SEER data were used to analyze trends among whites and blacks during 1977 to 2010 in the nine original registries of Atlanta, Connecticut, Detroit, Hawaii, Iowa, New Mexico, San Francisco-Oakland, Seattle-Puget Sound, and Utah [9 ], and among white non-Hispanics, Asian/PIs and Hispanic whites in the 13 registries: the SEER9 registries plus Los Angeles, San Jose-Monterey, rural Georgia, and Alaska Natives during 1992–2010 [10 ].
Site recode in SEER*stat software version 8.1.2[11 ] was used to select microscopically-confirmed lung and bronchus cancer cases. Histologic groupings were created using ICD-O-3 [12 ] morphology codes. Six main histologic type categories were formed: squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma, other specified carcinoma, and unspecified types. The morphology codes were: squamous cell carcinoma (8051-2, 8070-6, 8078, 8083-4, 8090, 8094, 8120, 8123); small cell carcinoma (8002, 8041-5); adenocarcinoma (8015, 8050, 8140-1, 8143-5, 8147, 8190, 8201, 8211, 8250-5, 8260, 8290, 8310, 8320, 8323, 8333, 8401, 8440, 8470-1, 8480-1, 8490, 8503, 8507, 8550, 8570-2, 8574, 8576); large cell carcinoma (8012-4, 8021, 8034, 8082); other specified carcinoma (8003-4, 8022, 8030-3, 8035, 8200, 8240-1, 8243-6, 8249, 8430, 8525, 8560, 8562, 8575); and unspecified malignant neoplasms (carcinoma not otherwise specified [NOS] 8010-1, 8020, 8230; non-small cell carcinoma 8046 ; malignant neoplasm NOS 8000-1). We omitted cases specified as a non-carcinoma (8580-9999) or that appeared to be a metastasis (8005, 8095, 8124, 8130, 8146, 8160, 8170, 8231, 8247, 8263, 8312, 8340-1, 8350, 8370, 8441, 8460, 8500, 8501, 8510, 8524, 8530, 8551). A code for non-small cell carcinoma (8046) was added to ICD-O-3 in 2001, which was also used for some cases diagnosed prior to 2001.
We calculated incidence counts, rates per 100,000 person-years, rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% CIs by histologic type, period, gender, racial/ethnic group, and 5-year age group. Rates were age-adjusted using the 2000 US standard for all ages combined and for 10-year age groups 25–34 to 75–84 and 85+ years for calendar years 1977–1981, 1982–1986, 1987–1991, 1992–1996, 1997–2000, 2001–2005, and 2006–2010, with each 5 years except for the 4-year interval 1997–2000 to allow assessment of the change to ICD-O-3 in 2001. Year of birth was estimated by subtracting the age group mid-year from the diagnosis period mid-year. All rates were plotted using the period mid-year and a semi-logarithmic scale such that a change of 1% per year was depicted by a slope of 10 degrees [13 (link)], achieved by having one y-axis log cycle the same length as 40 years on the x-axis.
The prevalence of ever smoking at age 35 by year of birth through 1950–54 was available from 1885–89 for whites and from 1900–04 for blacks in the Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph 8 [14 ]. More recent ever smoking data for the age group 35–44 were based on National Health Interview Data for each 5th year 1990–2010 [15 ]. The prevalence of current cigarette smoking aged 18 and older by race/ethnicity and sex were from several National Health Interview Surveys [16 ]. Rates among whites and blacks were from surveys conducted every 5 years 1965 – 2005 and 2008, 2009, and 2010, with rates for the three years averaged and plotted at their mid-point, 2009.5. Asian and Hispanic rates were for 3-year period averages, 1990–1992, 1999–2001, and 2008–2010. Rates were not readily available for ever smoking among Asians or Hispanics or current smoking among Asians. Temporal trends in ever and current smoking prevalence were plotted as were the incidence rates, so that the slopes of the curves are comparable [13 (link)].
Site recode in SEER*stat software version 8.1.2[11 ] was used to select microscopically-confirmed lung and bronchus cancer cases. Histologic groupings were created using ICD-O-3 [12 ] morphology codes. Six main histologic type categories were formed: squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma, other specified carcinoma, and unspecified types. The morphology codes were: squamous cell carcinoma (8051-2, 8070-6, 8078, 8083-4, 8090, 8094, 8120, 8123); small cell carcinoma (8002, 8041-5); adenocarcinoma (8015, 8050, 8140-1, 8143-5, 8147, 8190, 8201, 8211, 8250-5, 8260, 8290, 8310, 8320, 8323, 8333, 8401, 8440, 8470-1, 8480-1, 8490, 8503, 8507, 8550, 8570-2, 8574, 8576); large cell carcinoma (8012-4, 8021, 8034, 8082); other specified carcinoma (8003-4, 8022, 8030-3, 8035, 8200, 8240-1, 8243-6, 8249, 8430, 8525, 8560, 8562, 8575); and unspecified malignant neoplasms (carcinoma not otherwise specified [NOS] 8010-1, 8020, 8230; non-small cell carcinoma 8046 ; malignant neoplasm NOS 8000-1). We omitted cases specified as a non-carcinoma (8580-9999) or that appeared to be a metastasis (8005, 8095, 8124, 8130, 8146, 8160, 8170, 8231, 8247, 8263, 8312, 8340-1, 8350, 8370, 8441, 8460, 8500, 8501, 8510, 8524, 8530, 8551). A code for non-small cell carcinoma (8046) was added to ICD-O-3 in 2001, which was also used for some cases diagnosed prior to 2001.
We calculated incidence counts, rates per 100,000 person-years, rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% CIs by histologic type, period, gender, racial/ethnic group, and 5-year age group. Rates were age-adjusted using the 2000 US standard for all ages combined and for 10-year age groups 25–34 to 75–84 and 85+ years for calendar years 1977–1981, 1982–1986, 1987–1991, 1992–1996, 1997–2000, 2001–2005, and 2006–2010, with each 5 years except for the 4-year interval 1997–2000 to allow assessment of the change to ICD-O-3 in 2001. Year of birth was estimated by subtracting the age group mid-year from the diagnosis period mid-year. All rates were plotted using the period mid-year and a semi-logarithmic scale such that a change of 1% per year was depicted by a slope of 10 degrees [13 (link)], achieved by having one y-axis log cycle the same length as 40 years on the x-axis.
The prevalence of ever smoking at age 35 by year of birth through 1950–54 was available from 1885–89 for whites and from 1900–04 for blacks in the Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph 8 [14 ]. More recent ever smoking data for the age group 35–44 were based on National Health Interview Data for each 5th year 1990–2010 [15 ]. The prevalence of current cigarette smoking aged 18 and older by race/ethnicity and sex were from several National Health Interview Surveys [16 ]. Rates among whites and blacks were from surveys conducted every 5 years 1965 – 2005 and 2008, 2009, and 2010, with rates for the three years averaged and plotted at their mid-point, 2009.5. Asian and Hispanic rates were for 3-year period averages, 1990–1992, 1999–2001, and 2008–2010. Rates were not readily available for ever smoking among Asians or Hispanics or current smoking among Asians. Temporal trends in ever and current smoking prevalence were plotted as were the incidence rates, so that the slopes of the curves are comparable [13 (link)].