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Schizophrenia, Childhood

Schizophrenia, Childhood: A complex neurodevelopmental disorder that can manifest in early childhood, characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and behavior, and impaired cognitive functioning.
Early onset schizophrenia is rare but can have severe implications for a child's social, emotional, and academic development.
Understanding the latest research on effective treatments and interventions is crucial for supporting children and their families.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can help researchers and clinicians easily locate and compare the most cutting-edge protocols to optimize care and improve outcomes for this vulnerable population.

Most cited protocols related to «Schizophrenia, Childhood»

Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS; Foa et al., 2001 (link)). The CPSS is designed to assess PTSD diagnosis and symptom severity in children ages 8–18 who have experienced a traumatic event. It has 24-items, 17 of which correspond to the DSM-IV symptoms. Each of the 17 items is rated on a scale from 0 to 3 with total score ranging from 0 to 51. An additional seven items that inquire about daily functioning (e.g. relationships with friends, schoolwork) are rated as either absent (0) or present (1) and yield a total impairment severity score ranging from 0 to 7. The total impairment score does not contribute to the overall score. The CPSS has shown good internal consistency (α =.89 for total score, .80 for reexperiencing, .73 for avoidance, and .70 for arousal), and scores on the measure have shown good test-retest reliability (.84 for total score, .85 for reexperiencing, .63 for avoidance, and .76 for arousal), and convergent validity (Foa et al., 2001 (link); see Introduction section of the current report).
The Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children–Revised for DSM-IV (K-SADS; Kaufman et al., 1997 (link)) is a semi-structured interview administered by trained clinical interviewers. The K-SADS assesses the presence of previous and current psychiatric disorders based on information provided by both the patient and the patient’s guardian. Diagnoses based on the K-SADS have shown excellent reliability and validity among clinical samples (Kaufman et al., 1997 (link)).
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI;Beck, Ward, Mendelsohn, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961 (link)) is a 21-item measure of depressive severity that is widely used in a variety of populations and has been normed for adolescents. Each item is rated on a 4-point scale (0–3) with total scores ranging from 0 to 63. This measure was chosen to examine the concurrent validity of CPSS scores, as depression is a construct that tends to show strong overlap with PTSD. Split-half reliability of BDI scores is .93, and correlations with clinician ratings of depression range from .62 to .65 (Beck et al.).
Spielberger State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2; Spielberger, Sydeman, Owen, & Marsh, 1999 ) is a 57-item self-report inventory assessing the experience, expression and control of anger. The inventory is divided into three parts. State and trait anger are assessed by asking the respondent to rate the intensity and frequency of angry feelings and reactions using a 4-point Likert-type scale. Anger control is assessed by presenting descriptions of reactions and asking the respondent to rate how often he or she behaves in the manner described when angry or furious, again using a 4-point Likert-type scale. Internal consistency of the STAXI-2 scales and subscales ranged from alpha = .73 to .95 (Mdn. α = .88). High scores on the STAXI-2 scales (≥75th percentile) suggest anger experience and expression that interferes with normal functioning (Spielberger et al.).
Trauma History Interview. In order to precisely assess the presence of trauma exposure that meets PTSD Criterion A (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th ed., text rev.; DSM–IV–TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000 ), the Trauma History Interview (THI) was administered. This clinician-administered interview includes questions about the nature of the trauma and the individual’s response to it (e.g., helplessness, terror). The THI is a revised version of the Standardized Assault Interview (SAI) that has been administered in studies of adult trauma survivors (e.g. Foa, Hearst-Ikeda, & Perry, 1995 (link); Foa, Rothbaum, Riggs, & Murdock, 1991 (link)). The SAI has shown satisfactory inter-rater reliability (K = .81; Foa et al., 1991 (link)).
Publication 2012
Adolescent Adult Anger Arousal Child Diagnosis Feelings Friend Interviewers Legal Guardians Marshes Mental Disorders Mood Disorders Patients Population Group Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Sadness Schizophrenia, Childhood Survivors Wounds and Injuries

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Publication 2014
Biological Assay CTNNB1 protein, human DAPI Embryoid Bodies Episomes Family Member Fibroblasts Homo sapiens Immunocytoadherence Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells N-Cadherins Nervousness Protein, Nestin Schizophrenia, Childhood Sendai virus Skin Tissue Donors
To develop the carved depression and mania scales, secondary analyses pooled nine samples: two clinical youth samples and seven non-clinical adult samples (Supplemental Table 1). Of 741 youths, 83 met strict DSM-IV criteria for BD I, and 118 for other bipolar spectrum diagnoses; 266 for unipolar depression, 204 for ADHD or disruptive behavior disorders without comorbid mood disorder, and 67 with a variety of other diagnoses. The median number of Axis I diagnoses per youth was 3.0. The adult samples were largely students, and Supplemental Table 1 shows that adult modal age was early-mid 20s.
General Behavior Inventory (GBI, Depue et al., 1981 (link)). The GBI identifies lifetime diagnoses of BD as well as syndromal and subsyndromal affective tendencies in clinical and non-clinical populations (Danielson et al., 2003 (link); Depue et al., 1989 (link)). Items cover lifetime propensities to experience depressive symptoms (e.g., “Have you become sad, depressed, or irritable for several days or more without really understanding why?”), and hypomanic symptoms (e.g., “Have there been periods of several days or more when your thinking was so clear and quick that it was much better than most other people's?”). Responses are rated on a four-point Likert scale ranging from “never or hardly ever” to “very often or almost constantly”. The GBI also includes some Biphasic items to capture tendencies for mood states to vary from extremely high to extremely low. Biphasic and Hypomania items are commonly collapsed into a single scale (the Hypomanic/Biphasic, or Mania scale) which prospectively predicts onset of manic episodes (Alloy et al., 2012 (link)). The GBI Mania and Depressive scale scores display sound psychometric properties across multiple samples including internal reliability alphas exceeding .90, test-retest reliabilities exceeding .70, strong predictive validity, and adequate convergent and discriminant validity across multiple samples (reviewed in Johnson et al., 2008 ; Youngstrom, 2007 ). Exploratory factor analyses typically find two strong factors of depression and hypomanic/biphasic mood, along with various small factors that capture less variance and are not typically scored separately (e.g., Depue et al., 1981 (link); Murray, Goldstone, & Cunningham, 2007).
Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL;Kaufman et al., 1997 (link)). The KSADS is a commonly used, well-validated interview for establishing bipolar diagnoses among youth. Youths and primary caregivers completed KSADS interviews in the youth samples. Raters were highly trained and inter-rater reliability was sustained throughout the study (kappa for symptom severity ≥ .85 in both samples). Diagnoses were reviewed by either a board certified child psychiatrist or licensed clinical psychologist. Diagnoses conformed to strict DSM-IV criteria for bipolar I, bipolar II, cyclothymic disorder, and bipolar NOS (typically due to insufficient duration of the index hypo/manic episode).
The youth samples included the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS, Young, Briggs, & Meyer, 1978 (link)), which has good inter-rater reliability, correlates with other manic severity measures, and is sensitive to treatment effects; and the Child Depression Rating Scale – Revised (CDRS, Poznanski, Miller, Salguero, & Kelsh, 1984 (link)) to quantify depressive symptom severity. In the youth samples, the primary caregiver completed the Parent-report GBI (P-GBI, Youngstrom, Findling, Danielson, & Calabrese, 2001 (link)) and the Internalizing Problems score on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001 ) about the youth's mood traits, providing a cross-informant perspective.
The Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ: Hirschfeld et al., 2000 (link)) is a 15-item self-report measure of hypomanic symptoms: 13 yes/no items cover DSM manic symptoms, the 14th item asks about simultaneous occurrence, and the last item rates impairment. We used a threshold of 7 or more symptoms co-occurring at least once (Miller, Johnson, Kwapil, & Carver, 2011 (link)). The TEMPS-A measured Affective Temperaments, with five rationally derived subscales: Dysthymic, Cyclothymic, Hyperthymic, Irritable, and Anxious Temperament (published alphas from 0.67 to 0.91, Akiskal, Akiskal, Haykal, Manning, & Connor, 2005 (link)). Hyperthymic scales differentiate BD from other mood disorders, and Dysthymic temperament predicts the severity of depression within BD (e.g., Karam et al., 2010 (link)). The 5-item Satisfaction with Life scale (SWL, Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985 (link); Diener, Suh, Lucas, & Smith, 1999 ) measured Satisfaction with Life, as both manic and depressive traits are associated with low life satisfaction (Freeman et al., 2009 (link); Murray & Michalak, in press ). BD is associated with an evening chronotype (Wood et al., 2009 (link)) and elevated seasonal variation in mood and behavior (Shin, Schaffer, Levitt, & Boyle, 2005). The Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ, Horne & Ostberg, 1976 (link)) measured chronotype; higher scores indicate greater morningness. The Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ, Rosenthal, Bradt, & Wehr, 1984 ) assessed seasonality. Creativity has reliable associations with bipolar diagnosis (Murray & Johnson, 2010 (link)). The 90-item Creative Behavior Inventory (CBI, Hocevar, 1979 ) quantified creative products generated during adolescence and adulthood. Respondents rated the frequency of creative behaviors since adolescence on a 4-point scale from “Never” to “5 or more times.”
Publication 2013
Adult Alloys Child Chronotype Creativity Cyclothymic Disorder Depressive Symptoms Diagnosis Disorder, Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disruptive Behavior Disorder Epistropheus Mania Manic Episode Mood Mood Disorders Parent Population Group Psychiatrist Psychologist Psychometrics Sadness Satisfaction Schizophrenia, Childhood Sound Student Syndrome Temperament Unipolar Depression Youth
Strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ)-Persian version:This is a 25 item, one paper questionnaire with three response categories (not true, somewhat true, and certainly true). The first version of SDQ was developed by Robert Goodman based on Rutter's questionnaire.2 (link) This instrument produces five subscales and a “total difficulties” score by totaling the deficit subscales (all except for prosocial behavior). An impact score is also produced based on five items, to show the impact of symptoms on other people, the child's functioning and quality of life. According to Goodman's findings the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the different scores and informants are generally satisfactory (mean 0.73). The mean retest stability of the SDQ after 4 to 6 months is 0.62 (0.73 for teacher rating and 0.51 for youth version). Its sensitivity in terms of hyperactivity and conduct problem is %68 and %74 respectively for the parent version. This percentage for the specificity is %89 for all parent, teacher and youth versions.20
The SDQ has been translated into many languages including Persian under supervision of Goodman in England which is available through the SDQ homepage. The Persian version of the SDQ was used in this study.
Child behavior checklist (CBCL) -Persian version:This is a 113 items questionnaire completed by parents about their child (parent rating form).21 There is also a teacher form filled in by teachers (teacher rating form, TRF).22 Items are scored on a three point scale. A total score, externalizing and internalizing scores, as well as eight subscales are derived from this questionnaire.18 (link) It is a well known dimensional rating scale, in worldwide use, the psychometric properties of which have been reported in most countries including Iran. In terms of the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the CBCL, its internal consistency was %88. The mean total score of the Iranian population was 27.5 which were in the range of the other countries (16.8-28.1).23 This measure was used to evaluate the concurrent validity of the SDQ.
Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school–age children present and lifetime version-Persian version (K-SADS-PL-P)The K-SADS-PL-P is a semistructured interview for assessing psychiatric diagnoses in children and adolescents. It assesses the present and lifetime status of psychiatric disorders as well as the severity of the symptoms. Kaufman et al10 introduced the K-SADS-PL from K-SADS-P according to the 4th edition of DSM.
K-SADS-PL is capable of generating 32 DSM-III-R and DSM-IV Axis I child and adolescent psychiatric disorders. Diagnoses are made as definite, probable (equal to or greater than 75% of symptom criteria met), or not present. The different components of the K-SADS-PL are described comprehensively in Kauf-man's and Ambrosini's articles.9,10 The K-SADS-PL-P was validated by Shahrivar et al in Iran19 and its specificity was more than %81 and the sensitivities for most major diagnoses were between %75 and %100. The kappa agreement for most diagnoses was higher than 0.4 and the test-retest reliability was between 0.38 and 0.87.
Publication 2009
Adolescent Child Diagnosis Diagnosis, Psychiatric Epistropheus Hypersensitivity Mental Disorders Mood Disorders Parent Potassium Problem Behavior Psychometrics Sadness Schizophrenia, Childhood Supervision Youth
Adolescents were administered the fully-structured Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) modified to simplify language and use examples relevant to adolescents (Merikangas et al., 2009 (link)). The 15 DSM-IV disorders assessed include mood disorders (major depressive disorder/dysthymia, bipolar I-II disorder and sub-threshold bipolar disorder), anxiety disorders (panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, agoraphobia without panic disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, separation anxiety disorder), behavior disorders (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional-defiant disorder, conduct disorder, eating disorders [anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating behavior]), and substance disorders (alcohol and drug abuse, alcohol and drug dependence with abuse). There were no other exclusionary diagnoses. These disorders include all those assessed in most previous adolescent epidemiological studies.
Adolescent interviews assessed all disorders. Parent questionnaires assessed only disorders for which parent reports have previously been found important in diagnosis: behavior disorders (Johnston & Murray, 2003 (link)) and depression/dysthymia (Braaten et al., 2001 (link)). Parent and adolescent reports were combined at the symptom level using an “or” rule (except in the case of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, where only parent reports were used based on evidence of invalidity of adolescent reports). All diagnoses were made using DSM-IV distress/impairment criteria and organic exclusion rules, but diagnostic hierarchy rules were not used because we wanted to study comorbidity among hierarchy-free disorders.
A clinical reappraisal study interviewed adolescent-parent pairs by telephone with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (K-SADS) Lifetime Version (Kaufman et al., 1997 (link)). As detailed elsewhere, concordance was good between survey and clinical diagnoses (Kessler et al., 2009c (link)), with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of .81-.94 for fear disorders, .79-.86 for distress disorders, .78-.98 for behavior disorders, and .92-.98 for substance disorders. Parent and adolescent reports both contributed to AUC when both were assessed for depression/dysthymia (.75, .71, and .87 for adolescent, parent, and combined reports, respectively), oppositional-defiant disorder (.71, .66, and .85), and conduct disorder (.59, .96, and .98), but only parent reports contributed to AUC for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (.57, .71, and .78). Adolescent disorder AOO reports were obtained retrospectively using probes shown experimentally to maximize recall accuracy among adults (Knauper et al., 1999 ).
Publication 2012
Adolescent Adult Agoraphobia Anorexia Nervosa Anxiety Disorders Behavior Disorders Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder Type 2 Bulimia Nervosa Conduct Disorder Diagnosis Disorder, Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Drug Abuse Drug Dependence Dysthymic Disorder Eating Disorders Ethanol Fear of disease Feeding Behaviors Major Depressive Disorder Mental Recall Mood Disorders Oppositional Defiant Disorder Panic Disorder Parent Phobia, Social Phobia, Specific Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Sadness Schizophrenia, Childhood Separation Anxiety Disorder

Most recents protocols related to «Schizophrenia, Childhood»

Twenty-five measures were included (19 in Analysis 1), as shown in Table 3. These included number of child psychopathology symptoms (five measures), as well as measures of child exposure to criminal and traumatic events, bullying (two measures), emotion comprehension (three measures) and MacArthur Story Stem Battery (MSSB, [24 ]) assessed children’s representations of their parents and their emotions (eight measures).

Measures of child outcome dataset at Phase 2.

MeasureDescription
ADHD symptomsNumber of ADHD symptoms Child symptoms originally reported by child and judged by clinician in accordance with DSM-V [64 ]
Behavioral disorders symptomsCombined number of child symptoms originally reported by child and judged by clinician of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorders symptoms in accordance with DSM-V [64 ]
Depression symptomsNumber of depression symptoms Child symptoms originally reported by child and judged by clinician in accordance with DSM-V [64 ].
Anxiety disorders symptomsCombined number of child symptoms originally reported by child and judged by clinician for generalized anxiety disorder and separation anxiety disorder in accordance with DSM-V [64 ].
PTSD symptomsNumber of child PTSD symptoms originally reported by child and judged by clinician in accordance with DSM-5 [64 ].
Bullying (perpetration)Experiences of bullying, measured with the school life survey [66 ]
Bullying: victimizationExperiences of being the victim of bullying, measured with the school life survey [66 ]
Emotion comprehension: external emotions understandingTest of emotion comprehension [69 ], subscale to measure understanding of facial emotions and external causes of emotion
Emotion comprehension: mental understandingTest of emotion comprehension [69 ], subscale to measure understanding of belief-based emotions, and possibility of hidden emotions
Emotion comprehension: reflective capacitiesTest of emotion comprehension [69 ], subscale to measure understanding of mixed emotions, emotion regulation, and self-reflection
VEX Total physical and nonphysicalReported exposure to violence and criminal activity according to the clinician-administered Violent Experiences Scale (VEX-R) [72 ]. Cronbach’s alpha (English version): between 0.72 and 0.86 [72 ]
MacArthur: avoidant strategiesNumber of behaviors and strategies by child that keep a story from moving forward [65 ]
MacArthur: dissociative strategiesNumber of dissociative behaviors by child during stories [73 (link)]
MacArthur: Negative Parent: ineffectualChild represents parents as ineffectual to address story stem challenges [65 ]
MacArthur: Negative Parent: harshChild represents parents as harsh as they address story challenges [65 ]
MacArthur: Negative story endingsNumber of stories that have emotionally negative endings [65 ]
MacArthur: Aggression overall sumOverall sum of aggressions incorporated in stories [65 ]
MacArthur: Atypical negativePercent stories with atypical, often bizarre, representation with negative connotation [65 ]
MacArthur: DangerSum of diverse danger situations child includes in stories [65 ]
CBCL internalizingaInternalizing symptoms according to the child Behavior Checklist [67 , 68 (link)]
CBCL: Externalizing symptomsaExternalizing symptoms according to the Child Behavior Checklist.
School Life: temperament: negative reactivityaNegative reactivity, i.e.,strong reactions emotional/behavioral reactions to experiencing negative events as measured in the SATI [70 ]. Cronbach’s alpha (English version) >0.89 [71 (link)]
School Life: Temperament: Task PersistenceaTask persistence, i.e., Failure to persist or self-direct with tasks and chores, as measured by the SATI. Cronbach’s alpha (English version) >0.89 [71 (link)]
School Life: Temperament: approach/withdrawalaTendency to be shy, withdraw or not approach others as measured by SATI. Cronbach’s alpha (English version) >0.84 [71 (link)]
School Life: Temperament: ActivityaHigh and potentially hyper or impulsive activity as measured by the SATI. Cronbach’s alpha (English version) >0.80 [71 (link)]

Abbreviations: ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist; K-SADS, Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-aged Children; MSSB, MacArthur Story Stem Battery; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; SATI, School-Age Temperament Inventory; VEX-R, Violence Exposure Scale—Revised.

As reported by the mother, only part of Analysis 2, but not of Analysis 1 analysis.

Furthermore, for Analysis 2, maternal report on internalizing and externalizing symptoms in children and four measures concerned with child temperament were added. All measures were validated and possess good to very good psychometrics (Tables 2 and 3).
Publication 2023
Anxiety Disorders Behavioral Symptoms Behavior Disorders Child Conduct Disorder Criminals Depressive Symptoms Disorder, Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Emotional Regulation Emotions Face Impulsive Behavior Mood Disorders Mothers Oppositional Defiant Disorder Parent Physical Examination Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Psychometrics Sadness Schizophrenia, Childhood Separation Anxiety Disorder Stem, Plant Temperament
Caregivers will be interviewed using the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Early Childhood (K-SADS-EC) which is administered to assess the child’s psychiatric symptoms and assign DSM-5 diagnoses along with the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA), a reliable measure of Axis I disorders (and severity) in preschool children, (Egger et al., 1999; Egger et al., 2006) [18 , 19 (link)]. Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) is completed by the clinician rater to measure children’s global level of impairment. Parenting Stress Index (PSI) is used to measure the magnitude of stress within the parent–child dyad via caregiver report. Coping with children’s negative emotions (CCNES) is used to assess parental coping styles and strategies in response to children’s expression of negative emotions via caregiver report. To capture a wider range of problematic behaviors, this study uses the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Preschool Feelings Checklist (PFC) is used to quickly screen for the presence of any symptoms of depression in our population. The Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) is used to examine sleep behavior in young children. Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children (TSCYC) is used for the assessment of trauma-related symptoms in children ages 3–12. Finally, the Early Childhood Screening Assessment (ECSA) is used to identify very young children (1½–5 years old) who need further emotional or behavioral assessment.
Children and parents (one primary caregiver) who qualify and agree to participate in the study are given vivosmart4 smartwatches during their screening/baseline assessment visit. Two external service providers are used for aggregating Garmin-collected smartwatch data (Fitabase, cloud-based product of Small Steps Labs LLC) and to deliver real-time alerts for parents and collect daily/weekly behavioral functioning of study’s children (mEMA: mobile Ecological Momentary Assessment, a mobile application product of Ilumivu). Deidentified subject identifiers (IDs) are used to create accounts for Fitabase and mEMA, thereby no protected health information (PHI) of the patient is made available to any external data aggregation or alert service providers. Data is collected and stored throughout the study which is then analyzed at study closure. Data from Garmin vivosmart4 smartwatches are automatically synced to Garmin Connect via participant’s smart device (e.g., smartphone, tablets) and to Ilumivu’s mEMA smartphone app. Each update on Garmin Connect updates the data in Fitabase as well. Ilumivu’s mEMA app, available on iOS and Android app stores, serves to trigger assessments in an attempt to foster parenting practices based on child’s physiology. Optional blood tests (only if patients and primary caregivers upon providing consent) are collected for exploratory work and ongoing collaborations in our local lab.
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Publication 2023
Child Child, Preschool Depressive Symptoms Diagnosis, Psychiatric Ecological Momentary Assessment Emotions Epistropheus Feelings Hematologic Tests Medical Devices Mood Disorders Parent Patients physiology Precipitating Factors Schizophrenia, Childhood Sleep Symptom Assessment Wounds and Injuries
Research measures were included as part of each patient’s standard clinical assessment and took place after referral and before potentially further assessment or treatment.
Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL-5) [34 ] was used to determine the psychiatric diagnoses. K-SADS-PL-5 is a validated semi-structured diagnostic interview corresponding with DSM-5 diagnoses frequently applied in research and clinical practice [35 (link)]. Thirteen clinical psychologists and final year clinical psychology students administered the Norwegian version of K-SADS-PL-5 with parents. Reliability was established in three ways: first, interviewers were trained in the administration of K-SADS-PL-5 before they contributed to the data collection. Secondly, cases were discussed in conference with other clinicians. Thirdly, 9% (n = 19) of the interviews were scored independently by two clinicians, demonstrating a substantial agreement between the interviewers’ diagnostic evaluations (Cohen’s к = 0.80).
Child Behavior Check List (CBCL) [36 ], was completed by parents. Irritability was measured using the CBCL Irritability scale that consists of three CBCL items: (I) temper tantrums or hot temper, (II) stubborn, sullen, or irritable, and (III) sudden changes in mood or feelings. Items are rated on a 3-points Likert-scale (not true, sometimes true, often true) with a range of 0 (none) to 6 (high). Raw scores were used in the statistical analyses.
Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function 2nd edition (BRIEF-2) [25 ] is designed to measure children’s EF in social and behavioral contexts. Parents rated the frequency of behavior on a 3-point Likert-scale (never, sometimes, often). The BRIEF-2 includes the following scales: Inhibit (also referred to as Inhibition), Self-Monitor, Shift (also referred to as Cognitive Flexibility), Emotion Control, Initiate, Working Memory, Plan/Organize, Task-Monitor, and Organization of Materials. Raw scores were converted to T-scores based on validated norms [25 ]. Raw scores were used in the statistical analyses and T-scores were used to examine whether the group’s scores were within normal or clinical range compared to standardized norm values. T-scores ≥ 65 is regarded as in the clinical range [25 ], indicative of clear problems. For participants with < 5% missing item response, the median value for all participants (n = 188) was imputed.
NEPSY Second-edition (NEPSY-2) [24 ] is a performance-based neuropsychological assessment tool. Participants completed three subtests: (1) Design Fluency (for children between 5 and 12 years) assessing behavioral productivity and the child’s ability to generate unique designs by connecting five dots, presented in a structured and random way, (2) Inhibition measuring the ability to inhibit automatic responses (5–16 years) and to switch between response styles (7–16 years), and (3) Word List Interference (7–16 years) assessing verbal working memory. Raw scores were transformed to standardized scaled scores by Pearson’s NEPSY-2 machine-based scoring-tool. The scaled scores were used in the statistical analyses, and to examine whether the group’s scores were within normal range compared to standardized norm values. Scaled scores < 8 are indicative of clinical scores, clearly below normal levels.
Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) or General Ability Index (GAI) was estimated using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, fifth edition [37 ] if the healthcare professional responsible for the child’s treatment found it necessary as part of the child’s clinical assessment.
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Publication 2023
Cardiac Arrest Child Cognition Conferences Diagnosis Diagnosis, Psychiatric Emotions Executive Function Feelings Health Care Professionals Interviewers Memory, Short-Term Mood Mood Disorders Neuropsychological Tests Parent Patients Psychological Inhibition Sadness Schizophrenia, Childhood Student
Medical assessment. A medical history was collected, and neurological and physical examinations were performed on all the children to exclude comorbid medical and neurological conditions. Furthermore, a comprehensive history was taken from the parents, with a specific focus on pinpointing signs and symptoms of depression. Other data that could prove significant for a correct clinical understanding of the depressive disorder was also collected; for instance, the presence of risk factors or protective factors, life events, and past symptomatology. Children were included in the under-reactive group if anhedonia, apathy, or inhibition prevailed. Children with externalizing behaviors were included in the over-reactive group.
Psychiatric and psychological evaluation of children and their parents. The children’s psychiatric diagnoses, including Major Depressive Disorder and psychiatric comorbidity, were established according to the DSM-5 criteria [28 (link)] and backed up by means of the semi-structured interview Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children—Present and Lifetime Version [29 ], a useful tool for the assessment of psychopathology in preschoolers, which was administered to parents by an experienced child psychiatrist. The psychiatrist also filled in the Clinical Global Impression [26 ,30 ], a measure of children’s symptom severity, treatment response, and efficacy. The CGI is a 7-point scale that requires the clinician to rate the severity of the patient’s symptoms (from 1 = normal to 7 = extremely ill) at the time of the assessment; it is thus possible to evaluate how much the patient’s symptoms have improved or worsened relative to a baseline state [30 ].
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Publication 2023
Anhedonia Apathy Child Child, Preschool Depressive Symptoms Diagnosis, Psychiatric Disorder, Depressive Major Depressive Disorder Mood Disorders Nervous System Disorder Parent Patients Physical Examination Psychiatrist Psychological Inhibition Schizophrenia, Childhood
Participants were recruited from outpatient clinics at Shenzhen Children’s Hospital. From previous literature review [9 (link), 16 (link)] and preliminary user test data, we expected that the drop-out rate of AET would be higher than that of GET. Therefore, eligible participants were allocated in a 1.2:1 ratio to receive ADHD executive function training or a general executive function training (Fig. 1).

Flow diagram of the clinical trial

ADHD children aged 6 to 12 years old were diagnosed by child psychiatrists according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) and the diagnoses were confirmed using Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children Present-Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL parent version) [24 (link)]. Other eligibility criteria include IQ of 80 or above on the Chinese version of Wechsler Intelligence Scale (fourth edition) for Children (WISC-IV) [40 ] and ability to understand the tasks in the training. Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) serious medical conditions or neuropsychiatric diseases such as epilepsy and mental retardation; (2) diagnosis of tic disorders; (3) abnormalities in other medical tests that investigators consider to be clinically significant; (4) initiating or terminating behavioral therapy within the prior three months; (5) use of psychotropic medication in the prior month; and (6) history of gaming addiction. Written informed consent was obtained from all parents or guardians, as well as from participants themselves if they were 8 years old or older before baseline screening. Parents and children were informed that they would be assigned one of two cognitive trainings, and that this study aimed to compare the effect of these trainings on cognitive development in children with ADHD. Participants were unaware of the difference in training between the two groups.
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Publication 2023
Addictive Behavior Behavior Therapy Child Child Development Chinese Cognition Cognitive Training Congenital Abnormality Diagnosis Disorder, Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Eligibility Determination Epilepsy Executive Function Intellectual Disability Legal Guardians Mood Disorders Parent Psychiatrist Psychotropic Drugs Sadness Schizophrenia, Childhood Tic Disorder Wechsler Scales

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More about "Schizophrenia, Childhood"

Schizophrenia in Children, Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia, Early-Onset Schizophrenia, Pediatric Schizophrenia, Juvenile Schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that can manifest in the early stages of childhood, characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and behavior, and impaired cognitive functioning.
While rare, this form of schizophrenia can have severe implications for a child's social, emotional, and academic development.
Understanding the latest research on effective treatments and interventions is crucial for supporting children with schizophrenia and their families.
Penicillin/streptomycin, a common antibiotic combination, and SPSS version 16.0 for Windows, a statistical analysis software, may play a role in understanding and managing this condition.
Sodium pyruvate, a metabolic compound, has also been studied in the context of schizophrenia, as it may have implications for the disorder's underlying neurological mechanisms.
By leveraging the insights gained from these related topics, researchers and clinicians can optimize care and improve outcomes for this vulnerable population.
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