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> Disorders > Pathologic Function > Miscarriage

Miscarriage

Miscarriage refers to the spontaneous loss of pregnancy before the fetus is viable.
It is a common occurrence, affecting up to 20% of recognized pregnancies.
Causes can include chromosomal abnormalities, uterine or cervical problems, hormonal imbalances, infections, and underlying medical conditions.
Sympotms may include vaginal bleeding, cramping, and passage of tissue.
Diagnosis is typically made through pelvic examination, ultrasound, and blood tests.
Management options include expectant, medical, or surgical approaches, depending on the specific situation.
Miscarriage can have significant emotional and psychological impacts on individuals and families.
Ongoing research aims to better understand risk factors and improve prevention and treatment strategies.

Most cited protocols related to «Miscarriage»

1
Perinatal Outcomes in Migrant Women
Cited 40 times
We recruited women delivering in three secondary and tertiary care maternity hospitals of Berlin/Germany ((1) the Virchow Campus site of the Charité University Hospital, (2) the Vivantes Klinikum am Urban, and (3) the Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln) in a 12-month period 2011/12 (n = 8157). Minors (n = 105, 1.3%), tourists not resident in Germany (n = 24, 0.3%), women terminating a pregnancy, and women with miscarriages and stillbirths (fetal death in utero ascertained at hospital admission and before onset of labor, n = 106, 1.3%) were excluded. It was not possible to contact 363 women despite multiple attempts. Of the remaining 7559 women 381 declined to participate. We conducted face-to-face interviews and linked them with highly standardized obstetric process and outcome data from hospital databases. Linkage of available interview data with obstetric process and outcome data failed in 72 cases. Six women did not consent to the linkage of data sources. In total, 7100 women participated (response rate of 89.6%). This corresponded to 7334 birth data records because of twin and triplet births.
For the analysis presented here, we considered only nulliparous women with vertex pregnancies and singleton birth, 37th week of gestation onwards. Women with elective cesarean delivery were excluded as they are not informative for our study question. We further restricted the sample to women with own migration experience (1st generation immigrants). Migrant women are a heterogeneous group. Health differences in this group might be larger than between migrant and non-migrant women. For this reason we selected women originating from Turkey and Lebanon (the two largest and only immigrant groups that allow separate analysis) and to women without a migration history (non-immigrant women). Also, 63 women without data on cervical dilatation were removed from analyses (see Fig. 1).

Flowchart of case recruitment, Berlin Perinatal study, 2011/12

In the original study, interviews were conducted with each subject at two time points: on admission to the delivery room (T1) and on the second or third day postpartum in the maternity wards (T2). Questionnaires were available in German, Turkish, Kurdish, Arabic, and other languages. Translators were involved in case of language barriers. Nearly all women with migration background (193 of 205) were able to communicate with the obstetrician in German. For this analysis, only T1 data was used. Formally, the analyses reported here are secondary analyses as the original study question related to pregnancy outcomes such as frequeny of cesarean deliveries [20 (link)].
Breckenkamp J., Läcke E.M., Henrich W., Borde T., Brenne S., David M, & Razum O. (2019). Advanced cervical dilatation as a predictor for low emergency cesarean delivery: a comparison between migrant and non-migrant Primiparae – secondary analysis in Berlin, Germany. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 19, 1.
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Publication 2019
Cesarean Section Childbirth Dilatations, Cervical Face Fetal Death Genetic Heterogeneity Immigrants Migrants Miscarriage Nonmigrants Obstetrician Pregnancy Triplets Twins Uterus Woman
2
Trends in Unintended Pregnancy Rates
Cited 26 times
The percentages of births, miscarriages, and abortions that resulted from unintended pregnancies were applied to the counts of each respective pregnancy outcome and then summed to determine the total number of unintended pregnancies. To calculate rates, we obtained population counts according to age and according to race and ethnic group from the U.S. Census Bureau.24 All other distributions of population subgroups were derived from the Annual Social and Economic Supplements of the U.S. Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey,25 except for religious affiliation, which was derived from the NSFG. Poor females were defined as those with incomes below 100% of the federal poverty level, and low-income females were those whose incomes were between 100% and 199% of the federal poverty level.
When calculating the percentage of unintended pregnancies that ended in abortion, we excluded miscarriages in order to assess only pregnancies in which the outcome was determined by the respondent. The rates of unintended pregnancy according to educational attainment were limited to women 20 years of age or older; this age cutoff excluded most females who had not yet completed schooling, yet still included young women, who have had historically high rates of unintended pregnancy. We also updated the rates of unintended pregnancy for 1981, 1987, 2001, and 2008 — years that the NSFG was fielded — to take into account updated population estimates and recent improvements in our analytic approach. Data on pregnancy intendedness were also collected in the 1995 survey of the NSFG but were excluded owing to concerns about the accuracy of the pregnancy intendedness data from that year.26 We performed analyses at an aggregate level and separately for each population subgroup: we combined data on pregnancy intention, pregnancy outcomes, and populations from several different sources to calculate rates, which made it difficult to assess the reliability of our estimates and of the change over time. Because most of the uncertainty around the rate estimates was attributable to the percentage of pregnancies that were unintended (since the numbers of pregnancies and population denominators are based largely on generally complete census data), we performed a supplementary analysis to calculate 95% confidence intervals for the percentage of pregnancies that were unintended using a merged data set that combined the sample of births and miscarriages from the NSFG with the sample of abortions from the Abortion Patient Survey. We then used this range of percentages to calculate the 95% confidence intervals around the rate estimates. Although these percentages are expected to be less accurate than the ones calculated in the aggregate manner, the 95% confidence intervals around these percentages should represent the variance around the rate estimates.
The above approach uses two different data sources for pregnancy intention. We also used a single data set, the NSFG, to calculate a test statistic for the change between 2008 and 2011 in the percentage of pregnancies that were unintended. Using the NSFG alone for all pregnancy outcomes allows for a simple calculation of the test statistic. Abortions are underreported in the NSFG, and therefore the percentages calculated using this approach were expected to be lower than those in our main analysis. Nonetheless, we considered this analysis of trends to be reasonable, because the underreporting of abortions has not changed substantially over time.27 (link),28 (link)
Finer L.B, & Zolna M.R. (2016). Declines in Unintended Pregnancy in the United States, 2008–2011. The New England journal of medicine, 374(9), 843-852.
Publication 2016
Dietary Supplements Ethnicity Females Induced Abortions Miscarriage Patients Pregnancy Woman
3
Pregnancy, Neighborhood Social Capital, and Self-Rated Health
Cited 18 times
The participants were women in the first trimester of pregnancy and living at their current address for at least 12 months and who did not change address between the different waves of the study. These criteria were used because neighbourhood social capital and individual social capital variables (social networks and social support) tend to be stable after some months living in the same place. First, the interviewers inspected the medical notes and chose pregnant women according to the selection criteria. All eligible pregnant women were invited to participate. They were informed about the objectives of the study. After obtaining their consent, the women were interviewed. Women who had a miscarriage or an abortion were excluded.
Primary data were collected through face-to-face individual interviews between October 2008 and December 2009. The baseline was conducted at the antenatal care units during the first trimester of pregnancy and the follow-up at 6 months postpartum (±180 days) at women’s houses.
Data regarding demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, health-related behaviours and individual social capital were collected in all interviews. Neighbourhood and individual social capital as well as individual socioeconomic and demographic characteristics were assessed at baseline. SRH was evaluated at baseline and follow-up. Different strategies were established to reduce the losses throughout follow-up.
Initially, 1750 pregnant women were invited to participate in the study. The acceptance rate was 96.2%. Of the 1684 women interviewed at baseline, 257 were excluded from the analysis because they moved home during the follow-up or were living in the current address for less than 12 months (N = 186) or had miscarriages (N = 71). The cumulative losses from baseline to follow-up were 19.9%, (335 women, including refusals). Missing data for SRH were 119 and 66 at baseline and follow-up, respectively. Of the 907 women with data on SRH, 222 were separately analyzed. Therefore, 685 women from 34 neighbourhoods composed the final sample. The sample included 597 (87.2%) women with good SRH and 88 with poor SRH (12.8%). That allowed detection of a 20% of difference in the prevalence of poor SRH between low and high social capital areas. The flowchart of the sample is presented in Figure 2.
Lamarca G.A., Leal M.D., Sheiham A, & Vettore M.V. (2013). The association of neighbourhood and individual social capital with consistent self-rated health: a longitudinal study in Brazilian pregnant and postpartum women. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 13, 1.
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Publication 2013
Care, Prenatal Face Induced Abortions Interviewers Miscarriage Pregnant Women Spontaneous Abortion Woman
4
Longitudinal Analysis of U.S. Abortion Trends
Cited 12 times
Census Bureau data on the population of women aged 15–44 on July 1, 2013, and July 1, 2014, were used as denominators for calculating abortion rates for the entire United States and for each state and the District of Columbia.20 We estimated the national abortion ratio as the proportion of pregnancies (excluding those ending in miscarriages) that ended in abortion. To do this, we combined our abortion counts with National Center for Health Statistics data on the number of U.S. births in the one-year periods beginning on July 1 of 2013 and 2014 (to match conception times for births with those for abortions).21 –23 We distinguished among four types of abortion-providing facilities: abortion clinics, nonspecialized clinics, hospitals and physicians’ offices. Abortion clinics are defined as non-hospital facilities in which half or more of patient visits are for abortion services, regardless of annual abortion case-load. Nonspecialized clinics are nonhospital sites in which fewer than half of patient visits are for abortion services. Physicians’ offices are defined as facilities that provide fewer than 400 abortions per year and have names suggesting that they are private practices. Physicians’ offices that provide 400 or more abortions per year were categorized as nonspecialized clinics; because of their relatively large case-load, we assume that their service provision more closely mirrors that of a nonspecialized clinic.
Eighty percent of nonhospital facilities provided information on early medication abortion, 60% provided information on self-induced abortion and 63% answered items about lost service days. Response rates to these measures varied by facility type and caseload, and we constructed weights to account for these differences.
Our analysis takes a particularly close look at states that experienced the largest changes in clinics of both types between 2011 and 2014. Specifically, we examined the 10 states that experienced the proportionately largest declines in clinics and the 10 that exhibited the largest increases, and compared three measures: the percentage change in abortion rate between 2011 and 2014, the number of abortion restrictions enacted between 2012 and 2014, and whether the state had a TRAP law. Information on state laws came from the Guttmacher Institute.24 –27 Appendix Table 1 (Supporting Information) provides a list of laws and the states in which they were implemented.
Jones R.K, & Jerman J. (2017). Abortion Incidence and Service Availability In the United States, 2014. Perspectives on sexual and reproductive health, 49(1), 17-27.
Publication 2017
Conception Induced Abortions Miscarriage Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Pregnancy Woman
5
Longitudinal Analysis of U.S. Abortion Trends
Cited 12 times
Census Bureau data on the population of women aged 15–44 on July 1, 2013, and July 1, 2014, were used as denominators for calculating abortion rates for the entire United States and for each state and the District of Columbia.20 We estimated the national abortion ratio as the proportion of pregnancies (excluding those ending in miscarriages) that ended in abortion. To do this, we combined our abortion counts with National Center for Health Statistics data on the number of U.S. births in the one-year periods beginning on July 1 of 2013 and 2014 (to match conception times for births with those for abortions).21 –23 We distinguished among four types of abortion-providing facilities: abortion clinics, nonspecialized clinics, hospitals and physicians’ offices. Abortion clinics are defined as non-hospital facilities in which half or more of patient visits are for abortion services, regardless of annual abortion case-load. Nonspecialized clinics are nonhospital sites in which fewer than half of patient visits are for abortion services. Physicians’ offices are defined as facilities that provide fewer than 400 abortions per year and have names suggesting that they are private practices. Physicians’ offices that provide 400 or more abortions per year were categorized as nonspecialized clinics; because of their relatively large case-load, we assume that their service provision more closely mirrors that of a nonspecialized clinic.
Eighty percent of nonhospital facilities provided information on early medication abortion, 60% provided information on self-induced abortion and 63% answered items about lost service days. Response rates to these measures varied by facility type and caseload, and we constructed weights to account for these differences.
Our analysis takes a particularly close look at states that experienced the largest changes in clinics of both types between 2011 and 2014. Specifically, we examined the 10 states that experienced the proportionately largest declines in clinics and the 10 that exhibited the largest increases, and compared three measures: the percentage change in abortion rate between 2011 and 2014, the number of abortion restrictions enacted between 2012 and 2014, and whether the state had a TRAP law. Information on state laws came from the Guttmacher Institute.24 –27 Appendix Table 1 (Supporting Information) provides a list of laws and the states in which they were implemented.
Jones R.K, & Jerman J. (2017). Abortion Incidence and Service Availability In the United States, 2014. Perspectives on sexual and reproductive health, 49(1), 17-27.
Publication 2017
Conception Induced Abortions Miscarriage Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Pregnancy Woman

Most recents protocols related to «Miscarriage»

1
Monitoring Bisphenol A Levels in Women
Not available on PMC !

Example 21

There is growing evidence that bisphenol A (BPA) may adversely affect humans. BPA is an endocrine disruptor that has been shown to be harmful in laboratory animal studies. As reported by Rochester J (Reproductive Toxicology, 2013) BPA has been shown to affect many endpoints of fertility, including poor ovarian response, viability of oocytes, and reduced yield of viable oocytes. BPA has also been correlated with PCOS, endometrial disorders, an increased rate of miscarriages, premature delivery, and lower birth weights.

Current methods of detecting BPA in blood are done through mass spectrometry. Monitoring of BPA levels in blood may help reduce or eliminate certain sources of BPA in a women's environment, aiding in overall health.

In some embodiments the disclosed device focuses on detecting levels of BPA toxin from menstrual blood or cervicovaginal fluid.

US11864740B2. Sample collection and preservation devices, systems and methods (2024-01-09). NextGen Jane, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Ridhi Tariyal [US], Stephen K. Gire [US].
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Patent 2024
Animals, Laboratory bisphenol A BLOOD Endocrine Disruptors Endometrial Diseases Fertility Homo sapiens Mass Spectrometry Medical Devices Menstruation Miscarriage Oocytes Ovary Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Premature Birth Reproduction Toxic Substances, Environmental Toxins, Biological
2
Endometrial Tissue in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
The use of endometrial tissue in the research received clearance from the ethics committee of Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University. A total of 16 women diagnosed with uRPL and 12 normal fertile women were recruited. The inclusion and exclusion criteria refer to previously published literature (Comba et al., 2015 (link); Benner et al., 2022 (link)). Briefly, uRPL was defined as two or more fetal losses before 24 weeks of gestation without known causes of miscarriages. The control group was made up of normal fertile women with regular periods who had had at least one live birth and no spontaneous miscarriages in the past. The exclusion criteria were the use of immunosuppressive drugs, steroid hormones, antibiotics, diabetes mellitus and smoking. Endometrial biopsies were obtained from women who attended the reproductive center of Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and received a endometrial biopsy on day 21 or day 22 of menstrual cycle which were identified as mid-secretory phase by pathological examination. In order to isolate primary HDSCs, first-trimester decidual specimens (between the 7th and 12th weeks of gestation) were collected from healthy women who were having an elective abortion as part of the CARE Program at the BC Women’s Hospital and Health Centre. The research was authorized by the University of British Columbia’s Research Ethics Board. All participants in this study were between 20 and 40 years of age and provided written informed consent.
Luo J., Wang Y., Chang H.M., Zhu H., Yang J, & Leung P.C. (2023). ID3 mediates BMP2-induced downregulation of ICAM1 expression in human endometiral stromal cells and decidual cells. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 11, 1090593.
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Publication 2023
Antibiotics, Antitubercular Biopsy Care, Prenatal Decidua Diabetes Mellitus Endometrium Ethics Committees, Clinical Fertility Hormones Immunosuppressive Agents Incomplete Abortions Luteal Phase Menstrual Cycle Miscarriage Pharmaceutical Preparations Pregnancy Reproduction Steroids Tissues Woman
3
Evaluating Pre-pregnancy Risk Factors
Pre-pregnancy complications were defined based on a history of (i) previous three or more early miscarriages [2 ], (ii) previous late miscarriage (after week 16) including IUFD, or for the current pregnancy (iii) ART (IVF, insemination, or other medically or surgical assistance), or (iv) duration exceeding one year to conceive.
Uncomplicated pre-pregnancy was defined as pregnancies with fewer than three prior early miscarriages, no late miscarriage or IUFD, less than one year to conceive and unassisted conception. If a participant did not answer a question needed for this categorization, the answer was considered uncomplicated.
Questions regarding potential risk factors were chosen from the questionnaire to estimate: (i) general health and health seeking behavior (body mass index (BMI), menstruation, cervical screening attendance, eating disorders and gynecological infections), (ii) lifestyle (age, country of birth, education level, work situation, contact with animals, smoking, mouth tobacco use and diet), (iii) drugs (drug use before pregnancy: asthma and allergy medication, anxiety, antidepressants and sleep medication, prescription free pain medication, opioids and strong pain medication, thyroid medication, blood pressure medication, stomach acid medication and other medication), (iv) reproductive health (first pregnancy and contraceptive use) and (v) comorbidities (diagnosed and suspected endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)) (Supplement 1). Participants were sorted as having suspected PCOS if they reported Ferriman-Gallwey score ≥ 8 [14 (link)] or hair loss grade 3, and suspected endometriosis if they reported vaginal spotting before the start of menstruation [15 (link), 16 (link)].
Gudnadottir U., Du J., Hugerth L.W., Engstrand L., Schuppe-Koistinen I., Wiberg Itzel E., Fransson E, & Brusselaers N. (2023). Pre-pregnancy complications - associated factors and wellbeing in early pregnancy: a Swedish cohort study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 23, 153.
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Publication 2023
Alopecia Animals Antidepressive Agents Anxiety Asthma Blood Pressure Childbirth Conception Contraceptive Agents Diet Drug Allergy Eating Disorders Endometriosis Gastric Acid Index, Body Mass Infection Insemination Menstruation Miscarriage Neck Operative Surgical Procedures Opioids Oral Cavity Pain Pharmaceutical Preparations Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Pregnancy Pregnancy Complications Prescription Drugs Sleep Spontaneous Abortion Thyroid Gland Vagina
4
Pregnancy Health Questionnaire Protocol
The three questionnaires included questions regarding pregnancy, lifestyle, physical-, mental- and reproductive health. The last questionnaire focused more on the birth itself and the infant’s health. For the present study, only the first questionnaire (baseline) is used (Supplement 1). Single women were excluded because of the potential social reasons for pre-pregnancy complications. Participants that did not answer their number of previous early miscarriages or previous late miscarriages (including intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD)) were considered as having had none. Other missing answers were regarded as missing and omitted from the multivariable analyses.
Gudnadottir U., Du J., Hugerth L.W., Engstrand L., Schuppe-Koistinen I., Wiberg Itzel E., Fransson E, & Brusselaers N. (2023). Pre-pregnancy complications - associated factors and wellbeing in early pregnancy: a Swedish cohort study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 23, 153.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Childbirth Dietary Supplements Miscarriage Physical Examination Pregnancy Pregnancy Complications Woman
5
Maternal COVID-19 Anxiety Questionnaire
This questionnaire consists of five items that evaluate maternal anxiety concerning COVID-19 infection to self and baby as well as pregnancy complications such as miscarriage, fetal anomaly, and preterm birth. This questionnaire demonstrated good internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha of 0.928 (21 (link)). The total score ranged between 5 to 25, and a 50% cut-off level (score ≥13) indicates greater maternal anxiety.
Kalok A., Razak Dali W., Sharip S., Abdullah B., Kamarudin M., Dasrilsyah R.A., Abdul Rahman R, & Kamisan Atan I. (2023). Maternal COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among Malaysian pregnant women: A multicenter cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1092724.
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Publication 2023
Anxiety COVID 19 Fetal Anomalies Infant Miscarriage Mothers Pregnancy Complications Premature Birth Spontaneous Abortion

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More about "Miscarriage"

Spontaneous Abortion, Pregnancy Loss, Early Pregnancy Failure, Embryonic/Fetal Demise, Threatened Miscarriage, Incomplete Miscarriage, Complete Miscarriage, Missed Miscarriage.
Miscarriage is a common occurrence, affecting up to 20% of recognized pregnancies.
Potential causes include chromosomal abnormalities, uterine or cervical problems, hormonal imbalances, infections, and underlying medical conditions like PCOS, thyroid disorders, or autoimmune conditions.
Symptoms may include vaginal bleeding, cramping, and passage of tissue.
Diagnosis is typically made through pelvic exam, transvaginal ultrasound, and hCG blood tests.
Management options include expectant (watchful waiting), medical (e.g. misoprostol), or surgical (e.g. dilation and curettage) approaches, depending on the individual case.
Miscarriage can have significant emotional and psychological impacts, and ongoing research aims to better understand risk factors and improve prevention and treatment.
Statistical software like SPSS, Stata, and SAS may be utilized in miscarriage research to analyze data and inform clinical practices.