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> Disorders > Neoplastic Process > Vulvar Cancer

Vulvar Cancer

Vulvar Cancer: A comprehensive overview of this gynecological malignancy affecting the external female genitalia.
Vulvar cancer can present as various histological subtypes, including squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, and adenocarcinoma.
Risk factors include human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, chronic vulvar inflammation, and certain genetic predispositions.
Symptoms may include vulvar itching, pain, or a visible mass.
Diagnosis often involves biopsy, and treatment may include surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy.
Prognosis depends on stage at diagnosis and other clinical factors.
Reasearchers can utilize PubCompare.ai to optimize their vulvar cancer studies, locating and comparing protocols from the scientific literature, preprints, and patents to enhance reproducibility and accuracy of their findings.

Most cited protocols related to «Vulvar Cancer»

1
New FIGO Staging for Vulvar Cancer
Cited 4 times
Data from the NCDB collected between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2017 were utilized for the analyses. A total of 12 063 cases were identified during this period (median age 64.3 ± 14.4 years). Patients were predominantly non‐Hispanic white (85.9%), non‐Hispanic black (8.0%), and Hispanic (4.3%). These patients received therapy for vulvar cancer at American College of Surgeons’ Commission on Cancer (CoC) accredited hospitals and were treated per the prevailing standard of care. It is therefore safe to assume that the disease course was determined by stage at diagnosis and not significantly impacted by variations in therapy. Data selection criteria are shown in Table 1. Stage distribution of included cases is shown in Table 2.
Statistical analysis was performed using SAS software, version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). For each stage category, many possible tumor characteristics were included. Tumor characteristics that were evaluated included tumor size, depth of invasion, extent of local spread, lymph node status, and regional and distant spread of disease. Log‐rank and Wilcoxon tests were used to analyze overall survival similarities between and within groups of tumor characteristics resulting in the new (2021) FIGO staging for carcinoma of the vulva (Table 3).
Groups with overlapping survivals were then combined into individual stages and substages. These analyses were repeated multiple times. A secondary analysis was then performed to check whether each higher stage carries a worse prognosis than the preceding stage or substage. Starting from Stage IA the analysis confirmed that each higher stage or substage indeed has a worse prognosis than the preceding stage or substage; furthermore, that the associated prognosis with each stage or substage is unchanged by including tumor characteristics from any or all of the preceding stages or substages. As an example, Stage IIIB is defined by lymph node metastasis >5 mm, and combining this with disease extension to upper two‐thirds of perineal structures did not change the prognosis. Similarly, Stage IIIC is defined by lymph node metastasis with extracapsular extension, and combining this with lymph node metastases that are >5 mm without extracapsular extension and tumor extension to upper two‐thirds of adjacent perineal structures did not alter the prognosis.
Kaplan–Meier curves were generated for all of the stages and substages (Figure 1). The method used for computing confidence intervals requires an estimate of the survival distribution at the value nth percentile (n = 50). This means that if the survival function does not reach n–5 (0.45), a standard error or confidence interval bounds for the median will not be estimated. This is while the median overall survival for each stage or substage is not given.
The NCDB data utilized for these analyses may not cover the entire global experience, but the large size of the data compensates for this shortcoming and makes the findings generalizable.
Olawaiye A.B., Cotler J., Cuello M.A., Bhatla N., Okamoto A., Wilailak S., Purandare C.N., Lindeque G., Berek J.S., Kehoe S., Kehoe S., Olawaiye A.B., Cuello M.A., Bhatla N., Okamoto A., Wilailak S., Lindeque G., Berek J.S., Purandare C.N, & Cain J. (2021). FIGO staging for carcinoma of the vulva: 2021 revision. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 155(1), 43-47.
Publication 2021
Diagnosis Disease Progression Extranodal Extension Hispanics Lymph Node Metastasis Malignant Neoplasms Neoplasms Nodes, Lymph Patients Perineum Prognosis Staging, Cancer Surgeons Therapeutics Vulva Vulvar Cancer
2
Comprehensive Profiling of Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Cited 3 times
The tissue of 24 fresh frozen VSCC samples that had previously been subjected to WES were available [5 (link)]. Somatic variants from our WES analysis in vulvar cancer are provided in Table S1. Tissue samples were obtained at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf during surgeries performed between 1998 and 2011. All samples were immediately snap frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen at −196 °C. Every sample was assessed on cryo-cut sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. If necessary, the stromal parts were removed by scraping them using a scalpel to obtain at least 60% tumor cells in the sample used for RNA extraction. Pathological studies were carried out by Dr. Lebok, who is a specialized gynecopathologist. All of the patients enrolled gave written informed consent to access their tissue and review their clinical records, according to our investigational review board and ethics committee guidelines. (Ethics Committee of the Medical Board Hamburg reference number 190504). Data were retrieved from patient records and the institutional database providing information on clinicopathologic factors, and histology and therapeutic approaches. For tumor staging, the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage groupings and the International Union against Cancer (UICC) tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) classification sixth edition were used for homogeneity [24 (link),25 (link)].
Prieske K., Alawi M., Jaeger A., Wankner M.C., Eylmann K., Reuter S., Lebok P., Burandt E., Blessin N.C., Schmalfeldt B., Oliveira-Ferrer L., Joosse S.A, & Woelber L. (2021). Transcriptome Analysis in Vulvar Squamous Cell Cancer. Cancers, 13(24), 6372.
Publication 2021
Cells Diploid Cell Eosin Ethics Committees Freezing Malignant Neoplasms Neoplasm Metastasis Neoplasms Nitrogen Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Therapeutics Tissues Vulvar Cancer
3
Epidemiology of HPV-related Cancers in Sub-Saharan Africa
Cited 3 times
Studies will be selected according to the PEO (population, exposure, and outcomes) framework outlined below (Table 1).

PEO framework for eligibility of research question

CriteriaDeterminants
Population and their problemIndividuals with HPV-related cancers in Sub-Saharan Africa
ExposureHPV-related cancers
Outcome1. Mortality
2. Incidence
3. Prevalence
4. Risk factors(cervical cancer, anal cancer, penile cancer, vulva cancer, and head and neck cancers)
5. Interplay with HIV6. Trends
Lekoane B.K., Mashamba-Thompson T.P, & Ginindza T.G. (2017). Mapping evidence on the distribution of human papillomavirus-related cancers in sub-Saharan Africa: scoping review protocol. Systematic Reviews, 6, 229.
Publication 2017
Cancer of Head and Neck Cancers, Anal Cervical Cancer Eligibility Determination Malignant Neoplasms Penile Cancer Vulvar Cancer
4
Retrospective Analysis of Vulvar Cancer
Cited 3 times
Patients with primary or recurrent squamous cell vulvar cancer stage IB-IV (Union internationale contre le cancer-tumor, node, metastasis [UICC-TNM]-classification and stage-groupings version 6) treated at 29 Arbeitsgemeinschaft Gynäkologische Onkologie (AGO) cancer centers between 1998 and 2008 were eligible for the Chemo and Radiotherapy in Epithelial Vulvar Cancer (CaRE-1) study (14 ). Participating institutions could include all patients with the diagnosis of invasive vulvar cancer greater than stage pT1a independent of the mode and initial place of treatment. Patients who were initially treated elsewhere and for disease recurrence in a study center could also be included. Case selection was in the responsibility of the centers and based on their individual documentation systems. Patients with benign or precursor lesions, nonsquamous neoplasia of the vulva, verrucous vulvar cancer, or those with secondary cancers interfering with the treatment of vulvar cancer were not eligible. Patients had to be age 18 years or older.
Data collection was performed retrospectively between February and December 2011. Documentation and analysis was done through a newly designed centralized database by the AGO study group. Surgery reports and histological diagnoses blinded to patient identifiers were sent to the study office on request with in-house monitoring. The study protocol was approved by local ethics committees at each center (leading vote: Hamburg [reference number PV3658]) and registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01304667). Patients provided written informed consent to access their medical records for scientific analysis at first contact with the respective study center. Therefore, no individual consent for the current retrospective analysis was needed.
In the database, tumor characteristics as well as aspects of surgical and nonsurgical treatment were collected including: TNM stage, tumor size, depth of invasion, grade, number and localization of lymph nodes involved, size of nodal metastasis, surgical therapy of vulva and nodes, pathological resection margin, total dose and fields of irradiation, and, if applicable, agent and dosage of chemotherapy as well as date and treatment of recurrent disease and/or date of last contact or death. Furthermore, patient characteristics as Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status and clinically significant comorbidities were documented. To account for possible bias from informative missing values, we introduced the category “unknown” for each variable to keep all patients in the analysis. Supplementary Table 1 (available online) lists the number of missing values per patient, Supplementary Table 2 (available online) opposes patients with three or fewer and more than three missing values.
Mahner S., Jueckstock J., Hilpert F., Neuser P., Harter P., de Gregorio N., Hasenburg A., Sehouli J., Habermann A., Hillemanns P., Fuerst S., Strauss H.G., Baumann K., Thiel F., Mustea A., Meier W., du Bois A., Griebel L.F, & Woelber L. (2015). Adjuvant Therapy in Lymph Node–Positive Vulvar Cancer: The AGO-CaRE-1 Study. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 107(3), dju426.
Publication 2015
Diagnosis Malignant Neoplasms Neoplasm Metastasis Neoplasms Nodes, Lymph Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Pharmacotherapy Radiotherapy Regional Ethics Committees Squamous Epithelial Cells Staging, Cancer Surgical Margins Vulva Vulvar Cancer Vulvar Neoplasms
5
Cervical Cancer Screening and Treatment in Malawi
Cited 2 times
Prior to study implementation, the study staff conducted consultative meetings with traditional leaders, community health workers (CHWs) and the UNCPM Community Advisory Board (CAB). The leaders and CHWs then shared information about our study at community gatherings including in churches and at funerals. The study information included study start date and designated study sites in their communities. Study nurses, clinicians, HIV counselors and community workers conducted educational talks targeting both men and women through a public address system; at the study sites and by driving around in the communities; about ICC prevention and HIV; screening with VIA and thermal ablation; and the referral cascade for those who may not have lesions treatable through thermal ablation or those who test HIV-positive. VIA-based ICC screening and same-day thermal ablation were offered to women who met the following eligibility criteria: age 25 to 49 years; nonpregnant; no history of hysterectomy, cervical, vaginal or vulvar cancer or dysplasia; not screened in the past 1 year; no known allergy to acetic acid; and more than 12 weeks postpartum if recently pregnant. HIV testing and counseling were also offered to women whose HIV status was unknown.
Study staff prescreened women for eligibility, and eligible women who were interested to participate were asked to provide written informed consent. Using an interviewer-administered questionnaire, study staff collected sociodemographic data including sexual and contraceptive history. Women were then offered individual counseling for VIA and thermal ablation. A urine pregnancy test was done to rule out pregnancy prior to VIA. Study nurses with prior practical experience in screening and certified through the national cervical cancer screening training program, which includes supervised mentorship, and underwent refresher training prior to the study performed VIA and interpreted results as per WHO International Agency for Research in Cancer guidelines.21 The same nurses performed same-day thermal ablation if the VIA was positive and if the cervical lesion met the following criteria: visible in its entire extent on the ectocervix; covered less than three quarters of the ectocervix; no extension to the vagina and/or endocervix; not suspicious for ICC or glandular dysplasia; did not extend more than 3 mm into the canal; and no clinical evidence of pelvic inflammatory disease. Prior to treatment, a cervical biopsy was collected. Women with lesions not amenable to thermal ablation were referred to KCH for further care.
Follow-up visits for women who received treatment were conducted at Weeks 6 and 12. At Week 6, an interval medical history was collected and reviewed for thermal ablation safety outcomes, including adverse events such as moderate to severe bleeding, fever, increased pelvic pain, abnormal vaginal discharge and any disorder requiring admission after treatment. Histologic results of cervical biopsies collected prior to thermal ablation were also reviewed with the women. At Week 12, VIA was performed on women who had CIN diagnosed at the time of thermal ablation. A directed cervical biopsy was performed if a lesion was present, or a random cervical biopsy if no lesion, to determine the histological resolution of CIN. Women were reimbursed for transport costs for follow-up visits as approved by the Malawi National Research Ethics Committee.
Chinula L., Topazian H.M., Mapanje C., Varela A., Chapola J., Limarzi L., Stanley C., Hosseinipour M., Gopal S, & Tang J.H. (2021). Uptake and safety of community-based “screen-and-treat” with thermal ablation preventive therapy for cervical cancer prevention in rural Lilongwe, Malawi. International journal of cancer, 149(2), 371-377.
Publication 2021
Acetic Acid Aftercare Biopsy Cervical Cancer Community Health Workers Counselors Ectocervix Eligibility Determination Endocervix Ethics Committees, Research Fever Hypersensitivity Hysterectomy Interviewers Malignant Neoplasms Mentorships Neck Nurses Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Pelvic Pain Pregnancy Pregnancy Tests Pulp Canals Safety Speech Urinalysis Urine Vagina Vulvar Cancer Woman Workers

Most recents protocols related to «Vulvar Cancer»

1
Pelvic Cancer Survivor and Healthcare Provider Study
FPCS’ inclusion criteria were: self-reported history of one or more of the following pelvic cancers vulvar, vaginal, uterine, ovarian, endometrial, cervical, bladder, and/or colorectal; identifying as a woman or transgender man with female sex assignment at birth; age older than 18 years; having received treatment for pelvic cancer within Canada; and English fluency. FPCS were recruited through the following methods: (1) A cancer registry held by the British Columbia Cancer Registry of all treated cancers over the past 5 years, (2) direct referral from one of the gynecologic cancer physicians at the University of British Columbia, and (3) social media managed by the research lab.
HCPs were eligible to participate if they met the following inclusion criteria: being a healthcare provider practicing in Canada who treats one or more of the following pelvic cancers: vulvar, vaginal, uterine, ovarian, endometrial, cervical, bladder, and/or colorectal; older than 18 years; and fluent in English. HCPs were recruited with advertisements through the University of British Columbia gynecologic oncology physician networks, performing internet searches and emailing potential participants, and social media posts.
Oveisi N., Khan Z, & Brotto L.A. (2023). A qualitative study of sexual health and function of females with pelvic cancer. Sexual Medicine, 11(2), qfac002.
Publication 2023
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli ARID1A protein, human Cancer of Bladder Childbirth Endometrial Carcinoma Endometrium Females Malignant Neoplasms Neck Neoplasms Ovarian Cancer Ovary Pelvic Cancer Pelvis Physicians Transgendered Persons Urinary Bladder Uterus Vagina Vulva Vulvar Cancer Woman
2
Vaginal Cancer Patients Retrospective Analysis
This study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the ethics committee of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Bonn, Germany (Nr: 328/22). The institutional record database was screened for vaginal cancer patients treated at the Department of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology between January 2010 and December 2021. Tissue collection was conducted within the Biobank initiative of the University of Bonn. The only inclusion criterion was a histologically confirmed diagnosis of a primary vaginal cancer. The only exclusion criterion was a history of vulvar or cervical cancer. All patients provided written informed consent before tissue collection. Baseline characteristics, pathology and therapeutic course were recorded from patient’s charts, surgery reports, radiation protocols and pathologic findings. Follow-up data were updated in July 2022. Histopathological diagnosis was determined based on World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, considering only patients with no prior history of a cervical or vulvar cancer [12 ]. Tumor stage was based on the 2018 revised International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) system and the TNM-Classification of the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) [13 ,14 (link)].
Egger E.K., Condic M., Ralser D.J., Marinova M., Mustea A., Recker F., Kristiansen G, & Thiesler T. (2023). The Role of P16, P53, KI-67 and PD-L1 Immunostaining in Primary Vaginal Cancer. Cancers, 15(4), 1046.
Publication 2023
Cervical Cancer Diagnosis Ethics Committees Faculty, Medical Female Reproductive System Malignant Neoplasms Neck Neoplasms Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Radiotherapy Therapeutics Vagina Vaginal Cancer Vulva Vulvar Cancer
3
Ultrasound-Guided Inguinal Lymph Node Assessment
All patients underwent preoperative ultrasound examination to assess inguinal lymph nodes and ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology or biopsy (FNA) in cases of suspected metastases.
Ultrasound examinations were conducted by two fully-trained gynecologists with more than ten years of experience in the management of vulvar cancer patients (GG and SMF). All ultrasound examinations were performed with MyLab Twice (Esaote, Genova, Italy) machine with 7–12 MHz linear probes.
All the ultrasound parameters of inguinal lymph nodes were prospectively collected using a predefined electronic form (Figure 1), including both the parameters of the “Morphonode study” and the relevant, additional vascular parameters. We chose to rename some of the parameters according to the corresponding current nomenclature of the international consensus on terms and definitions published by the VITA group (Figure 1) [10 (link),12 (link)].
The subjective assessment of ultrasound variables was applied to all lymph nodes of each groin by using the following classification in five categories: normal (LN1), reactive but negative (LN2), minimally suspicious (LN3), moderately suspicious (LN4), highly suspicious or positive (LN5). Classes LN3–5 were considered positive (potentially metastatic), while classes LN1–2 were considered negative (non-metastatic). If at least one lymph node was classified as LN3–5, the groin was considered positive overall.
Fragomeni S.M., Moro F., Palluzzi F., Mascilini F., Rufini V., Collarino A., Inzani F., Giacò L., Scambia G., Testa A.C, & Garganese G. (2023). Evaluating the Risk of Inguinal Lymph Node Metastases before Surgery Using the Morphonode Predictive Model: A Prospective Diagnostic Study in Vulvar Cancer Patients. Cancers, 15(4), 1121.
Publication 2023
Biopsy Blood Vessel Cytological Techniques Groin Gynecologist Neoplasm Metastasis Nodes, Lymph Patients Physical Examination Ultrasonics Vulvar Cancer
4
Prospective Diagnostic Study of Vulvar Cancer
This is a single-institution prospective diagnostic study including patients enrolled over 3 years (from March 2017 to April 2020) at Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCSS. The study was approved by the ethical committee of our University, and signed informed consent was obtained from all patients. All women with histological diagnoses of invasive vulvar cancer (primary tumor or recurrence) who were candidates for inguinal surgery were included in the study. The exclusion criteria were: time from ultrasound evaluation to surgery more than 30 days, the surgical procedure was not performed at our institution, and incomplete clinical and ultrasound data.
Study data were managed using REDCap (electronic data capture tools hosted at Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, IRCCS; https://redcap-irccs.policlinicogemelli.it/, accessed on 8 October 2020).
Fragomeni S.M., Moro F., Palluzzi F., Mascilini F., Rufini V., Collarino A., Inzani F., Giacò L., Scambia G., Testa A.C, & Garganese G. (2023). Evaluating the Risk of Inguinal Lymph Node Metastases before Surgery Using the Morphonode Predictive Model: A Prospective Diagnostic Study in Vulvar Cancer Patients. Cancers, 15(4), 1121.
Publication 2023
Diagnosis Groin Neoplasms Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Recurrence Tests, Diagnostic Ultrasonography Vulvar Cancer Woman
5
Factors Associated with Adverse Events in Oncological Therapies
We described the continuous variables as the median with the interquartile range (IQR), while the categorical variables are indicated as frequencies and percentages. Furthermore, the data distributions were inspected graphically using box plot and histogram images and arithmetically examined for skewness. A stepwise backward variable selection with the Akaike information criterion was performed for the consideration of the parameters within regression models. All p-values <0.05 were considered as significant. All statistical analyses were performed using the R software (Version 4.2.2, R core team, Vienna, Austria), a language and environment for statistical computing. For both groups, baseline characteristics and treatment regimens were compared using the unpaired two-sided Student’s t-test for independent samples when the data were normally distributed. For non-normally distributed ordinal data the Mann-Whitney U test was applied. For a comparison of the categorial variables, chi-square analysis was performed. All tests were performed two-sided. Univariate two-sided Fisher’s exact test or chisquare statistical analysis were performed to detect differences in the AEs, dose reduction, or treatment discontinuation rates between the groups. Adjusted multivariable regression analysis with the binary outcome (experienced AE/treatment adjustment—yes/no) was performed to identify associated factors within the study group. We adjusted for the following parameters: age (in years), tumor origin (breast cancer, ovarian cancer, other cancer including endometrium cancer, tubal cancer, vulva carcinoma, and cervical carcinoma), targeted therapy (mAB, CDK 4/6 inhibitor, TKI, PARPi, ICI), add-on Helixor® VA therapy (yes/no), UICC stage (early I–II/advanced III–IV), surgery (yes/no), chemotherapy (yes/no), and radiation (yes/no). If applicable, Brier scores as comparisons of predicted risks with observed outcomes at the individual level where outcome values were either 0 or 1 were indicated [16 ]. Furthermore, Nagelkerke’s R2 values as percentages of variation in the outcome explained by the predictors in the model, were indicated, if applicable.
Schad F, & Thronicke A. (2023). Safety of Combined Targeted and Helixor® Viscum album L. Therapy in Breast and Gynecological Cancer Patients, a Real-World Data Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 2565.
Publication 2023
Adenocarcinoma, Tubular Cervical Cancer Drug Tapering Endometrial Carcinoma Genes, Neoplasm Helixor Malignant Neoplasm of Breast Malignant Neoplasms Operative Surgical Procedures Ovarian Cancer Pharmacotherapy Radiotherapy Student Therapeutics Treatment Protocols Vulvar Cancer

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