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Maternal-Fetal Infection Transmission

Maternal-Fetal Infection Transmission refers to the transmission of infectious agents from a pregnatnt mother to her developing fetus.
This can occur through various routes, such as transplacental passage, during childbirth, or via breastfeeding.
Infections that can be transmitted in this manner include TORCH infections (Toxoplasma, Other, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, and Herpes), as well as other pathogens like HIV, hepatitis viruses, and Zika virus.
Understanding the factors that influence maternal-fetal infection transmission is crucial for developing effective prevention and management strategies to protect the health of both the mother and the infant.
Reseach in this area can help identify high-risk scenarios, optimize screening protocols, and guide the development of interventions to mitagate the impact of these infections.

Most cited protocols related to «Maternal-Fetal Infection Transmission»

1
Integrated ART and PrEP Delivery for HIV Prevention
Cited 25 times
Beginning November 5, 2012, heterosexual HIV-1-serodiscordant couples were enrolled in a prospective, open-label, implementation science-driven study of ART and PrEP for HIV-1 prevention (the Partners Demonstration Project, Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02775929). The overall goal was to evaluate a scalable, integrated, and pragmatic delivery approach for ART and time-limited PrEP, in combination with targeted counseling, brief adherence promotion, and frequency of follow-up designed to reflect approaches suitable for public health settings in East Africa. A sample size of 1,000 couples was chosen to provide a robust evaluation of the integrated ART and PrEP delivery strategy, across a diversity of clinical research sites. Couples were recruited using community outreach methods by four clinical care and research sites in Kenya (Kisumu and Thika) and Uganda (Kabwohe and Kampala). Recruitment strategies included working with voluntary counseling and testing centers, antenatal clinics and programs for prevention of mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission, referrals from HIV-1 care providers, including those performing testing of partners of known HIV-1 infected individuals engaged in HIV-1 care, and community promotion activities for couples’ testing.
Eligible couples were ≥18 y of age, sexually active, and intending to remain as a couple. At the time of enrollment, HIV-1 seronegative partners had never used PrEP, had normal renal function (defined as an estimated creatinine clearance ≥60 mL/min using the Cockcroft-Gault equation), were not infected with hepatitis B virus, and were not pregnant or breastfeeding. At enrollment, HIV-1 seropositive partners were not using ART; so as not to have the research process detract from immediate clinical need for ART, couples were excluded if the HIV-1-infected partner had WHO stage III or IV HIV-1 disease conditions. In addition, in order to recruit a population at higher risk for HIV-1 infection, a validated, empiric risk scoring tool was applied, and couples with a score ≥5 (out of a maximum of 12) were eligible for enrollment; in prior studies of HIV-1-serodiscordant couples, a score ≥5 was associated with an HIV-1 incidence in excess of 3%–4% per year [11 (link)]. For calculating the score, characteristics assessed at the time of screening included age of the HIV-1-uninfected partner, number of children in the partnership, circumcision status of HIV-1-uninfected men, whether the couple was cohabitating, whether the couple had had sex unprotected by a condom in the prior month, and the plasma HIV-1 RNA level in the HIV-1-infected partner. There was no obligation for couples to commit to initiating ART or PrEP as part of study eligibility. Ineligible couples were referred for standard of care HIV-1 prevention and treatment services.
Baeten J.M., Heffron R., Kidoguchi L., Mugo N.R., Katabira E., Bukusi E.A., Asiimwe S., Haberer J.E., Morton J., Ngure K., Bulya N., Odoyo J., Tindimwebwa E., Hendrix C., Marzinke M.A., Ware N.C., Wyatt M.A., Morrison S., Haugen H., Mujugira A., Donnell D, & Celum C. (2016). Integrated Delivery of Antiretroviral Treatment and Pre-exposure Prophylaxis to HIV-1–Serodiscordant Couples: A Prospective Implementation Study in Kenya and Uganda. PLoS Medicine, 13(8), e1002099.
Publication 2016
B virus, Hepatitis Child Condoms Creatinine Eligibility Determination Heterosexuals HIV-1 HIV Infections HIV Seropositivity Kidney Male Circumcision Maternal-Fetal Infection Transmission Obstetric Delivery Plasma Population at Risk Testing, AIDS
2
HIV Transmission Risk Estimation Protocol
Cited 22 times
We conducted a five-step process of literature search and review. First, we established what was already known, starting with a series of recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses that were identified through a comprehensive literature review conducted for a related project that also examined per-act HIV transmission risk and provided estimates of pooled per-act HIV transmission probabilities for blood transfusion [5 (link)], parenteral exposures [5 (link)], receptive anal intercourse [6 (link)], receptive penile–vaginal intercourse [7 (link)], insertive penile–vaginal intercourse [7 (link)], and mother-to-child transmission [8 (link)]. Each of these peer-reviewed studies included a comprehensive literature review and employed accepted and robust meta-analytic methods. We then reviewed the 2011 British Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Guidelines [9 (link)], which provided a summary table of per-act HIV transmission risks using estimated medians and ranges based largely on the results of the meta-analyses noted above.
Second, we conducted a literature search to identify data published after the publications noted above. We searched for human studies published in English language only between 1 January 2008 and 22 February 2012 within the following databases: Medline (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), CINAHL (EbscoHost), Web of Science, Global Health, and the Cochrane Library. We used the following search string: [‘HIV’ or ‘HIV infections’ or ‘human immunodeficiency virus’ or ‘AIDS’] and [’disease transmission’ or ‘infectious/infectivity/infectiousness’ or ‘transmissibility’ or ‘contact/contacts/per-contact’ or ‘per-act’] and [’sexual’ or ‘heterosexual’ or ‘homosexual’ or ‘coital’ or ‘intercourse’ or ‘anal’ or ‘oral’ or ‘blood transfusion’ or ‘needle-sharing’ or ‘needle stick’ or ‘perinatal’ or ‘mother to child’]. We highlighted data from developed regions to more closely reflect the US epidemic; this strategy was consistent with that used for the relevant meta-analyses, which did not pool data from developed and developing countries due to heterogeneity among studies, except for the per-act HIV-transmission risk from parenteral exposures, which is less geographically dependent. We used the results of this literature search to ensure that the above-mentioned meta-analyses were up to date. For the exposures for which there were no recent reviews or meta-analyses, we reviewed the literature cited in CDC’s last summary [1 ] and the 2011 British Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Guidelines [9 (link)]. We also contacted subject matter experts to ascertain whether other studies or unpublished data of which we were unaware existed.
Third, we reviewed the resulting abstracts to identify articles that mentioned HIV transmission or any type of transmission risk estimate, or described models that were used to generate these estimates, both among serodiscordant couples and MSM. Fourth, we reviewed the text and bibliographies of all those publications that met these criteria to identify additional sources of transmission-risk data. We synthesized the information from these first four steps to generate updated per-act transmission risk estimates. We favored pooled estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) reported from the meta-analyses that either used fixed-effects models or that used random-effects models that adjusted for the heterogeneity between studies, because such models provide more robust transmission risk estimates than simple medians and ranges.
Lastly, we conducted a literature search of human studies in PubMed to identify articles about factors known to modify sexual HIV transmission risk published between 1 January 2008 and 13 May 2013. We used the following search strings: ‘HIV transmission’ and each of the following separately: ‘genital ulcer disease’, ‘circumcision’, ‘condom use’, ‘pre-exposure prophylaxis’, ‘acute HIV infection’, ‘acute stage of disease’, ‘viral load’, ‘treatment’, ‘early antiretroviral therapy’.
Patel P., Borkowf C.B., Brooks J.T., Lasry A., Lansky A, & Mermin J. (2014). Estimating per-act HIV transmission risk: a systematic review. AIDS (London, England), 28(10), 1509-1519.
Publication 2014
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Acute Disease Anus Blood Transfusion cDNA Library Child Coitus Condoms Early Therapy Epidemics Genetic Heterogeneity Genital Diseases Heterosexuals HIV HIV Infections Homo sapiens Homosexuals Infection Insertion Mutation Male Circumcision Maternal-Fetal Infection Transmission Mothers Needlestick Injuries Parenteral Nutrition Penis Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Transmission, Communicable Disease Ulcer
3
HIV-1 Serodiscordant Couple Enrollment
Cited 22 times
We enrolled HIV-1 serodiscordant couples at 13 sites in 9 countries (Gaborone, Botswana; Kisumu, Kenya; Lilongwe and Blantyre, Malawi; Johannesburg and Soweto, South Africa; Harare, Zimbabwe; Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre, Brazil; Pune and Chennai, India; Chiang Mai, Thailand; and Boston). A pilot phase started in April 2005, and enrollment took place from June 2007 through May 2010. Couples were required to have had a stable relationship for at least 3 months, to have reported three or more episodes of vaginal or anal intercourse during this time, and to be willing to disclose their HIV-1 status to their partner. Patients with HIV-1 infection were eligible if their CD4 count was between 350 and 550 cells per cubic millimeter and they had received no previous antiretroviral therapy except for short-term prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. (Full criteria for inclusion and exclusion are provided in the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org.)
The study protocol, which is also available at NEJM.org, was approved by at least one local institutional review board affiliated with each site, by boards affiliated with collaborating organizations, and by other local regulatory bodies when appropriate (for details, see the Supplementary Appendix). All study participants provided written nformed consent in their local languages, or English, if preferred.
Cohen M.S., Chen Y.Q., McCauley M., Gamble T., Hosseinipour M.C., Kumarasamy N., Hakim J.G., Kumwenda J., Grinsztejn B., Pilotto J.H., Godbole S.V., Mehendale S., Chariyalertsak S., Santos B.R., Mayer K.H., Hoffman I.F., Eshleman S.H., Piwowar-Manning E., Wang L., Makhema J., Mills L.A., de Bruyn G., Sanne I., Eron J., Gallant J., Havlir D., Swindells S., Ribaudo H., Elharrar V., Burns D., Taha T.E., Nielsen-Saines K., Celentano D., Essex M, & Fleming T.R. (2011). Prevention of HIV-1 Infection with Early Antiretroviral Therapy. The New England journal of medicine, 365(6), 493-505.
Publication 2011
Anus CD4+ Cell Counts Cells Coitus Cuboid Bone Ethics Committees, Research HIV-1 Human Body Infection Maternal-Fetal Infection Transmission Patients Therapeutics Vagina
4
DART: Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-Infected Adults
Cited 15 times

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Publication 2010
Adult Aspartate Transaminase Cells Communicable Diseases Congenital Abnormality Creatinine D-Alanine Transaminase Ethics Committees, Research Hemoglobin HIV Infection Joints Kidney Failure Maternal-Fetal Infection Transmission Neutrophil Patients Pharmacotherapy Pregnancy Therapeutics Urea
5
Global Burden of HIV/AIDS Estimation
Cited 14 times
GBD is a systematic, scientific effort to quantify all-cause mortality; cause-specific mortality; and disease incidence, prevalence, and burden attributable to risk factors by age, sex, and geography over time. GBD 2015 includes 195 countries and territories and covers the time span from 1980 to 2015. Additional details of the GBD cause hierarchy, data inputs and processing, and estimation methods have been published elsewhere.15
In brief, the GBD estimation framework for HIV/AIDS used the general natural history epidemiological models, Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) and Spectrum, developed by UNAIDS for estimation of the burden of HIV/AIDS for their biannual report on the state of the HIV/AIDS epidemic at the global and country levels.1 (link) EPP uses HIV seroprevalence estimates from surveys and antenatal care clinics to estimate incidence curves that are consistent with the input data of prevalence and other factors, including on-ART and off-ART mortality and demographic information within the given population. Spectrum, a compartmental model, is used to generate age-specific and sex-specific incidence, prevalence, and mortality by use of the incidence curves generated in EPP and other key inputs, including program data on ART and prevention of mother-to-child transmission and other key assumptions of on-ART and off-ART mortality and HIV-free background mortality. Details of methods and parameters in EPP and Spectrum have been described previously.16 (link), 17 (link), 18 (link), 19 (link), 20 (link), 21 (link), 22 (link), 23 (link)
In GBD 2015, we improved on UNAIDS' estimation procedures in four ways. First, we used additional data, both from vital registration systems and population health surveys, to measure seroprevalence. Second, we used consistent estimates of HIV-free mortality in both EPP and Spectrum, and in the estimation of on-ART and off-ART mortality—key inputs to both EPP and Spectrum. These HIV-free mortality rates, generated in GBD's all-cause mortality estimation process, have linked our HIV/AIDS estimation process and the all-cause mortality estimation process. Third, we developed an adjustment process—cohort incidence bias adjustment—to ensure that incidence and prevalence estimates formulated with Spectrum are consistent with HIV mortality estimates based on vital registration systems when available. Fourth, through an expanded literature search, we updated rates of on-ART mortality (appendix pp 6–10), particularly for developed countries, in close collaboration with the Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration.24 (link)
Due to the interconnected nature of the HIV modelling process and the process of estimation of mortality and causes of death, data and codes for the GBD 2015 HIV estimation process will be made available along with all the GBD 2015 results, in compliance with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER) developed by the WHO.25
Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980–2015: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. (2016). The Lancet. HIV, 3(8), e361-e387.
Publication 2016
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Care, Prenatal Epidemics HIV Seroprevalence Maternal-Fetal Infection Transmission Population Health Therapeutics

Most recents protocols related to «Maternal-Fetal Infection Transmission»

1
Trends and Factors of HIV-related Behaviors in Iran
The present population based cross-sectional study, used the national database on people diagnosed with HIV from 1986 to 2016 (11 (link)). The data is managed by the Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME) covering all 31 provinces. In Iran, MOHME integrated the HIV/AIDS program into a broad and coherent structure of the national health care system. The routine initial HIV diagnostic tests include ELISA and Western Blot. The confirmed HIV cases are reported to the regional health centers and then to the AIDS coordination department in MOHME. As the result, the national database takes several years to be completed as after collecting data from all provinces the data goes under huge mining and cleaning procedures to make it ready for any particular research use.
After being registered with the system, every HIV-positive individual is to receive standard treatments and gets routine medical follow-up at least twice a year in local HIV centers. All individuals' data is recorded in an unified online registration system under MOHME after being checked and cleaned by the local registry centers (11 (link)). For each HIV case, at the time of diagnosis, data on demographic characteristics and HIV associated behaviors is obtained via an interview conducted by trained and experienced health staffs in all counties. The collected information includes age, gender (female or male), level of education (elementary, high school, or above), marital status (married, single), occupation (employed or unemployed/housewife), year of HIV diagnosis, history of addiction (yes, no), and major HIV related behaviors. The predefined major behaviors, include history of drug injection (yes, no), out of marriage sexual contact (yes, no), and other conditions (i.e., mother to child transmission, blood transfusion, having sex with the same sex, occupational exposure, and no reported related behavior).
We used the annual number of new cases to define the trend of risky behaviors during the study period. As each individual could report more than one HIV related behavior, we used a logistic regression model for each of the risk factors separately to define their associated factors. To handle missing data, we used multiple imputation via applying Chained Equations (MICE) method before running multivariate logistic regression analysis. Analysis was conducted in SPSS, version 22 and STATA, version 14.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX).
Gheibi Z., Fararouei M., Afrashteh S., Akbari M., Afsar Kazerooni P, & Shokoohi M. (2023). Pattern of contributing behaviors and their determinants among people living with HIV in Iran: A 30-year nationwide study. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1038489.
Publication 2023
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Addictive Behavior Blood Transfusion Diagnosis Diagnostic Tests, Routine Education, Medical Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Males Maternal-Fetal Infection Transmission Occupational Exposure Pharmaceutical Preparations Western Blotting Woman
2
Cohort Study of HIV+ Pregnant Women
This retrospective cohort study comprised singleton WLH pregnancies followed up at our obstetrics department (Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University Medical School, São Paulo – Brazil) between 2006 and 2019.
A database search was conducted to identify all cases of WLH evaluated in our department during the study period. Cases of multiple pregnancies, loss to follow-up, delivery at other hospitals, absence of prenatal care, unawareness of HIV diagnosis before delivery, and unavailability of hospital charts were not included.
Patient charts were revised, and data regarding maternal demographic characteristics, HIV infection, ART exposure, and obstetric and neonatal outcomes were assessed. HIV-related aspects considered were the type of transmission (perinatally vs. behaviorally), time of diagnosis, Viral Load (VL), CD4+ cell count, signs of immunodeficiency (CD4+ cell count < 200 mm3 or opportunistic infections), and genotype testing. Laboratory analyses were considered at baseline (first appointment) and 34 weeks of gestation.
Patients were considered to have PHIV if there was clear information on patients’ charts about such a type of transmission, based on HIV-positive mothers and diagnosis during childhood. Other cases were classified as Behaviorally acquired HIV (BHIV) cases.
The perinatal outcomes assessed included gestational age at delivery, preterm birth, low birth weight (< 2500 g), gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, preterm labor, abnormal fetal well-being, and HIV Mother-To-Child Transmission (MTCT).
Throughout the study period, there were different guidelines for caring for pregnant WLH. Follow-up of this group of patients comprised regular prenatal appointments, first and second-trimester morphology scans, and regular assessment of fetal growth and wellbeing. All patients were prescribed ART, which consisted of three active antiretroviral drugs. The patients were assisted by a multidisciplinary team consisting of obstetricians, infectologists, psychologists, and social workers.
Historically, local practices regarding pregnant WLH tended toward elective cesarean delivery, irrespective of VL. Such policies have changed, and vaginal births have recently been encouraged. During the study period, zidovudine intrapartum prophylaxis and neonatal zidovudine syrup were routinely recommended to all the patients. Breastfeeding was contraindicated.
Indications for genotype testing during the study period included virological failure and, most recently, ART-naïve pregnant women. Data on genotype testing were assessed retrospectively, based on available test results on patients’ charts and the “Brazilian National Network of CD4+/CD8+ Lymphocyte Count and Viral Load” (SISCEL).
Osmundo GD J.u.n.i.o.r., da Costa R.A., Ruocco R.M, & Francisco R.P. (2023). Pregnancy in women living with perinatally acquired HIV: Perinatal outcomes and drug resistance profile. Clinics, 78, 100174.
Publication 2023
Care, Prenatal CD4+ Cell Counts Cesarean Section Diagnosis Fetal Growth Fetal Growth Retardation Genotype Gestational Age Gestational Diabetes HIV Infections Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Infant, Newborn Maternal-Fetal Infection Transmission Mothers Obstetric Delivery Obstetrician Opportunistic Infections Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Pre-Eclampsia Pregnancy Pregnant Women Premature Birth Premature Obstetric Labor Radionuclide Imaging Transmission, Communicable Disease Vagina Zidovudine
3
Perinatal Outcomes of Maternal COVID-19

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Publication 2023
Apgar Score Arteries Birth Birth Weight Cone-Rod Dystrophy 2 COVID 19 Gestational Age Infant, Newborn Maternal-Fetal Infection Transmission Menstruation Mothers Patients Pregnancy Premature Birth
4
Modeling Maternal HTLV-1 Transmission and Disease Progression
Clinical probabilities were collected using MEDLINE from 2000 to December 2022 (Table 1). To obtain maternal HTLV-1 seropositivity, I assumed the maternal age to be 30 years, which is the average age of first-time pregnant women in Japan [9 (link)]. I obtained the maternal HTLV-1 seropositivity rate, HTLV-1 mother-to-child transmission rates with long-term breastfeeding, short-term breastfeeding, and bottle feeding, the incidence of ATL and HAM/TSP in HTLV-1 carriers, the proportion of ATL subtypes in ATL patients, transformation rate from HAM/TSP to ATL, transformation rate from favorable chronic-type and smoldering-type ATL to acute-type ATL, the 4-year survival rates for acute-type and unfavorable chronic-type ATL patients, and the mortality of favorable chronic-type and smoldering-type ATL and HAM/TSP from the literature and Japanese cancer statistics [1 (link),3 (link),4 (link),7 (link),8 (link),23 (link),24 ,26 (link),27 (link),28 ,29 (link)]. The mortality from other causes was calculated by the adjusted risk of death due to any cause in people with HTLV-1 infection when compared with HTLV-1-negative counterparts [30 (link)] and the values obtained from vital statistics [31 ].
, & Kowada A. (2023). Cost-effectiveness of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) antenatal screening for prevention of mother-to-child transmission. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 17(2), e0011129.
Publication 2023
HTLV-I Infections Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 Japanese Malignant Neoplasms Maternal-Fetal Infection Transmission Patients Pregnant Women T-Cell Leukemia Viruses, Human Thrombospondin 1
5
HTLV-1 Mother-to-Child Transmission and Management
For individuals born to mothers with positive HTLV-1 antibody tests at HTLV-1 antenatal screening, withholding breastfeeding reduces the probability of mother-to-child transmission of HTLV-1 from 20.3% for long-term breastfeeding and 7.4% for short-term breastfeeding to 2.5% [7 (link)]. Individuals born to mothers with negative HTLV-1 antibody tests have no restrictions on breastfeeding. Children infected with HTLV-1 from their mothers become HTLV-1 carriers. HTLV-1 carriers develop ATL and HAM/TSP depending on the incidence of each disease [23 (link),24 ]. There are five clinical subtypes of ATL: acute, lymphoma, unfavorable chronic, favorable chronic, and smoldering [1 (link)]. Treatment of ATL patients depends on the subtype of ATL. Patients with the aggressive ATL subtypes, acute, lymphoma, and unfavorable chronic types of ATL, receive standard treatment followed by the Japanese practical guidelines for hematological malignancies and the literature [2 (link),25 (link)]. Treatment of aggressive ATL subtypes includes allogeneic stem cell transplantation, the only curative therapy available [25 (link)]. 44.6% of patients with favorable chronic-type ATL progress to acute-type ATL, and 60% of patients with smoldering-type ATL progress to acute-type ATL [26 (link),27 (link)]. Patients with HAM/TSP receive standard treatment followed by the Japanese practical guidelines for HAM [24 ].
, & Kowada A. (2023). Cost-effectiveness of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) antenatal screening for prevention of mother-to-child transmission. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 17(2), e0011129.
Publication 2023
Antenatal Screenings Child Childbirth Hematologic Neoplasms HTLV-I Antibodies Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 Japanese Lymphoma Maternal-Fetal Infection Transmission Mothers Patients Transplantations, Stem Cell

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More about "Maternal-Fetal Infection Transmission"

Maternal-Fetal Infection Transmission, also known as vertical transmission or perinatal infection, refers to the passage of infectious agents from a pregnant mother to her developing fetus or newborn.
This can occur through various routes, including transplacental passage, during childbirth, or via breastfeeding.
Common infections that can be transmitted in this manner include TORCH infections (Toxoplasma, Other, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, and Herpes), as well as other pathogens like HIV, hepatitis viruses, and Zika virus.
Understanding the factors that influence maternal-fetal infection transmission is crucial for developing effective prevention and management strategies to protect the health of both the mother and the infant.
Research in this area can help identify high-risk scenarios, optimize screening protocols, and guide the development of interventions to mitigate the impact of these infections.
Several statistical software packages, such as Stata, EpiData, SPSS, SAS, and SeqScape, can be utilized to analyze data and inform decision-making related to maternal-fetal infection transmission.
These tools can help researchers and healthcare professionals identify risk factors, evaluate the effectiveness of prevention strategies, and monitor the impact of interventions.
For example, a reseacher may use Stata Statistical Software: Release 17 to conduct logistic regression analysis to determine the association between maternal factors (e.g., age, immune status, co-infections) and the risk of vertical transmission of a specific pathogen.
Similarly, SPSS version 23 could be employed to perform survival analysis and identify the time-to-event patterns of maternal-fetal infection transmission.
By leveraging these advanced statistical tools and techniques, researchers and healthcare providers can gain valuable insights into the complex dynamics of maternal-fetal infection transmission, ultimately leading to the development of more effective prevention and management strategies.