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> Disorders > Pathologic Function > Retinal Hemorrhage

Retinal Hemorrhage

Retinal Hemorrhage: A condition characterized by the leakage of blood from the blood vessels in the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye.
This can occur due to various underlying causes, such as trauma, diabetes, hypertension, or other vascular disorders.
Retinal hemorrhages can lead to vision impairment and are an important sign for the diagnosis and management of underlying retinal or systemic diseases.
Prompt recognition and appropriate treatment are crucial to prevent potentially serious complications and preserve vision.

Most cited protocols related to «Retinal Hemorrhage»

1
Quantitative Retinal Imaging Protocol
Cited 13 times

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Publication 2012
Angiography Atrophy Cicatrix Diabetic Retinopathy Fibrosis Fluorescein Fluorescence Hemorrhage Inclusion Bodies Ocular Refraction Optic Disk Public Domain Reading Frames Retinal Hemorrhage Veins
2
Retinal Microvascular Geometric Analysis Protocol
Cited 8 times
Retinal photography was performed according to a standardized protocol, as detailed elsewhere (1 (link)). Briefly, stereoscopic retinal photographs in seven standard fields of the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) were taken on film from both eyes after pupil dilation, using a Topcon Fundus Camera (TRC 50-VT; Tokyo Optical, Tokyo, Japan) (1 (link)). Retinopathy was assessed by an ophthalmologist and defined as present when any microaneurysm/retinal hemorrhage was found in either eye (1 (link)).
For measuring retinal microvascular geometric properties, right-eye retinal photographs of each patient were digitized and analyses were performed using a semiautomated computer-assisted image program (Singapore I Vessel Assessment or SIVA, Singapore). Retinal photographs that were centered on the optic disc were viewed on two 19-inch monitors with a resolution of 1,280 × 1,024. For each retinal photograph, a trained grader, masked to participants' identities, applied the program to measure retinal microvascular geometric parameters within a concentric zone between the optic disc margin and two optic disc diameters away from the optic disc margin. The grader allowed the software to detect the center of the optic disc and divided the region into three subzones (A, B, and C) surrounding the optic disc, each zone corresponding to 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 optic disc diameters away from the optic disc margin, respectively. Once the optic disc and the three concentric subzones were considered appropriately located, the grader executed the program to trace all vessels. This software has an ability (70–90%) to appropriately detect arterioles and venules. However, the grader checked each graded image to see if all arterioles and venules were correctly identified, based on information of parent vessels, crossing between arterioles and venules and the color of the vessels. Corrections were made, if necessary. Graders were trained and tested for his/her ability in identifying arterioles and venules by a senior grader. During the grading process of this project, 100 randomly selected images were used to test intra- and intergrader reliabilities in classification of arterioles and venules, with κ value 0.95–0.99.
Measurements were based on the biggest six arterioles and venules. Images were considered poor quality if they were blurred or had an incomplete representation of zone C and as ungradable if there were less than four gradable large arterioles or venules. The software combined the individual measurement into summary indexes of tortuosity, branching angles, optimality deviation, and LDR for arterioles and venules separately, as described below:

Vessel tortuosity (Fig. 1) reflects the shape of the vessel and is expressed as a curvature tortuosity index (4 (link)), calculated from the integral of the total squared curvature along the path of the vessel divided by the total arc length. Normal vessels are generally straight and smooth (4 (link)). Increased tortuosity has been linked with hypertension (8 (link)) and diabetic retinopathy (9 (link)), while decreased tortuosity has been associated with ischemic heart disease–related death (10 (link)), ageing, and hypertension (C. Y. Cheung, E. Lamoureux, L. Xu, W. Hsu, M. L. Lee, Q. P. Lau, J. J. Wang, P. Mitchell, T. Y. Wong).

Branching angle represents (in degrees) the angle between two daughter vessels (5 (link)) and is thought to be related to blood flow efficiency, energy cost of bulk flow, and diffusion distance (11 (link)). Zamir et al. (5 (link)) proposed that the optimal value for the branching angle is 75 degrees (Fig. 1), and increased angles have been related to decreased blood flow (12 (link)), while decreased angles are associated with ageing and hypertension (11 (link)).

Optimality deviation is determined when the junctional exponent is calculated as d1x + d2x = d0x, where d0, d1, and d2 are diameters of the parent, larger, and smaller daughter vessels, respectively (11 (link)). The greater the value of x, the larger the daughter arterioles are relative to the parent vessel. Junctional exponent provides an index of caliber sizes of two daughter vessels relative to the parent vessel and is considered to represent an optimality state of microvascular networks (5 (link)). It has been proposed that in an optimal state, the value of junctional exponent is three (5 (link)), and optimality deviation represents the deviation from this value.

LDR is calculated as the length from the midpoint of the first branch to the midpoint of the second branch divided by the diameter of the parent vessel at the first branch (6 (link)). LDR is a measure of diameter changes that are independent of refractive magnification power of the eye (6 (link)).

Sasongko M.B., Wang J.J., Donaghue K.C., Cheung N., Benitez-Aguirre P., Jenkins A., Hsu W., Lee M.L, & Wong T.Y. (2010). Alterations in Retinal Microvascular Geometry in Young Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 33(6), 1331-1336.
Publication 2010
Arterioles Blood Circulation Blood Vessel Coronary Arteriosclerosis Daughter Diabetic Retinopathy Dietary Fiber Diffusion High Blood Pressures Microaneurysm Microvascular Network Mydriasis Ocular Refraction Ophthalmologists Optic Disk Parent Retina Retinal Diseases Retinal Hemorrhage Umbilical Artery, Single Venules
3
Perinatal Outcomes and Cesarean Delivery
Cited 5 times
The primary outcome was a composite of peri-natal death or severe neonatal complications and consisted of one or more of the following during the antepartum or intrapartum period or during the delivery hospitalization: perinatal death, the need for respiratory support within 72 hours after birth, Apgar score of 3 or less at 5 minutes, hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy,17 (link) seizure, infection (confirmed sepsis or pneumonia), meconium aspiration syndrome, birth trauma (bone fracture, neurologic injury, or retinal hemorrhage), intracranial or subgaleal hemorrhage, or hypo-tension requiring vasopressor support. The principal prespecified maternal outcome (the main secondary outcome) was cesarean delivery.
Prespecified subgroups for the primary perinatal outcome and for the secondary outcome of cesarean delivery were maternal race or ethnic group as reported by the participant (white, black, Asian, Hispanic, other, unknown, or more than one race), age of 35 years or older versus younger than 35 years, body-mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) of 30 or more versus less than 30, and a modified Bishop score at the time of randomization of less than 5 versus 5 or higher. In addition, although it was not a baseline variable, the specialty of the admitting provider (obstetrics-gynecology, maternal-fetal medicine, family practice, or midwifery) was prespecified for the subgroup analyses.
Neonatal secondary outcomes included birth weight, duration of respiratory support, cephalohematoma, shoulder dystocia, transfusion of blood products, hyperbilirubinemia requiring photo-therapy or exchange transfusion, hypoglycemia requiring intravenous therapy, admission to the neonatal intermediate or intensive care unit, and length of hospitalization. In addition to cesarean delivery, other maternal secondary outcomes included hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (gestational hypertension or preeclampsia), indication for cesarean delivery, operative vaginal delivery, indication for operative vaginal delivery, uterine incisional extensions during cesarean delivery, chorioamnionitis, third-degree or fourth-degree perineal laceration, postpartum hemorrhage, postpartum infection, venous thromboembolism, number of hours in the labor and delivery unit, length of postpartum hospital stay, admission to the intensive care unit, and maternal death. Definitions of secondary outcomes are provided in the Supplementary Appendix.
Records of all infants who met the primary perinatal outcome were reviewed centrally to verify that the primary outcome had occurred. Records of infants in whom the primary outcome did not occur but that suggested (on the basis of a delivery hospitalization of 7 or more days or discharge to a long-term care facility) that clinically significant perinatal complications may have occurred were reviewed centrally as well. Reviewers were unaware of the trial-group assignments.
Grobman W.A., Rice M.M., Reddy U.M., Tita A.T., Silver R.M., Mallett G., Hill K., Thom E.A., El-Sayed Y.Y., Perez-Delboy A., Rouse D.J., Saade G.R., Boggess K.A., Chauhan S.P., Iams J.D., Chien E.K., Casey B.M., Gibbs R.S., Srinivas S.K., Swamy G.K., Simhan H.N, & Macones G.A. (2018). Labor Induction versus Expectant Management in Low-Risk Nulliparous Women. The New England journal of medicine, 379(6), 513-523.
Publication 2018
Apgar Score Asian Persons Birth Birth Injuries Birth Weight Blood Transfusion Cesarean Section Chorioamnionitis Ethnicity Exchange Transfusion, Whole Blood Fracture, Bone Hemorrhage High Blood Pressures Hispanics Hospitalization Hyperbilirubinemia Hypoglycemia Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy Index, Body Mass Infant Infant, Newborn Infection Laceration Maternal Death Meconium Aspiration Syndrome Mothers Obstetric Delivery Obstetric Labor Patient Discharge Perineum Pneumonia Postpartum Hemorrhage Pre-Eclampsia Pregnancy Puerperal Infection Respiratory Rate Retinal Hemorrhage Seizures Septicemia Shoulder Dystocia Therapeutics Transient Hypertension, Pregnancy Trauma, Nervous System Uterus Vagina Vasoconstrictor Agents Venous Thromboembolism Youth
4
Comprehensive Study of Retinal Vascular Occlusions
Cited 4 times
The study was carried out following a protocol approved by our Institutional Review Board, and with signed informed consent from both the cases and controls. In consecutive order of their referral by six vitreoretinal specialists (two academic, four community-based) in an outpatient clinical research center, we prospectively studied 164 RVO cases (68 men, 96 women). These 164 cases included 132 with CRVO (55 men, 77 women), 15 with CRAO (seven men, eight women), and 17 with AF (six men, eleven women). There were no known selection biases for referral. We excluded from this study any CRAO-AF cases who had hemodynamically significant ipsilateral carotid-vertebral atherosclerotic lesions by carotid-vertebral Doppler measures,30 (link) or who had coronary left-to-right shunts determined by trans-esophageal echo studies.
One or more months after their RVO, serologic coagulation assays were done. No cases had taken warfarin or heparin within 3 months of blood sampling. Most cases with CRVO had bevacizumab intraocular injections. At each case’s initial visit, a detailed history and physical examination were carried out, with a focus on cardiovascular events, hypertension, diabetes, cigarette smoking, pulmonary embolus, deep venous thrombosis, reproductive history, estrogen-containing oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, clomiphene citrate, SERMS, and therapy for hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. Blood specimens for coagulation measures were obtained from seated cases and controls, as previously described, between 8 am and 10 am the morning after an overnight fast.24 (link),25 (link),29 (link)
CRVO was diagnosed by the referring vitreoretinal specialists based on the results of characteristic fundus features31 (link),33 (link)– 35 (link) including retinal hemorrhages in all four quadrants of the fundus with a dilated, tortuous retinal venous system.
CRAO was diagnosed by the referring vitreoretinal specialists by the presence of acute painless loss of vision with central, dense visual loss. Funduscopic criteria included a whitened retina with a cherry red macula (the “cherry-red spot”), resulting from the obstruction of blood flow to the retina from the central retinal artery. A continued supply of blood to the choroid from the short ciliary arteries resulted in a bright red coloration at the thinnest part of the retina, the macula. We included only those CRAO cases without ipsilateral carotid atherosclerosis.
AF was diagnosed by transient monocular visual loss with normal funduscopic examination in cases without ipsilateral carotid atherosclerotic plaque and without evidence of temporal arteritis.
Cases with hyperhomocysteinemia at entry were treated with folic acid (5 mg/day), vitamin B6 (100 mg/day), and vitamin B12 (2000 mcg/day), with repeat measures of fasting serum homocysteine every 3–4 months and repeated funduscopic examinations every 3–6 months.
Glueck C.J., Hutchins R.K., Jurantee J., Khan Z, & Wang P. (2012). Thrombophilia and retinal vascular occlusion. Clinical Ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.), 6, 1377-1384.
Publication 2012
Bevacizumab Blindness, Transient Blood Circulation Cardiovascular System Carotid Arteries Carotid Atherosclerosis Choroid Ciliary Arteries Clomiphene Citrate Coagulation, Blood Cobalamins Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal Deep Vein Thrombosis Diabetes Mellitus ECHO protocol Ethics Committees, Research Folic Acid Heart Heparin High Blood Pressures Homocysteine Hyperhomocysteinemia Hyperlipidemia Low Vision Macula Lutea Ophthalmoscopes Outpatients Physical Examination Plaque, Atherosclerotic Prunus cerasus Pulmonary Embolism Retina Retinal Arteries, Central Retinal Hemorrhage Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators Serum Specialists Sudden Visual Loss Temporal Arteritis Tests, Blood Coagulation Therapeutics Therapy, Hormone Replacement Veins, Central Retinal Vertebra Vitamin B6 Warfarin Woman
5
Targeted Subretinal AAV Injection in Mice
Cited 4 times
AAV-9.RSV.AP and AAV-9.CMV.eGFP injection were delivered to young (2- to 3-week-old), adult (3-month-old), and old (12-month-old) C57BL/6J mice. AAV-9.CMV.∆R4–23/∆C injection was delivered to 3-month-old adult mdx3cv mice. HEPES-buffered saline was used as vehicle control in a subset of animals.
Mice were given 1% atropine eyedrops 3 h before they were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of a mixture of 75 mg/kg ketamine and 13.6 mg/kg xylazine. Following general anesthesia, 2.5% phenylephrine hydrochloride eyedrops were applied. One drop of 1% proparacaine hydrochloride was administered as local anesthesia, followed by 2.5% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. Subretinal injection was performed according to a previous publication with modifications [29 (link)]. Briefly, an aperture within the pupil area was made through the superior cornea with a 30-gauge needle. A 33-gauge blunt needle mounted on a 10-μl syringe was introduced through the corneal opening, avoiding the lens and penetrating the neuroretina to reach the posterior subretinal space. The NanoFil™ sub-microliter injection system (WPI, Sarasota, FL) was used to inject 1 µl of AAV vector in 30 s. The injection was considered successful when retinal blebs occupied more than half of the retina. Evaluation was performed only in mice that were successfully injected. Following subretinal injection, 1% atropine eyedrops and antibiotic ophthalmic ointment were administered daily for three days. Seven days after injection, the mice were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine as described previously, and their eyes were examined under microscope. Eyes that exhibited any sign of surgical complications, including anterior or posterior synechia, cataract, vitreous and retinal hemorrhage, and unresolved retinal detachment, were excluded from the study. Such signs were observed in 20% to 30% of the eyes.
Lei B., Zhang K., Yue Y., Ghosh A, & Duan D. (2009). Adeno-associated virus serotype-9 efficiently transduces the retinal outer plexiform layer. Molecular Vision, 15, 1374-1382.
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Publication 2009
Adult Animals Antibiotics Atropine Cataract Cloning Vectors Cornea Eye Eye Drops General Anesthesia HEPES Hypromellose Injections, Intraperitoneal Ketamine Lens, Crystalline Local Anesthesia Mice, House Mice, Inbred C57BL Microscopy Needles Ointments Operative Surgical Procedures Phenylephrine Hydrochloride proparacaine hydrochloride Pupil Retina Retinal Detachment Retinal Hemorrhage Saline Solution Syringes Xylazine

Most recents protocols related to «Retinal Hemorrhage»

1
Bevacizumab for Treatment-Naïve Unilateral CRVO
This study was a retrospective consecutive case series of patients diagnosed with treatment-naïve unilateral CRVO between January 2010 and September 2017 at the Hangil Eye Hospital. The inclusion criteria for this study were as follows: (1) symptomatic CRVO in which retinal hemorrhage and retinal edema involved the macula, (2) foveal thickness greater than 300 μm as measured by OCT at initial visits, and (3) macular edema treated with intravitreal bevacizumab. An intravitreal injection of bevacizumab was administered in the same manner as reported previously28 (link). All patients were treated using a pro-re-nata regimen. The diagnosis of CRVO was based on the findings from fundus examination and fluorescein angiography. CRVO with a non-perfusion area larger than 10 disc areas on fluorescein angiography was defined as ischemic CRVO. Visual acuity improvement of 2 lines or more in the CRVO eyes following treatment was defined as a functional responder.
The exclusion criteria of the study included patients with any coexisting ocular diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and uveitis, as well as eyes that had received focal/grid laser photocoagulation, pan-retinal photocoagulation, prior intravitreal injections (e.g., intravitreal corticosteroids, intravitreal anti-VEGF agents), or prior ocular surgery (except cataract surgery). Patients were also excluded if they had refractive disorders greater than ± 3D.
Patient charts were reviewed for the following data: age, sex, medical history (hypertension and diabetes mellitus), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), axial length (measured with the IOL master; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, California, USA), anti-VEGF injection dates, and number of intravitreal injections. BCVA was converted to the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR). The BCVA, IOP, and SFCT were compared between CRVO eyes and fellow eyes at each follow-up visit.
Hwang D.D, & Lee H.J. (2023). Long-term changes in the choroidal thickness in patients with unilateral central retinal vein occlusion. Scientific Reports, 13, 3711.
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Publication 2023
Adrenal Cortex Hormones Age-Related Macular Degeneration Anti-Anxiety Agents Bevacizumab Cataract Extraction Diabetes Mellitus Diabetic Retinopathy Diagnosis Edema, Macular Eye Fluorescein Angiography High Blood Pressures Light Coagulation Macula Lutea N-acetyltryptophanamide Patients Perfusion Refractive Errors Retina Retinal Edema Retinal Hemorrhage Treatment Protocols Uveitis Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors Vision Visual Acuity
2
Retinal Vessel Alterations in Macular Edema due to RVO
Participants in this study were 16 patients with treatment-naïve macular edema due to RVO, who were treated with intravitreal ranibizumab at the 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece between 1 October 2020 and 28 February 2022. Inclusion criteria were the following: (1) patients aged older than 18 years and able to provide informed consent; (2) treatment naïve patients with macular edema secondary to RVO (central subfield thickness-CST ≥320 μm); (3) best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) between 20/200 and 20/25 (Snellen equivalent) in the studied eye. Patients were excluded from the study if they had diabetes mellitus, hypertension or other systemic disease, retinal diseases other than RVO, history of ocular inflammation, uncontrolled glaucoma with intraocular pressure (IOP) ≥30 mmHg, previous laser photocoagulation, previous intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF or steroids, trauma, any ocular surgery within the previous 6 months and significant media opacities (from cornea or lens) that could preclude adequate retinal imaging, affecting the reliability of measurements. The study was in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the institutional review board of Attikon University Hospital (Reference number: 699/2019). Informed consent was obtained from all participants before entering the study.
At baseline and before any treatment, all participants underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, including BCVA measurement by means of Snellen charts, slit lamp biomicroscopy, IOP measurement using Goldmann applanation tonometry, and dilated fundoscopy. The diagnosis of RVO was based on clinical findings, including presence of retinal hemorrhages, retinal vein dilatation, tortuosity, flame-shaped and dot-blot hemorrhages, with or without optic disc hyperemia, while confirmed by retinal imaging. Specifically, all patients underwent infrared fundus photography, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and fluorescein angiography (FA) using Heidelberg Spectralis (Spectralis HRA+OCT, Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). A quantitative retinal grading was conducted by a well-trained ophthalmologist (EA) blinded to clinical data, including patient’s history, OCT findings and the time-point of examination (before or after treatment). For each photograph, the calibers of the six largest retinal arterioles and venules passing through a zone between 0.5 and 1.0 disc diameters from the optic disc margin were measured and analyzed using a Static Retinal Vessel Analyzer (SVA-T and Vesselmap 2 software [22 (link)], Visualis, Imedos Systems UG, Jena, Germany) (Figure 1). All measurements were performed manually, based on the clinical knowledge that (a) retinal arterioles are smaller than venules and (b) retinal venules are darker and more tortuous than arterioles. Then, the calculations were automatically performed by the validated software. The measurements were summarized using formulas described by Knudtson and Hubbard [23 (link)] to compute the central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE) and the central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE), representing the average internal caliber of the retinal arterioles and venules, respectively. In addition, CRAE and CRVE were used to estimate the arteriolar to venular ratio (AVR). The intra-observer reproducibility of retinal vascular measurements was excellent, as indicated by the intraclass correlation coefficient (>0.9).
All patients were treated with a loading phase of 3 monthly intravitreal ranibizumab injections and were examined at month 3 after treatment initiation, using infrared fundus photography and SD-OCT. Comparisons between month 3 and baseline were performed for all parameters (CRAE, CRVE, AVR).
Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS statistical package (IBM Corp., version 21.0, Armonk, NY, USA). The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and histograms were used to test normality of the variables’ distribution. Normally distributed variables are presented as mean±standard deviation and categorical variables as counts with frequencies. Comparisons of retinal vessel diameters before and after treatment were performed, using independent samples t-test. Correlations between variables were performed using Spearman’s test. The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.
Aissopou E., Protogerou A., Theodossiadis P., Sfikakis P.P, & Chatziralli I. (2023). Alterations in Retinal Vessel Diameters in Patients with Retinal Vein Occlusion before and after Treatment with Intravitreal Ranibizumab. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 13(2), 351.
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Publication 2023
Aftercare Arterioles Cornea Darkness Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis Diet, Formula Dilatation Dot Immunoblotting Edema, Macular Ethics Committees, Research Fluorescein Angiography Glaucoma Hemorrhage High Blood Pressures Hyperemia Inflammation Lens, Crystalline Light Coagulation Ophthalmologists Ophthalmoscopy Optic Disk Patients Ranibizumab Retina Retinal Diseases Retinal Hemorrhage Retinal Vessels Signs and Symptoms Slit Lamp Examination Steroids Tomography, Optical Coherence Tonometry Tonometry, Ocular Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors Veins, Central Retinal Venules Visual Acuity Wounds and Injuries
3
Short-term Risk of Retinal Vein Occlusion After COVID-19 Vaccination
This was a multicentre retrospective self-controlled case series to evaluate the short-term risk of RVO after the first two doses of the BNT162b2, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, mRNA-1273 and Ad26.COV2.S vaccines. The self-controlled case-series method, which was originally developed to investigate potential associations between vaccines and adverse events [12 (link)], determines the incidence of the outcome of interest for exposed time periods (e.g., after vaccination) compared with unexposed control periods. This case-only approach has the advantage of implicitly controlling for all unmeasured time-invariant confounders [13 (link)].
Case and vaccine status ascertainment was performed via a retrospective clinical review of hospital records across five tertiary referral centres in Italy (i.e., the S. Anna Hospital, University of Ferrara, the S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, the S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, the Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, and the Mater Domini Hospital, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro). Patients aged ≥ 18 years who had a first diagnosis of RVO and received first doses of the BNT162b2, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, mRNA-1273 or Ad26.COV2.S vaccines within the observation period (i.e., the time interval between January 1 and December 31, 2021) were included. Exclusion criteria were: diagnosis of RVO prior to the study period and unavailability of data regarding COVID-19 vaccination status. The diagnosis of RVO was confirmed by ophthalmologists who manually reviewed the retinal images (including fundus photographs, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescein angiography). The diagnosis was based on fundus examination revealing venous dilation and tortuosity, retinal haemorrhages and cotton-wool spots; and confirmed by fluorescein angiography revealing increased venous transit time, venous filling defects and capillary non-perfusion. In central retinal vein occlusion, retinal haemorrhages were scattered diffusely throughout the four quadrants. In branch retinal vein occlusion, haemorrhages occurred within the localized retinal area corresponding to the blood supply sector of the occluded venule. In hemi-retinal vein occlusion, the involved area comprised either the upper or the lower half of the retina. The study was approved by the local Institutional Review Board and followed the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.
The self-controlled case series models were fitted using a conditional Poisson regression to calculate the relative incidence of RVO in the temporal risk periods following vaccination. For each of the first two doses, three risk periods where evaluated: day 1 to day 14, day 15 to day 28 and day 1 to day 28 (day 0 was the day of vaccination) (Fig. 1). The risk periods were established a priori based on published studies reporting RVO occurring within the first four weeks following vaccination [2 (link)–10 (link)]. A sample size of 167 patients was required to identify a incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 2 using a risk period of 28 days with 80% power. Subgroup analyses were performed by type of vaccine, gender and age (younger or older than 65 years). Sensitivity analyses were conducted by restricting the study period to the time after vaccination (to test the assumption that the occurrence of RVO did not influence the probability of subsequent exposure to vaccination) and censoring on 10 March 2021 (to avoid notoriety bias by excluding the time after which concerns over vaccine-related thrombotic events where first raised). The statistical analysis was performed using the software R (version 4.0.0) and RStudio (version 1.2.5042) with the ‘SCCS’ package (version 1.5) [14 ].Schematic representation of the self-controlled case series design.

The relative incidence of retinal vein occlusion was derived using a conditional Poisson regression by comparing risk periods of 14 and 28 days after the first dose (green) and second dose (blue) relative to all other observed time (grey).

Pellegrini M., Carnevali A., Fiore T., Cagini C., De Palma A., Fontana L., Lupardi E., Cassini F., Bacherini D., Giansanti F., Giannaccare G., Scorcia V., Vaccaro S., Ciarmatori N., D’Angelo S., Parmeggiani F, & Mura M. (2023). Risk of retinal vein occlusion following COVID-19 vaccination: a self-controlled case series. Eye, 37(14), 3000-3003.
Publication 2023
167-A 2019-nCoV Vaccine mRNA-1273 Ad26.COV2.S BNT162B2 Capillaries Central Retinal Vein Occlusion ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 COVID 19 Diagnosis Ethics Committees, Research Exanthema Fluorescein Angiography Gossypium Hemorrhage Hypersensitivity Mothers Ophthalmologists Patients Perfusion Retina Retinal Branch Vein Occlusion Retinal Hemorrhage Retinal Vein Occlusion sodium copper chlorophyllin Tomography, Optical Coherence Vaccination Vaccines Varices Veins Venules Youth
4
Progression to Severe Diabetic Retinopathy
Progression from less than HRC‐PDR to HRC‐PDR. HRC‐PDR was defined according to the ETDRS as: i) NVD 0.5 disc area plus vitreous haemorrhage or pre‐retinal haemorrhage; ii) vitreous haemorrhage or pre‐retinal haemorrhage obscuring more than one disc area (Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group 1991). These features could have been determined by clinical examination or by the grading of ophthalmic images, both fundus photography and fundus fluorescein angiograms. Participants requiring laser treatment for HRC‐PDR specifically were considered as having progressed to the outcome of HRC‐PDR. 
The time horizon for the evaluation of health outcomes in this review was three years (± two years), eight years (± two years), or lifelong, if available. If not, we accepted and presented other time points.
Perais J., Agarwal R., Evans J.R., Loveman E., Colquitt J.L., Owens D., Hogg R.E., Lawrenson J.G., Takwoingi Y, & Lois N. (2023). Prognostic factors for the development and progression of proliferative diabetic retinopathy in people with diabetic retinopathy. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2023(2), CD013775.
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Publication 2023
Angiography Diabetic Retinopathy Disease Progression Fluorescein Physical Examination Retinal Hemorrhage Vitreous Hemorrhage
5
Comprehensive Eye Examination for Elderly Hong Kongers
We collected subject data from the Southern District Signature Project Scheme (SDSPS), which in collaboration with the Department of Ophthalmology at the University of Hong Kong, offers complimentary eye examination to all residents of the Southern District of Hong Kong aged 50 or above during the study period from May 2019 to December 2020 on a voluntary basis. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Hong Kong and Hospital Authority Hong Kong West cluster (HKU / HA HWC IRB ref. UW19-440) and conformed to the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided written informed consent for use of their anonymized data for this research.
The inclusion criteria encompassed: subjects aged 50 or above, with a BCVA logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (BCVA LogMAR) ≤ 0.8 (Snellen chart 20/125), derived from previous studies revealing that this threshold included a sufficient number of people with eyes of acceptable VA. Vision was less than 20/20 even in normal patients, as most of the population in Hong Kong do suffer from myopia, and degenerative changes commonly occur with an advanced age, even in patients without macular/retinal pathologies, such as presbyopia. The exclusion criteria were: incomplete/poor quality scans, macular/retinal pathologies, such as macular edema, diabetic retinopathy (DR), retinal artery/vein occlusion, epiretinal membranes, exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinal pigment epithelium atrophy, and retinal hemorrhage, spherical equivalence over 6.0 diopters, as well as previous intraocular surgeries including pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), globe rupture, retinal detachment and full thickness macular hole surgery. Additional exclusion criteria include glaucoma, increased cup to disc ratio, retinal nerve fiber loss on OCT, corneal scar and cataract (≥ grade 2). To avoid interrelationship and potential bias instigated between eyes, only the right eye was used for the analysis.
Li Y.K., Fung N.S., Chan J.C., Choy B.N., Chow L.L., Shih K.C., Wong J.K, & Wong I.Y. (2023). OCTA biomarkers in adults aged 50 and above: a prospective and cross-sectional community-based study. BMC Ophthalmology, 23, 71.
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Publication 2023
Age-Related Macular Degeneration Arteries Atrophy Cataract Diabetic Retinopathy Edema, Macular Epiretinal Membrane Glaucoma Macula Lutea Macular Holes Myopia Nerve Fibers Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Planum Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases Presbyopia Radionuclide Imaging Retina Retinal Artery Occlusion Retinal Detachment Retinal Hemorrhage Retinal Pigment Epithelium Retinal Vein Occlusion Veins Vision Vitrectomy

Top products related to «Retinal Hemorrhage»

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Trc nw200 by Topcon
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The TRC-NW200 is a non-mydriatic retinal camera designed for capturing high-quality retinal images. It features a compact and ergonomic design, facilitating convenient use in various clinical settings.
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Cirrus hd oct by Zeiss
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The Cirrus HD-OCT is a diagnostic imaging device developed by Zeiss. It utilizes optical coherence tomography (OCT) technology to capture high-resolution, cross-sectional images of the eye's internal structures, including the retina, optic nerve, and anterior segment. The device provides detailed visualization of these structures, enabling healthcare professionals to assess and monitor various ocular conditions.
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Aflibercept eylea by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals
Aflibercept (Eylea) is a recombinant fusion protein that acts as a soluble decoy receptor that binds to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor (PlGF).
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Micron 4 by Phoenix Pharmaceuticals
Sourced in United States
The Micron IV is a compact and versatile laboratory equipment designed for a range of scientific applications. It features a high-precision fluid delivery system capable of accurately measuring and dispensing small volumes of liquids. The Micron IV is suitable for a variety of tasks, including sample preparation, reagent addition, and automated liquid handling.
5
Tropicamide by Alcon
Sourced in United States, Spain, Switzerland, Denmark, Australia, Belgium
Tropicamide is a synthetic chemical compound used in ophthalmic applications. It is a pupil dilator that temporarily enlarges the pupil of the eye. Tropicamide is commonly used in eye examinations and diagnostic procedures to facilitate the examination of the inside of the eye.
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Goat anti human albumin antisera by Sanofi
Sourced in United States
Goat anti-human albumin antisera is a laboratory reagent used for the detection and quantification of human albumin in various biological samples. It is a polyclonal antibody produced by immunizing goats with human albumin. This product can be used in techniques such as immunoassays, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting to measure the presence and concentration of human albumin in research or diagnostic applications.
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Spectralis oct by Heidelberg Engineering
Sourced in Germany, United States, United Kingdom, Japan
The Spectralis OCT is a high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging system designed for clinical use. It provides detailed, cross-sectional images of the eye's internal structures, enabling healthcare professionals to diagnose and monitor a variety of ocular conditions.
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Cr dgi by Canon
Sourced in Japan, United States
The Canon CR-DGi is a laboratory equipment product designed for various scientific and medical applications. It serves as a digital imaging device for capturing high-quality images and data. The core function of the CR-DGi is to provide accurate and reliable imaging capabilities for research, analysis, and documentation purposes.
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Ranibizumab by Genentech
Sourced in United States, Switzerland
Ranibizumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody fragment that binds to and inhibits the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). It is designed for use in the treatment of various eye conditions.
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Bevacizumab avastin by Genentech
Sourced in United States
Bevacizumab (Avastin) is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to and inhibits the biological activity of human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a key regulator of angiogenesis. It is a laboratory-produced protein designed to target and block the VEGF molecule.

More about "Retinal Hemorrhage"

Retinal Hemorrhage, also known as fundus hemorrhage or ocular hemorrhage, is a medical condition characterized by the leakage of blood from the blood vessels in the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye.
This condition can occur due to various underlying causes, such as trauma, diabetes, hypertension, or other vascular disorders.
Retinal hemorrhages can lead to vision impairment and are an important sign for the diagnosis and management of underlying retinal or systemic diseases.
Prompt recognition and appropriate treatment are crucial to prevent potentially serious complications and preserve vision.
The Cirrus HD-OCT and Spectralis OCT are advanced imaging techniques that can be used to detect and monitor retinal hemorrhages.
Additionally, Aflibercept (Eylea), Ranibizumab, and Bevacizumab (Avastin) are anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) medications that can be used to treat retinal hemorrhages and associated conditions, such as diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration.
Tropicamide is a medication that can be used to dilate the pupil, allowing for a better view of the retina and the detection of retinal hemorrhages.
Goat anti-human albumin antisera is a laboratory reagent that can be used to detect and quantify the presence of human albumin, which may be elevated in the setting of retinal hemorrhage.
In summary, retinal hemorrhage is a serious condition that requires prompt recognition and appropriate treatment to preserve vision.
Advances in imaging technology and pharmacological interventions have greatly improved the management of this condition.
By understanding the key aspects of retinal hemorrhage, researchers and clinicians can optimize their protocols and accelerate their investigations using tools like PubCompare.ai.