021). Course, Moderators, and Predictors of Acute Coronary Syndrome-Induced Post-traumatic Stress: A Secondary Analysis From the Myocardial Infarction-Stress Prevention Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 621284.

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Publication 2021

Cardiovascular System Cognition Counselors Face Heart Heart Diseases Obstetric Delivery Patient Discharge Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Physicians Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Prognosis Psychological Trauma Psychotherapists Student Therapeutics Wounds and Injuries

Most recents protocols related to «Psychological Trauma»

Trauma-Focused Psychotherapy for PTSD

Approximately two weeks after baseline clinical and fMRI testing, participants in the PTSD group began a 9-week TF-psychotherapy treatment protocol administered by a doctoral or masters-level clinical psychologist. Treatment occurred in weekly 60–90 min sessions and was consistent with TF- psychotherapy protocols. Therapy comprised one session of psychoeducation about psychological responses to trauma, followed by six sessions of 40 min imaginal exposure to the trauma memory, together with instructions regarding in vivo exposure to avoided situations. In these sessions cognitive reframing of catastrophic thoughts about the trauma and oneself were addressed, as well as an additional session that reinforced cognitive reframing exercises. A final session instructed participants on relapse prevention strategies [21 (link), 22 (link)]. This therapy procedure represents standard TF-psychotherapy procedures [23 ]. Independent clinical psychologists rated the fidelity of 130 sessions (18%), which indicated full adherence to the treatment protocols and high level of quality on a 7-point scale (M = 6.11 ± 1.32). A posttreatment assessment was conducted by an independent clinical psychologist one week following completion of the course of treatment using the CAPS. Changes in PTSD symptom severity was calculated as follows and used for analyses: first, post-treatment CAPS scores were subtracted from pre-treatment scores, then the result of this was divided by the pre-treatment CAPS score to create a measure of change that was independent of initial symptom severity. A higher score on this measure corresponds to greater improvement in PTSD symptoms.

Korgaonkar M.S., Felmingham K.L., Malhi G.S., Williamson T.H., Williams L.M, & Bryant R.A. (2023). Changes in neural responses during affective and non-affective tasks and improvement of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms following trauma-focused psychotherapy. Translational Psychiatry, 13, 85.

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Publication 2023

6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase deficiency fMRI Memory Physicians Psychological Trauma Psychologist Psychotherapy Relapse Prevention Thinking Treatment Protocols Wounds and Injuries

Elderly Liver Tumor Hepatectomy

Elderly liver surgical patients admitted to the Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 2020 to December 2021 were selected as the research objects. Inclusion criteria:(1) Age ≥ 60 years old, (2) Malignant liver tumor undergoing hepatectomy, (3) Have good expression ability, text comprehension ability and reading ability, (4) Be informed of the research content and willing to cooperate. Exclusion criteria: (1) Combined history of mental illness, (2) Had suffered major psychological trauma before enrollment.

Xu L., Xu Y., Li G, & Yang B. (2023). Study on anxiety and depression in elderly patients with malignant liver tumor undergoing hepatectomy. European Journal of Medical Research, 28, 87.

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Publication 2023

Aged Cancer of Liver Chinese Hepatectomy Liver Mental Disorders Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Psychological Trauma

Ethical Assessment of Cold Pressor Test

The CPT is recommended for this purpose and is considered ethical to use as it is a valid way to attain the established goals, does not cause collateral damage such as tissue damage from psychological trauma, and the stimulation is considered very low. To determine if this procedure is ethical or not, one must carefully analyze the benefits and the risks. Even though the CPT causes pain, the participant is completely in control over the procedure, since the participant can withdraw their forearm whenever he/she wants. Furthermore, the pain is not caused instantly, that is, it grows slowly, and the process can stop before the pain becomes severe [5 (link)]. Moreover, the participant was free to quit this study at any time without any kind of prejudice. Thus, although pain is caused by this method, the findings can have a very high contribution to improving pain management and has no collateral physical or psychological effects. Nonetheless, there was a need to establish exclusion criteria [5 (link)].
It is of extreme importance to point out that all recommendations for data protection were followed, and that the integrity of the participants was guaranteed.
This study was approved by the Ethics and Deontological Council of the University of Aveiro (CED-UA-24-CED/2021).

Silva P, & Sebastião R. (2023). Using the Electrocardiogram for Pain Classification under Emotional Contexts. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 23(3), 1443.

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Publication 2023

Forearm Management, Pain Pain Physical Examination Psychological Trauma Tissues

Work-Related Injury Recovery Protocol

Participants were injured workers with a work-related psychological or physical injury in Australia. To be eligible to participate individuals were required to be: (i) aged 18 years or older, (ii) employed, but currently on leave from work due to a work-related physical or psychological injury, (iii) between 2 and 26 weeks into a claim at time of recruitment, and (iv) living in Australia. Individuals were excluded if they: (i) were engaged in legal action with employer, (ii) had difficulty with the English language, (iii) were experiencing severe depression, indicated by a score of ≥20 on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) [25 (link)], (iv) were currently experiencing a psychotic episode, or (v) displayed active suicidal intent or a current plan to harm themselves or others.

Crawford J., Spence J., Lovegrove T., Tam E., Collins D., Harvey S.B, & Deady M. (2023). Pilot Trial of Workable: A Therapist-Supported Digital Program for Injured Workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 2460.

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Publication 2023

Injuries Mental Disorders Physical Examination Psychological Trauma Workers

Assessing Psychopathology and Trauma Dimensions

To assess the different dimensions of psychopathology, the following self-reported scales were used. Erroneous thoughts were assessed using the PDI.15 (link) The PDI measured 21 categories of erroneous thoughts (yes or no) such as grandiosity or paranoia, along with three dimensions of scoring (distress, preoccupation, and conviction). Each dimension was scored on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (not at all) to 5 (extremely). Four subscales were used in the final analysis, including the number of responsive items, and mean scores of distresses, preoccupation, and conviction. With regard to evaluating childhood adversity, we specifically explored categories of parental dysfunction using the Measure of Parental Style (MOPS).28 (link) The MOPS included 30 questions (15 for fathers and 15 for mothers) to measure perceived parental maltreatment. Subscales of indifference (eg uncaring of me) and over-control (eg sought to make me feel guilty) were selected into the analysis. Potentially traumatizing events were measured using the Brief Betrayal Trauma Questionnaire (BBTS).32 (link) The 12-item BBTS covered a series of traumatic experiences, including natural disasters, traffic accidents, physical and sexual assault, emotional maltreatment, and being a witness to a catastrophic event. The frequency of each experience in childhood (before 18 years of age) and during adulthood was rated separately using a 3-point Likert scale (never, 1–2 times, >2 times). This instrument differentiated two levels of betrayal in psychological trauma. High betrayal trauma (Item 3, 5, 6, 8, and 10) indicated betrayal events by someone to whom you were very close, and low betrayal trauma (Item 4, 7 and 9) describes betrayal events by someone with whom you were not familiar. The clinical interview scales of depression were evaluated using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDS).33 (link) The HDS contained 17 items with total scores ranging from 0 to 52. A higher HDS score indicated a more severe state of depression.

Chiu C.D., Chou L.S., Hsieh Y.C., Lin C.H, & Li D.J. (2023). Erroneous Thought in Inpatients with Major Depressive Disorder: The Role of Psychological Trauma During Childhood and Adulthood. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 19, 337-348.

Publication 2023

Apathy Emotions Fathers Feelings Guilt Mothers Natural Disasters Paranoia Parent Physical Examination Psychological Trauma Sexual Assault Thinking Traffic Accidents Wounds and Injuries

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More about "Psychological Trauma"

Psychological Trauma encompasses a range of mental and emotional disturbances resulting from traumatic experiences.
This includes conditions like Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Acute Stress Disorder, and other trauma-related disorders.
Key characteristics of psychological trauma include intrusive thoughts, hyperarousal, avoidance behaviors, and negative changes in cognition and mood.
Risk factors for developing psychological trauma can include the nature and severity of the traumatic event, individual vulnerability factors, and socioeconomic status.
Trauma can have wide-ranging impacts on an individual's mental health, physical health, relationships, and overall functioning.
Researchers and clinicians studying psychological trauma often utilize tools like the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-5), the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), and the Life Events Checklist (LEC-5) to assess trauma exposure and symptom severity.
Statistical software like Stata 12.0, SPSS version 22.0 and 17.0, and SAS 9.4 can be used to analyze data and identify risk factors.
Understanding the complex nature of psychological trauma is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies.
By exploring the latest research and best practices, we can work to support those impacted by traumatic events and promote resilience and healing.