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Respiratory Depression

Respiratory Depression: A condition characterized by a decrease in the normal rate and depth of breathing, which can lead to various health complications.
This can result from opioid or sedative use, neurological disorders, or other underlying medical conditions.
Researchers utilize advanced AI tools, such as those provided by PubCompare.ai, to optimize their studies on respiratory depression by quickly identifying the most effective protocols and products from the literature, pre-prints, and patents.
This streamlines the research process and helps find the best solutions for managing and treating this important respiratory disorder.

Most cited protocols related to «Respiratory Depression»

1
Murine Model of Acute Lung Injury
Cited 10 times
All protocols were approved by the Ethical Review Board of Imperial College London, and carried out under the authority of the UK Home Office in accordance with the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, UK. We used male C57BL6 mice (Charles River, Margate, UK) aged 10–12 weeks and weighing 25-30g. In total 68 animals were used – 23 for measurements of respiratory mechanics and alveolar inflammation, 25 for assessing alveolar fluid clearance, and 20 for lung wet/dry weight and histology scoring.
Mice were anaesthetised by intraperitoneal injection of xylazine (6mg/kg) and ketamine (60mg/kg), and given an intraperitoneal fluid bolus of 10μl/g 0.9% normal saline as preemptive fluid resuscitation. Mice were suspended vertically from their incisors on a custom-made mount for orotracheal instillation, as described previously (10 (link)) (additional details are provided in the online supplement). A fine catheter was guided 1cm below the vocal cords, and 75μl of an isoosmolar (to mouse plasma - 322mosmol/L) solution of 0.1M hydrochloric acid (pH 1.0) was instilled. For the next 4 hours, during which animals exhibited significant respiratory depression/distress as an acute result of acid aspiration-induced ALI, mice were kept in a custom-made transparent recovery box under humidified supplemental oxygen (FiO2 reduced gradually from 1.0 to 0.21). During this period animals were carefully monitored and body temperature was maintained using external heat sources, after which they were transferred to individually ventilated cages with air and free access to food and water.
Patel B.V., Wilson M.R, & Takata M. (2011). Resolution of acute lung injury and inflammation – a translational mouse model. The European respiratory journal, 39(5), 1162-1170.
Publication 2011
Acids Animals Body Temperature Catheters Ethical Review Food Hydrochloric acid Incisor Inflammation Injections, Intraperitoneal Ketamine Males Mice, House Normal Saline Oxygen Plasma Respiratory Depression Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult Respiratory Mechanics Resuscitation Rivers Vocal Cords Xylazine
2
Strain-Specific Respiratory Responses
Cited 6 times
We have used both C57BL mice, the strain used by Manglik et al. (2016), and CD‐1 mice, the strain we have used in previous studies of opioid depression of respiration (Hill et al.,2016; Lyndon et al.,2017; Withey et al.,2017) to ensure that any responses observed were not strain‐specific. Respiration was measured in freely moving mice using plethysmography chambers (EMKA Technologies, Paris, France) supplied with either air or a 5% CO2 in air mixture (BOC Gas Supplies, Manchester, UK) as described previously (Hill et al.,2016). Rate and volume of respiration were recorded and averaged over 5 min periods. Breathing 5% CO2 in air increases minute volume (MV) but does not induce stress in mice (Hill et al.,2016).
Data are presented both as MV and as percentage change from the pre‐drug MV baseline, calculated for each mouse individually before mean data were plotted. Presenting data as percentage change from the pre‐drug levels has been done to control for variation between treatment groups that may have different baseline levels of respiration. In our experience, variations in baseline respiration levels do not influence the extent of opioid depression of respiration (Hill and Henderson, unpublished data).
Hill R., Disney A., Conibear A., Sutcliffe K., Dewey W., Husbands S., Bailey C., Kelly E, & Henderson G. (2018). The novel μ‐opioid receptor agonist PZM21 depresses respiration and induces tolerance to antinociception. British Journal of Pharmacology, 175(13), 2653-2661.
Publication 2018
Cell Respiration Lung Volume Measurements Mice, Inbred C57BL Mus Opioids Pharmaceutical Preparations Plethysmography Respiratory Depression Strains
3
Evaluation of Naloxone Overdose Rescue
Cited 6 times
The Massachusetts Department of Public Health OEND program database included information from program questionnaires collected at both enrollment and whenever an enrollee requested an additional naloxone kit. The completed questionnaires were scanned by form reading software and entered into the program database. At enrollment, zip code of residence, drug use history, and overdose history were collected. We defined users as participants who reported active use or being in treatment or in recovery. Non-users were all other participants, typically social service agency staff, family, and friends of opioid users. A questionnaire was completed when a participant requested a naloxone refill because naloxone had been used during an overdose rescue. Staff were trained to define an overdose when administering the questionnaire as an episode when an individual was unresponsive and had signs of respiratory depression after using substances. We only counted events where participants reported their own overdose rescue attempts if another person administered the naloxone. Self administered naloxone was rarely reported and was not counted as a rescue attempt because a person able to self administer the drug was not considered to be unresponsive. We considered naloxone to be successfully administered if the person’s unresponsiveness and respiratory depression improved. Other descriptive variables included the zip code of the place in which the overdose occurred, relationship to the person who overdosed, setting (public or private), number of naloxone doses used, whether naloxone was successful, emergency medical system involvement, rescue breathing, and staying with the person who overdosed.
Walley A.Y., Xuan Z., Hackman H.H., Quinn E., Doe-Simkins M., Sorensen-Alawad A., Ruiz S, & Ozonoff A. (2013). Opioid overdose rates and implementation of overdose education and nasal naloxone distribution in Massachusetts: interrupted time series analysis. The BMJ, 346, f174.
Publication 2013
Emergencies Friend Naloxone Opioids Pharmaceutical Preparations Respiratory Depression Wellness Programs
4
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: A Safe Neuromodulation Technique
Cited 6 times
The components required for tDCS include a constant current stimulator and surface electrodes. A constant current stimulator can be either battery operated or connected to a power source. It should provide an uninterrupted direct current supply through the anodal and cathodal ends, while monitoring the system for any change in resistance resulting from dryness of the electrodes, loss of contact or other causes. Current stimulators available have voltage setting from 0 to 4 mA and can supply up to 80 mA/min per session. Saline-soaked electrodes with variable surface areas (areas of 5–50 cm2 have been reported) are placed on the desired region of interest (e.g., C3 or C4 for left or right primary motor cortex, respectively). The direction of the current flow determines the effect on the underlying tissue. If the positive electrode is placed over C3 or C4 and a reference electrode, for example, over a supraorbital region, which acts as a terminal to complete the circuitry, then the brain tissue underlying the C3 or C4 region receives anodal stimulation. If the current is reversed, the tissue underlying C3 or C4 is subject to cathodal stimulation (Figure 1).
Location of the reference electrode is important in both situations as it can influence the underlying tissue. In order to reduce any unwanted effects on brain tissue by the reference electrode, this electrode is frequently chosen to be in the supraorbital region or outside the skull, over the collarbone or the chest. However, one has to consider the location of the reference electrode carefully, since at least one report has shown that placing an electrode at a position that involves passage of current through the brainstem carries a risk of respiratory depression [7 (link)]. Once the constant current stimulator is switched on, subjects usually have a tingling, itching or a warming sensation under and around the electrodes as the current ramps up. This usually fades away in 30 s to 1 min owing to tolerance. Current density might also have an effect on the perceived intensity, and how quickly this tingling/itching/warming sensation might fade away. However, this transient sensation enables tDCS to have a sham mode, which entails turning off the current stimulator, unnoticed by the subject, after letting it ramp up. This gives the subject this initial experience of a tingling sensation, which has been shown to be undistinguishable from the initial sensory experience of real stimulation by research subjects [25 (link)].
Transcranial direct current stimulation has been shown to be a relatively safe intervention [26 (link)] with side effects mostly limited to focal tingling, itching and at most a local erythema. Nitsche and colleagues described general safety limits for tDCS [27 (link)]. They identified ‘current density’ and ‘total charge’ as the most important parameters for judging the safety of tDCS studies. McCreery and colleagues found that current densities below 25 mA/cm2 do not cause brain tissue damage [28 (link)]. The current density in protocols that apply 1 mA through an electrode with a size of 15–25 cm2 is approximately 0.1 mA/cm2, which translates into 0.004% of the magnitude at which stimulation begins to be potentially dangerous for tissue. Yuen and colleagues found that no brain tissue damage occurs for a total charge less than 216 C/cm2 [29 (link)]. Our own protocols typically involve a maximum total charge of 2.4 C/cm2, approximately 0.01% of the minimum magnitude at which tissue damage can occur. The stimulation protocols that have been used recently with 1–2 mA current strength applied for 20–30 min fall well within the safety limits.
Schlaug G, & Renga V. (2008). Transcranial direct current stimulation: a noninvasive tool to facilitate stroke recovery. Expert review of medical devices, 5(6), 759-768.
Publication 2008
A(2)C Brain Brain Injuries Brain Stem Chest Clavicle Cranium Erythema Immune Tolerance Motor Cortex, Primary Respiratory Depression Safety Saline Solution SERPINA3 protein, human Tissues Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Transients
5
Anesthesia Effects on C57BL/6JRj Mice
Cited 5 times
A total number of 33 adult female and 31 adult male C57BL/6JRj mice obtained from Janvier Labs (Saint-Berthevin Cedex, France) at 10–13 weeks of age were used. This strain was chosen since C57BL/6JRj mice are the most commonly used laboratory mice. The mice were assigned to six study groups by simple randomisation: control ♀ (n = 7), control ♂ (n = 6), single anesthesia ♀ (n = 13), single anesthesia ♂ (n = 13), repeated anesthesia ♀ (n = 13), repeated anesthesia ♂ (n = 12; one mouse had to be euthanized due to respiratory depression after the sixth anesthesia). Female mice were group-housed with three to five mice in Makrolon type IV cages (55 × 33 × 20 cm). Male mice had to be single-housed in Makrolon type III cages (42 × 26 × 15 cm) during the entire study due to aggressive behavior toward conspecifics. The cages contained fine wooden bedding material (LIGNOCEL® 3–4 S, J. Rettenmaier & Söhne GmbH + Co. KG, Rosenberg, Germany) and nestlets (Ancare, UK agents, Lillico, United Kingdom). A red plastic house (length: 100 mm, width: 90 mm, height: 55 mm; ZOONLAB GmbH, Castrop-Rauxel, Germany) and metal tunnels (length: 125 mm, diameter: 50 mm; one tunnel in Makrolon type III cages, two tunnels in Makrolon type IV cages) were provided as cage enrichment. The animals were maintained under standard conditions (room temperature: 22 ± 2°C; relative humidity: 55 ± 10%) on a light:dark cycle of 12:12 h of artificial light with a 5 min twilight transition phase (lights on from 6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.). The mice were fed pelleted mouse diet ad libitum (Ssniff rat/mouse maintenance, Spezialdiäten GmbH, Soest, Germany) and had free access to tap water.
In order to prevent influence due to stress caused by male persons, both the technician and veterinarian were female [33 ]. One week prior to experiments, the mice were habituated to handling by combined tunnel and cup handling. The mice were carefully caught in a tunnel belonging to the standard enrichment and then transferred to the experimenter’s hands. This method is known to cause less anxiety than picking up by the tail [34 ].
Hohlbaum K., Bert B., Dietze S., Palme R., Fink H, & Thöne-Reineke C. (2018). Impact of repeated anesthesia with ketamine and xylazine on the well-being of C57BL/6JRj mice. PLoS ONE, 13(9), e0203559.
Publication 2018
Adult Anesthesia Animals Anxiety Cedax Diet Females Humidity Light Males Metals Mice, House Mice, Inbred C57BL Mice, Laboratory Respiratory Depression Strains Tail Veterinarian Woman

Most recents protocols related to «Respiratory Depression»

1
Prone Positioning in COVID-19 ARDS
The following data were collected: demographic information, comorbidities, complications, D-dimer level, Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS III), Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, PaO2/FiO2 ratio, Body Mass Index (BMI), comorbidities, and use of anticoagulants and vasopressors. SAPS III and SOFA scores considered for analysis were calculated at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission. D-dimer levels were evaluated using the HemosIL HS-500 automated immunoassay (HemosIL® D-dimer HS 500, Instrumentation Laboratory, 80003610270, Instrumental Laboratory Company, Bedford, MA, USA).
Comorbidities were assessed, including immunosuppression, arterial hypertension, diabetes, obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and neurological, hematological, respiratory, and cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, immunosuppression was defined as a history of organ transplantation, chronic kidney disease, HIV infection, AIDS, and cancer treatment.
Clinical data included arterial blood gas analysis before and after the first prone session. In addition, the time until the first prone positioning, duration of the first prone session (in hours), number of prone sessions, and complications related to prone positioning were also collected. The time between the first intubation and the prone session was considered the first prone position. Unfortunately, due to hospital bed overload, it was impossible to collect data for blood gas analysis from the health staff on time. Therefore, the data considered for the analysis were obtained closest to the beginning and end of the first prone session.
Ventilator settings and respiratory mechanics calculations, such as Driving Pressure (DP), Plateau Pressure (Pplat), and respiratory system static Compliance (Cst), were collected before and after the first prone session. The total duration of the first prone session and a number of prone cycles were recorded. Furthermore, adverse effects, such as decreased oxygenation level, accidental extubation, central venous or arterial line removal, hemodynamic instability, acute arrhythmia, cardiopulmonary arrest, and vomiting, were recorded. Patient outcomes, including duration of invasive mechanical ventilation, length of hospital and ICU stay, reintubation, and survival, were also recorded.
Cunha M.C., Schardong J., Righi N.C., Lunardi A.C., Sant'Anna G.N., Isensee L.P., Xavier R.F., Pompeu J.E., Weigert R.M., Matte D.L., Cardoso R.A., Abras A.C., Silva A.M., Dorneles C.C., Werle R.W., Starke A.C., Ferreira J.C., Plentz R.D, & Carvalho C.R. (2023). Aging-related predictive factors for oxygenation improvement and mortality in COVID-19 and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients exposed to prone position: A multicenter cohort study. Clinics, 78, 100180.
Publication 2023
Accidents Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Anticoagulants Arterial Lines Arteries BLOOD Blood Gas Analysis Cardiac Arrhythmia Cardiopulmonary Arrest Cardiovascular Diseases Chronic Kidney Diseases Diabetes Mellitus fibrin fragment D Hemodynamics High Blood Pressures HIV Infections Immunoassay Immunosuppression Index, Body Mass Intubation Malignant Neoplasms Mechanical Ventilation Obesity Organ Transplantation Patients Pressure Respiratory Depression Respiratory Mechanics Respiratory Rate Respiratory System Tracheal Extubation Vasoconstrictor Agents Veins
2
Fluoxetine and Etonogestrel Respiratory Effects
We investigated whether the combination of etonogestrel with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine, induced a respiratory benefit. As the respiratory influence of fluoxetine has been shown to be variable according to its concentration in rodent newborns (28 (link), 30 (link), 31 (link)), we tested different concentrations to determine a dose that did not cause respiratory depression in OF1 mice. Preparations were superfused for 20 minutes at normal-pH with fluoxetine at 6.25 µM (n=10), 12,5 µM (n=11), 25 µM (n=10), 50 µM (n=4) and 100 µM (n=4); 12.5 µM was retained (see results). Second, preparations were exposed to either 5.10-2 µM etonogestrel alone (n=18), 12.5 µM fluoxetine alone (n=11) or both 5.10-2 µM etonogestrel and 12.5 µM fluoxetine (n=29) for 20 minutes at normal-pH, followed by 30 minutes under metabolic acidosis with the considered drug and finally 30 minutes under normal-pH free of drug (Figure 1).
Given the results obtained in OF1 mice preparations, we investigated a respiratory benefit to the combination of etonogestrel with fluoxetine in Phox2b mutants. First, preparations from 10 Phox2b mutants and 15 wildtype littermates were exposed to 12.5 µM of fluoxetine at normal-pH. At this concentration, fluoxetine decreased the fR of Phox2b mutant mice. We therefore decided to test 3.125 µM (n=14 Phox2b and n=15 wildtype littermates) and 6.25 µM (n=12 Phox2b and n=16 wildtype littermates) of fluoxetine. 3.125 µM fluoxetine was retained (see results). Second, Phox2b mutant (n=14) and wildtype littermates (n=15) preparations were co-exposed to 5.10-2 µM etonogestrel and 3.125 µM fluoxetine under normal-pH and metabolic acidosis (Figure 1), followed by a washout with normal-pH free of drug.
Casciato A., Bianchi L., Reverdy M., Joubert F., Delucenay-Clarke R., Parrot S., Ramanantsoa N., Sizun E., Matrot B., Straus C., Similowski T., Cayetanot F, & Bodineau L. (2023). Serotonin and the ventilatory effects of etonogestrel, a gonane progestin, in a murine model of congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 14, 1077798.
Publication 2023
Acidosis, Metabolic etonogestrel Fluoxetine Infant, Newborn Mice, House Pharmaceutical Preparations Respiratory Depression Respiratory Rate Rodent Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
3
Postoperative Pain Management Optimization
The primary endpoint of the study was the attainment rate of the IOC2 target during operation. The secondary endpoints were associated with the composite rate of major adverse effects, including the incidence of hypoxemia (i.e. respiratory depression), haemodynamic changes (i.e. hypotension and bradycardia), EMG activity and IOC1. The patients received instructions for using a 10 cm visual analogue scale (VAS) to assess pain [VAS 0 (no pain) to VAS 10 (the worst possible pain)] once daily postoperatively. The maximum VAS (VASMAX) score indicates the maximal postoperative VAS score of each patient after operation during hospitalisation. Analgesia consumption was used to describe oxycodone accumulation (oral administration of oxycodone 5 mg for each complaint of pain) postoperatively. The functional recovery and hospital stay were also assessed.
Wang X., Zhang S., Wang C., Huang Y., Wu H., Zhao G, & Wang T. (2023). Real-time evaluation of the independent analgesic efficacy of dexmedetomidine. BMC Anesthesiology, 23, 68.
Publication 2023
Administration, Oral Hemodynamics Management, Pain Oxycodone Pain Patients Recovery of Function Respiratory Depression Visual Analog Pain Scale
4
Evaluating Opioid Overdose Response

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Publication 2023
Cardiac Arrest Drug Overdose Opiate Overdose Opioids Respiratory Depression
5
Risk Factors of Cerebral Palsy
Data on selected known risk factors of CP were documented by reviewing available medical records and obtaining a detailed clinical history provided by the mothers/caregivers. The components of a pre- and perinatal history such as antenatal care practices (ANC), gestational age, birth weight, attendant of childbirth, history of any complications during delivery, history of febrile illness during pregnancy or labour, history of intrapartum-related neonatal respiratory depression (IPR NRD), and early feeding difficulties were documented following the standard guideline. A child was considered preterm if born before 37 weeks of gestation and was considered to have low birthweight if the birthweight was <2500 g [20 ]. A child was classified as having a history of intrapartum-related neonatal respiratory depression if they failed to cry at the time of birth, experienced delayed onset of breathing (>1 min), or required assistance to initiate breathing (ranging from drying, stimulation, milking the umbilical cord, or mouth-to-mouth breaths) following birth [21 (link)]. Probable intrapartum-related neonatal respiratory depression was defined as neonatal respiratory depression among infants born at term without congenital malformations [21 (link)].
Narayan A., Muhit M., Whitehall J., Hossain I., Badawi N., Khandaker G, & Jahan I. (2023). Associated Impairments among Children with Cerebral Palsy in Rural Bangladesh—Findings from the Bangladesh Cerebral Palsy Register. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(4), 1597.
Publication 2023
Birth Birth Weight Care, Prenatal Child Childbirth Congenital Abnormality Fever Gestational Age Infant Infant, Newborn Mothers Obstetric Delivery Perinatal Care Pregnancy Respiratory Depression Umbilical Cord

Top products related to «Respiratory Depression»

1
Alamar blue assay by Bio-Rad
Sourced in United Kingdom, United States, Italy, Germany
The Alamar Blue assay is a cell viability and cell proliferation assay. It measures the metabolic activity of cells using a redox indicator that changes color in response to the chemical reduction of growth medium. The assay provides a quantitative measure of cell health and growth.
2
Mouseox plus by Starr Life Sciences
Sourced in United States
The MouseOx Plus is a non-invasive monitoring system designed for use with small laboratory animals, such as mice. It is capable of measuring various physiological parameters, including heart rate, breathing rate, oxygen saturation, and body temperature.
3
Sas v9 by SAS Institute
Sourced in United States, Austria, United Kingdom, Cameroon, Belgium, Israel, Japan, Australia, France, Germany
SAS v9.4 is a software product developed by SAS Institute. It is a comprehensive data analysis and statistical software suite. The core function of SAS v9.4 is to provide users with tools for data management, analysis, and reporting.
4
Plethysmography chambers by EMKA Technologies
Sourced in France
Plethysmography chambers are laboratory instruments used to measure the volume changes in a subject's body or body part. These chambers provide a controlled environment to record physiological responses such as changes in volume, pressure, or flow during various experimental conditions.
5
Elisa plate reader by Tosoh
Sourced in Japan
The ELISA plate reader is a laboratory instrument designed to measure the optical density or absorbance of solutions in microtiter plates. It is commonly used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedures to quantify the presence and concentration of specific proteins, hormones, or other analytes in a sample.
6
Dexmedetomidine by Pfizer
Sourced in United States
Dexmedetomidine is a selective alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist. It is used as a sedative and analgesic agent in various medical settings.
7
Differential pressure transducers by EMKA Technologies
Sourced in France
Differential pressure transducers are precision instruments used to measure the difference in pressure between two points in a system. They convert this pressure difference into an electrical signal, which can be used for monitoring, control, or data logging applications. These transducers are designed to provide accurate and reliable measurements, making them suitable for a wide range of industrial and laboratory settings.
8
Dl thiorphan by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
DL-thiorphan is a laboratory reagent used in scientific research. It is a neutral aminopeptidase inhibitor. The core function of DL-thiorphan is to inhibit the breakdown of certain peptides in experimental settings.
9
Whole body plethysmography system by Data Sciences International
The Whole-body plethysmography system is a laboratory equipment used to measure and record respiratory parameters. It provides a non-invasive method to assess lung function and airway resistance in small animals.
10
Vevo 3100 system by Fujifilm
Sourced in Canada
The Vevo 3100 system is a high-resolution, real-time, in vivo micro-imaging platform designed for preclinical research. It provides high-frequency ultrasound imaging capabilities for small animal studies.

More about "Respiratory Depression"

Respiratory depression is a critical respiratory disorder characterized by a decrease in normal breathing rate and depth, which can lead to serious health complications.
This condition can result from various factors, including opioid or sedative use, neurological disorders, and other underlying medical conditions.
Researchers studying respiratory depression often utilize advanced AI tools, such as those provided by PubCompare.ai, to optimize their research efforts.
These AI-driven tools help researchers quickly identify the most effective protocols and products from the literature, preprints, and patents, streamlining the research process and leading to more effective solutions for managing and treating this important respiratory disorder.
In addition to PubCompare.ai, researchers may also employ a range of other technologies and techniques in their respiratory depression studies, such as the Alamar Blue assay, MouseOx Plus, SAS v9.4, plethysmography chambers, ELISA plate readers, dexmedetomidine, differential pressure transducers, DL-thiorphan, whole-body plethysmography systems, and the Vevo 3100 system.
These tools and methods can help researchers gather critical data, analyze their findings, and develop new and improved treatments for respiratory depression.
By leveraging the power of AI, advanced technologies, and a deep understanding of the underlying causes and effects of respiratory depression, researchers can optimize their studies, accelerate their research, and ultimately contribute to the development of more effective solutions for this important respiratory condition.
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