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Substance Abuse

Substance abuse refers to the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs.
These substances can lead to dependence and have detrimental effects on physical and mental health, as well as social and occupational functioning.
Substance abuse is a significant public health issue, with wide-ranging consequences for individuals, families, and communities.
Effective prevention, treatment, and recovery strategies are essential to address this complex and multifaceted problem.

Most cited protocols related to «Substance Abuse»

1
Cross-Cultural Headache Diagnostic Assessment
Cited 79 times
The process was led by TJS and LJS who, with help from Dr Tarun Dua, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization, conceived the first draft, suggested the areas of enquiry, proposed the question structure and phrasing and established a design template. As population-based studies were planned and undertaken, and in consultation with a wide range of experts and local investigators from over 20 countries, the instrument was amended, expanded through a process of item development and refined through item rejection based on empirical experience. Some questions were rephrased. The studies provided a continuing learning experience, fostering improvements through a series of plan-do-study-act cycles, and were a highly influential part of the development process.
During this process, the diagnostic questions were the subject of several validation studies, now completed in India [10 (link)] (translated into Kannada), China [11 (link)] (translated into Mandarin Chinese), Russia [12 (link)] (translated into Russian) and Pakistan [13 (link)] (translated into Urdu). Others are ongoing, including a study in Saudi Arabia using an Arabic translation. In each of these, questionnaire-derived diagnoses were compared with “gold-standard” diagnoses made by headache experts, in most cases in a subset of participants in a nationwide study.
In the context of a separate undertaking – to develop guidelines for the conduct and quality-assessment of population-based burden-of-headache studies – LJS and TJS convened an expert consensus group [8 (link)]. Members were selected with two considerations in mind: to include theoretical and/or practical experience and competence in headache epidemiology, and to ensure international and cross-cultural relevance. To the latter end, members were drawn from all six of the WHO world regions. This group (included among the authors) first acted as a sounding board and second, and very importantly, reviewed the structure, design and content of the instrument at a consensus meeting in Trondheim in September, 2011.
Steiner T.J., Gururaj G., Andrée C., Katsarava Z., Ayzenberg I., Yu S.Y., Al Jumah M., Tekle-Haimanot R., Birbeck G.L., Herekar A., Linde M., Mbewe E., Manandhar K., Risal A., Jensen R., Queiroz L.P., Scher A.I., Wang S.J, & Stovner L.J. (2014). Diagnosis, prevalence estimation and burden measurement in population surveys of headache: presenting the HARDSHIP questionnaire. The Journal of Headache and Pain, 15(1), 3.
Publication 2014
Chinese Diagnosis Gold Headache Mental Health Substance Abuse
2
Evaluating Stress-Related Symptom Prevalence
Cited 59 times
We have used a list of various possibly stress, anxiety or somatoform-related symptoms such as irritability, fatigue, hostility, feeling of tension, inability to concentrate, musculoskeletal symptoms (neck or upper back pain or discomfort), gastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal pain or discomfort, nausea, alterations in bowel habits), headaches, sleep disturbances, tachycardia, increased blood pressure, palpitations, chest discomfort, dizziness and substance abuse [27 ]. This checklist is not intended as a psychometric tool. It consists of nonspecific symptoms described as related to stress. Stress symptoms, in general, claim more sensitivity than specificity, as such, we were particularly interested on the number of cardinal stress manifestations and not on the evaluation of a situation or psychological state. Participants were asked about the frequency of experiencing these symptoms during the last year and each symptom was binary categorized as frequent or not. Some of these symptoms may not well be expressed as binary variables and suffered low specificity but our interest was to evaluate the coexistence of these stress-related symptoms with high PSS scores. The total number of frequent symptoms was calculated and each participant was categorized in five groups (symptoms less or equal to three, four, five, six and more than six).
Andreou E., Alexopoulos E.C., Lionis C., Varvogli L., Gnardellis C., Chrousos G.P, & Darviri C. (2011). Perceived Stress Scale: Reliability and Validity Study in Greece. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(8), 3287-3298.
Publication 2011
Abdominal Pain Anxiety Back Pain Blood Pressure Chest Defecation Fatigue Headache Hostility Nausea Neck Psychometrics Sleep Disorders Substance Abuse
3
Assessing Neuropsychological Outcomes in ICU Survivors
Cited 55 times
The Bringing to Light the Risk Factors and Incidence of
Neuropsychological Dysfunction in ICU Survivors (BRAIN-ICU) study was conducted
at Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Saint Thomas Hospital in Nashville.
Detailed definitions of the inclusion and exclusion criteria are provided in the
Supplementary
Appendix, available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org.
Briefly, we included adults admitted to a medical or surgical ICU with
respiratory failure, cardiogenic shock, or septic shock. We excluded patients
with substantial recent ICU exposure (i.e., receipt of mechanical ventilation in
the 2 months before the current ICU admission, >5 ICU days in the month
before the current ICU admission, or >72 hours with organ dysfunction
during the current ICU admission); patients who could not be reliably assessed
for delirium owing to blindness, deafness, or inability to speak English;
patients for whom follow-up would be difficult owing to active substance abuse,
psychotic disorder, homelessness, or residence 200 miles or more from the
enrolling center; patients who were unlikely to survive for 24 hours; patients
for whom informed consent could not be obtained; and patients at high risk for
preexisting cognitive deficits owing to neurodegenerative disease, recent
cardiac surgery (within the previous 3 months), suspected anoxic brain injury,
or severe dementia. Specifically, patients who were suspected to have
preexisting cognitive impairment on the basis of a score of 3.3 or more on the
Short Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE; on a
scale from 1.0 to 5.0, with 5.0 indicating severe cognitive
impairment)17 (link) were
assessed by certified evaluators with the use of the Clinical Dementia Rating
(CDR) scale (with scores ranging from 0 to 3.0, and higher scores indicating
more severe dementia).18 (link)Patients with a CDR score of more than 2.0 were excluded (additional information
on the IQCODE and CDR is provided in the Supplementary Appendix).
At enrollment, we obtained written informed consent from all the
patients or their authorized surrogates; if consent was initially obtained from
a surrogate, we obtained consent from the patient once he or she was deemed to
be mentally competent. The study protocol was approved by each local
institutional review board.
Pandharipande P.P., Girard T.D., Jackson J.C., Morandi A., Thompson J.L., Pun B.T., Brummel N.E., Hughes C.G., Vasilevskis E.E., Shintani A.K., Moons K.G., Geevarghese S.K., Canonico A., Hopkins R.O., Bernard G.R., Dittus R.S, & Ely E.W. (2013). Long-Term Cognitive Impairment after Critical Illness. The New England journal of medicine, 369(14), 1306-1316.
Publication 2013
Adult Aged Anoxic Encephalopathy Blindness Brain Cognition Disorders Delirium Disorders, Cognitive Light Mechanical Ventilation Neurodegenerative Disorders Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Presenile Dementia Psychotic Disorders Septic Shock Shock, Cardiogenic Substance Abuse Survivors
4
Assessing Drug Use and Consequences
Cited 47 times
Interviews were conducted by trained research staff in a private setting and data were recorded anonymously, unaccompanied by any unique identifiers. Subjects were first asked the single screening question, “How many times in the past year have you used an illegal drug or used a prescription medication for non-medical reasons?” (where a response of ≥1 is considered positive). If asked to clarify the meaning of “non-medical reasons”, the research associate added "for instance because of the experience or feeling it caused”. After subjects responded to the single screening question, they were asked if they had ever experienced any of a list of problems related to drug use. For this we modified the previously described Short Inventory of Problems-Alcohol and Drug (SIP-AD) questionnaire, which asks about problems ever experienced in the subject’s lifetime related to alcohol or drug use8 (link). We modified this by eliminating the word alcohol from the questions, a modification we hereafter refer to as the Short Inventory of Problems- Drug Use (SIP-DU). In a separate analysis (but in these subjects) we determined the reliability and validity of the SIP-DU as a measure of drug use consequences 9 . The computerized version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) Substance Abuse Module was used for the assessment of current (12-month) drug use disorders 10 . This structured interview yields a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) diagnosis of drug abuse or dependence. In addition, as part of the CIDI, subjects were asked detailed questions about current (past year) use of illicit drugs (marijuana, cocaine, heroin, stimulants or hallucinogens) and non-medical use of prescription drugs. Following the interview subjects were asked to undergo oral fluid testing for the presence of common drugs of abuse (opiates, benzodiazepines, cocaine, methamphetamines, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Once collected, oral fluid was sent to an outside laboratory for analysis using methodology that yields results comparable to urine drug screening (Intercept™ immunoassay, OraSure Technologies, Bethlehem, PA)11 (link)–14 (link). In order to aid in the interpretation of drug test results subjects had been asked, as part of the interview, if they had recently been prescribed any drugs from a list of opiates or benzodiazepines. Because this question was added to the questionnaire during the study, responses were missing from 23 subjects who underwent oral fluid testing. Subjects were not told that they would be asked to undergo drug testing until the interview was complete. After completing the interview, they were compensated and thanked for their participation. They were then asked to undergo oral fluid testing and a second informed consent process was completed. Following the single drug screening question, but before the other assessments, the 10-item Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10) was administered for comparison 4 (link). As part of a parallel study on screening for unhealthy alcohol use, subjects were also asked a single alcohol screening question (preceding the drug screening question), two other brief alcohol screening questionnaires and a calendar based assessment of past-month alcohol consumption (all after the drug screen and prior to the CIDI) 7 (link).
Smith P.C., Schmidt S.M., Allensworth-Davies D, & Saitz R. (2010). A Single-Question Screening Test for Drug Use in Primary Care. Archives of internal medicine, 170(13), 1155-1160.
Publication 2010
Alcohol Problem Benzodiazepines Cannabis sativa Central Nervous System Stimulants Cocaine Diagnosis Dronabinol Drug Use Disorders Ethanol Hallucinogens Heroin Illicit Drugs Immunoassay Methamphetamine Opiate Alkaloids Pharmaceutical Preparations Substance Abuse Substance Abuse Detection Urine
5
NESARC-III Test-Retest Reliability Study
Cited 35 times

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Publication 2014
Adult Agoraphobia Alcohol Use Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder Anxiety Disorders Asian Americans Drug Use Disorders Dysthymic Disorder Ethanol Ethics Committees, Research Face Hispanics Households Major Depressive Disorder Mania Mental Health Minority Groups Mood Mood Disorders Nicotine Use Disorder Panic Disorder Pharmaceutical Preparations Phobia, Specific Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Social Anxiety Stress Disorders, Traumatic Substance Abuse Target Population Tobacco Products Tobacco Use Disorder Workers Wounds and Injuries

Most recents protocols related to «Substance Abuse»

1
Disrupted Childhoods and Lasting Trauma
Fragmented, often abusive early settings characterised by poor relationships with one or both parents characterised participants sense of their place in the world. The family home was frequently associated with experiences of physical, emotional and sexual abuse. With the disruption of formative networks and bonds with caregivers, this culminated for many within institutional care or the care of relatives. Reported experiences of care were mixed, with many women describing “getting in with the wrong crowd” and taking drugs for the first time but also feelings of relief during a respite from abuse at home:

Me mam was a severe alcoholic. I used to get beat up daily. The school didn’t do anything until I was 12-year old, after me nanna died. And basically, I got put with the person who was actually raping me. So I was there for 3 months and the trauma of that, I just couldn’t cope with. So I rebelled at school, and that’s when I got put into […] children’s home. Things started to calm down a little bit there, but I just wanted to be – it sounds stupid – but I wanted to be where my safety net was, where my mam was (Rosie).

Women described the home environment being one where substance misuse and interpersonal conflict were normalized. Trauma was widely experienced, with multiple adverse experiences throughout the life course. Leaving home often occurred as a result of crisis, either the death of a main caregiver or family breakdown. Women described getting into relationships with older men, which provided both a means of escape and in many cases a trap. For Michelle, a relationship initially provided a refuge from her homelife and though the relationship quickly turned sour her mother did not allow her to return home: “I moved out when I was 15 year old I rang me mam crying cos I was miles away from [home …] and she went “you’ve made your bed you lie in it” (Michelle).
Early experiences of abusive family life set future expectations of relationships, where physical violence was normalized and associated with love. Tracy described how unremarkable experiences of violence were, which foreshadowed later relationships:

I was beaten as a child by my father. My mother beat my sister. Never ever hit me. Sides get picked, you get her I get her. And I thought it was how someone showed that they loved you, you know? … I had my nose broken. First my dad. And then boyfriends. There was a competition going on. It becomes a way of life I guess (Tracy).

Early experiences of lack of informal support of parents and extended family; resources that are normative and critical to healthy child development and achievement even into early adulthood [64 (link)] impact these women throughout their lives. Experiencing early trauma, including emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, neglect, parental mental ill-health and/or substance abuse, are all particular risk factors associated with unresolved trauma and long-term homelessness in adulthood [65 (link)].
McGrath J., Crossley S., Lhussier M, & Forster N. (2023). Social capital and women’s narratives of homelessness and multiple exclusion in northern England. International Journal for Equity in Health, 22, 41.
Publication 2023
Abuse, Physical Alcoholics Catabolism Child Child Development Children's Health Drug Abuse Emotions Extended Family Feelings Life Experiences Mental Health Mothers Nose Parent Pharmaceutical Preparations Physical Examination Safety Sexual Abuse Sound Substance Abuse Woman Wounds and Injuries
2
Gendered Determinants of Health Behaviors
The social cognitive theory of mass communication provides an agentic conceptual framework to analyze the determinants and psychosocial mechanisms through which symbolic communication influences human thought, affect, and action [15 ]. This theory emphasizes the various pathways in which communications systems operate to influence individuals’ engagement in health behaviors. In the direct pathway, health behavior changes are promoted by informing, enabling, motivating, and guiding participants. In the socially mediated pathway, media influences link participants to social networks and community settings that provide natural incentives and continued personalized guidance for the desired change. Structural interconnectedness provides potential diffusion paths; sociocognitive factors determine what diffuses through those paths.
The Theory of Gender and Power is a model that has been used to examine HIV-related exposures, risk factors, and effective preventive interventions for women [16 ]. This model describes three structures: (1) the division of labor manifests as economic exposures such as poverty, poor access to health insurance, being uninsured or underinsured, and being unemployed or having a high demand, low control work environment; (2) the division of power manifests as physical exposures, such as having a partner or partners at high risk of HIV acquisition, history of substance abuse, and limited perceived control; and (3) the structure of cathexis, which refers to social norms and affective attachments, manifests as social exposures such as the desire to conceive, and the lack of knowledge of HIV prevention. Three major social structures characterize the gendered relationships between men and women: the division of labor, the division of power, and the structure of cathexis (the process of allocating mental or emotional energy to a person, an object, or an idea). These theories informed how focus groups were conducted and how questions were dispersed in the web-based survey.
Tesema N., Guillaume D., Francis S., Paul S, & Chandler R. (2023). Mobile Phone Apps for HIV Prevention Among College-Aged Black Women in Atlanta: Mixed Methods Study and User-Centered Prototype. JMIR Formative Research, 7, e37987.
Publication 2023
Cathexis Diffusion Emotions Health Insurance Homo sapiens Obstetric Labor Physical Examination Substance Abuse Woman
3
Adolescent Depression, Suicide Attempts, and Brain Function
A total of 71 first-episode drug-naïve adolescent depression patients were recruited from the Department of Psychiatry of Wuhan Mental Health Center. Patients were diagnosed with depression by two experienced psychiatrists based on DSM-IV criteria. To be eligible for study inclusion, patients had to be 7–17 years of age, right-handed, meet the diagnostic criteria for an acute episode of depression, have a history of SA within the past 14 days, be free of serious physical illnesses, be free of the alcohol and/or substance abuse or dependence, and be free of other Axis I disorders including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and substance-induced mood disorders. In addition, 54 age- and sex-matched healthy control individuals were recruited from the Wuhan Mental Health Center medical examination center. These controls were right-handed, had no history or family history of psychiatric disorders, and were free of any severe physical illness. All participants provided written informed consent for study participation. The Ethics Committee of Wuhan Mental Health Center approved this research, which was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki.
SA was defined as any self-destructive behavior intended to terminate one’s own life that did not result in death (O’Carroll et al., 1996 (link); Li et al., 2021 (link)). The patients included in this study were confirmed to have a history of SA through interviews with experienced psychiatrists, who also collected relevant details including the numbers of SAs and the dates on which they had occurred. When ambiguous results were obtained, the psychiatrists also made inquiries with the parents or clinicians of that patient to confirm these results. The Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire Junior (SIQ-JR; Keane et al., 1996 (link)) scale was conducted on the same day as the rs-fMRI to evaluate the severity of suicidal ideation, while the child depression inventory (CDI; Akimana et al., 2019 (link)) was used to assess depression severity.
Zhou Y., Song Y., Chen C., Yan S., Chen M, & Liu T. (2023). Abnormal amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation values as a neuroimaging biomarker for major depressive disorder with suicidal attempts in adolescents: A resting-state fMRI and support vector machine analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1146944.
Publication 2023
Adolescent Bipolar Disorder Child Diagnosis Epistropheus Ethanol Ethics Committees fMRI Mental Disorders Mental Health Mood Disorders Parent Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Physical Examination Psychiatrist Schizophrenia Sexual Health Substance Abuse
4
Well-Being Among Legal Professionals
As there is not currently a standard measure of well-being, questions focused on the most common indicators of health, positive relationships, and access to behavioral health resources. The survey measured well-being through self-reported responses to questions that asked about the following: stress of law practice; work satisfaction ratings; relationships with clients, colleagues, and family; depression; alcohol and cigarette use; and exercise. Participants were asked about their perception of access to resources to handle stress, substance abuse, and mental health problems. When appropriate, participants were asked to rate experiences pre-pandemic and during the pandemic or the present time period (February 2021).
Fore M, & Stevenson E. (2023). The impact of Covid-19 pandemic on overall well-being of practicing lawyers. PLOS ONE, 18(3), e0282836.
Publication 2023
Ethanol Job Satisfaction Mental Health Pandemics Substance Abuse
5
Bvftd Patients Neuropsychological Evaluation
Seventy-nine right-handed subjects were enrolled in this study, including 39 bvFTD patients, from July 1, 2014, to October 31, 2021, in the Department of Neurology of Xuanwu Hospital. All patients were diagnosed with probable bvFTD according to the consensus criteria published in 2011 [18 (link)]. Age- and sex-matched healthy controls who had no complaints of cognitive decline, depression, or anxiety and performed within the normal range on neuropsychological tests (Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] score ≥ 24 and Clinical Dementia Rating Scale [CDR] score = 0) were enrolled from communities.
Exclusion criteria for all participants were as follows: (1) any serious neuropsychiatric disorder that could affect cognitive function, such as substance abuse, alcoholism, schizophrenia, tumours, or cerebrovascular disease; (2) standard contraindications for MRI examinations; and (3) absence of a reliable informant.
Chu M., Wen L., Jiang D., Liu L., Nan H., Yue A., Wang Y., Wang Y., Qu M., Wang N, & Wu L. (2023). Peripheral inflammation in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia: associations with central degeneration and clinical measures. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 20, 65.
Publication 2023
Alcoholic Intoxication, Chronic Anxiety Cerebrovascular Disorders Cognition Disorders, Cognitive Mini Mental State Examination Neoplasms Neuropsychological Tests Patients Physical Examination Schizophrenia Sexual Health Substance Abuse

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More about "Substance Abuse"

Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse or chemical dependency, refers to the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol, illicit drugs, and even some prescription medications.
These substances can lead to dependence, causing detrimental effects on an individual's physical and mental health, as well as their social and occupational functioning.
Substance abuse is a significant public health issue, with wide-ranging consequences for individuals, families, and communities.
It can manifest in various forms, such as alcoholism, opioid addiction, and the misuse of stimulants or sedatives.
Effective prevention, treatment, and recovery strategies are essential to address this complex and multifaceted problem.
Researchers and healthcare professionals rely on various statistical software packages, such as SAS 9.4, Stata version 14, and SPSS Statistics version 22, to analyze data and uncover insights related to substance abuse.
These tools, along with specialized scanners like the Trio scanner, provide valuable analytical capabilities to support research, clinical decision-making, and the development of evidence-based interventions.
Addressing substance abuse requires a comprehensive approach that encompasses education, early intervention, evidence-based therapies, and community-based support.
By understanding the underlying causes, risk factors, and the far-reaching consequences of substance abuse, we can work towards creating a healthier and more resilient society.
Typo: 'Addresing substance abuse' should be 'Addressing substance abuse'.