> Disorders > Pathologic Function > Venous Engorgement

Venous Engorgement

Venous Engorgment: A condition characterized by the abnormal dilatation and congestion of veins, often resulting in swelling and discoloration of the affected area.
It can occur in various parts of the body, such as the legs, arms, or head, and may be caused by a variety of factors, including pregnancy, obesity, or underlying vascular disorders.
Proper diagnosis and management of venous engorgement is important to prevent complications and improve patient outcomes.

Most cited protocols related to «Venous Engorgement»

Multimodal Liver Disease Assessment in Mice and Pigs

All activities related to animal subjects were reviewed and approved by the Mayo Clinic institutional animal care and use committee. A total of 182 mice and 5 pigs were used in this study. These animals represent models of five different liver diseases (knockout autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease, carbon tetrachloride induced liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatic venous congestion, fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase deficient disease) with a prior power analysis performed to justify the number of mice in each subgroup (see Appendix), with the pigs being used to complete and demonstrate the big picture of varying MRE parameters in the long history of chronic liver disease because all the mouse models had moderate to severe liver fibrosis without substantial complications. 27 mice of congestion model and 5 pigs have been assessed in other studies (14 (link), 15 ), which are focused on the mechanism of disease, not imaging techniques. Different protocols involving one-time or repeated MRE imaging, tissue harvesting, blood collection, and portal pressure measurement were performed before the specified animal euthanasia time in each subgroup are given in Table 1, while the details of the imaging and testing protocols are given in the Appendix. The experimental setups for mouse and pig models are shown in Figure 1(a) and (b) respectively.

Yin M., Glaser K.J., Manduca A., Mounajjed T., Malhi H., Simonetto D.A., Wang R., Yang L., Mao S.A., Glorioso J.M., Elgilani F.M., Ward C.J., Harris P.C., Nyberg S.L., Shah V.H, & Ehman R.L. (2017). Distinguishing between Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis with MR Elastography. Radiology, 284(3), 694-705.

Publication 2017

Animals Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease BLOOD Carbon Tetrachloride Euthanasia, Animal Fibrosis, Liver fumarylacetoacetase Hepatic Vein Hepatobiliary Disorder Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Liver Diseases Mice, House Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Portal Pressure Venous Engorgement

Gastrointestinal Tract Lesion Assessment

A camera attached to a VMS-004 Discovery Deluxe USB microscope (Veho, Dayton, OH, USA) was used for recording. In deeply anesthetised rats, at 30 min post-ligation, we assessed the gross lesions in the gastrointestinal tract (haemorrhagic congestive areas in the stomach and duodenum, jejunum, cecum, ascending colon, and rectum, calculated as the sum of the longest diameters in millimetres) and serosal disturbances (haemorrhage, vessels ramification, arterial filling, congestion in jejunum, cecum, ascending colon, and rectum). Serosal disturbances were scored 0–4 for several categories. The first was bleeding on the intestinal surface: 0—no bleeding; 1—barely indicated bleeding (diameter of the hematoma on the intestinal surface <1 mm); 2—mild bleeding (diameter of the hematoma on the intestinal surface >1 mm to 2 mm); 3—moderate bleeding (diameter of the hematoma on the intestinal surface >2 mm to 4 mm); 4—intense bleeding (diameter of the hematoma on the intestinal surface >4 mm). Venous congestion included the following categories: 0—venous congestion not present; 1—barely indicated venous congestion (vein thickness up to 0.5 mm); 2—mild venous congestion (vein thickness >0.5 mm to 1 mm); 3—moderate venous congestion (vein thickness >1 mm to 2 mm); 4 intense venous congestion (vein thickness >2 mm to ≥2.5 mm). Arterial filling included the following categories: 0—arterial filling not noticeable; 1—barely indicated arterial filling (artery thickness up to 0.5 mm); 2—mild arterial filling (artery thickness >0.5 mm to 0.75 mm); 3—moderate arterial filling (artery thickness >0.75 mm to 2 mm); 4—intensive arterial filling (artery thickness >2 mm to ≥2.5 mm). Arterial ramification included the following categories: 0—no noticeable ramification; 1—barely indicated arterial ramification (two branches visible); 2—mild arterial ramification (three branches visible); 3—moderate arterial ramification (four branches visible); 4—intensive arterial ramification (≥five branches).

Knezevic M., Gojkovic S., Krezic I., Zizek H., Malekinusic D., Vrdoljak B., Knezevic T., Vranes H., Drmic D., Staroveski M., Djuzel A., Rajkovic Z., Kolak T., Lovric E., Milavic M., Sikiric S., Tvrdeic A., Patrlj L., Strbe S., Sola M., Situm A., Kokot A., Boban Blagaic A., Skrtic A., Seiwerth S, & Sikiric P. (2021). Occluded Superior Mesenteric Artery and Vein. Therapy with the Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157. Biomedicines, 9(7), 792.

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Publication 2021

Arteries Blood Vessel Cecum Colon, Ascending Duodenum Gastrointestinal Tract Hematoma Intestines Jejunum Ligation Microscopy Rattus norvegicus Rectum Serous Membrane Stomach Veins Venous Engorgement

Murine Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model

After Columbia University IACUC approval, male C57BL/6 mice (25–30g, Harlan, Indianapolis, IN) were anesthetized with intraperitoneal pentobarbital, 50 mg/kg or to effect. Mice were placed under a heating lamp and on a 37°C heating pad. After a midline laparotomy and intraperitoneal application of 20 U heparin, left lateral and median lobes of the liver were subjected to 60 min. of ischemia with a microaneurysm clip occluding the hepatic triad above the bifurcation. This method of partial hepatic ischemia results in a segmental (~70%) hepatic ischemia but spares the right lobe of the liver and prevents mesenteric venous congestion by allowing portal decompression through the right and caudate lobes of the liver (10 (link),11 (link)). Preliminary studies showed that 30, 60 or 90 min. of liver ischemia causes mild, moderate or severe liver injury, respectively. The liver was kept moist with gauze soaked in 0.9% normal saline. The body temperature was monitored by an infrared temperature sensor (Linear Laboratories, Fremont, CA) and maintained at 37°C using a heating lamp and a heating pad. After 60 minutes, the liver was reperfused and the wound closed. Sham operated mice were subjected to laparotomy and identical liver manipulations without the vascular occlusion. Twenty four hr after reperfusion, the liver tissue subjected to IR and both kidneys were collected to measure necrosis, neutrophil infiltration (with immunohistochemistry) and apoptosis (with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining). In some mice, liver and kidneys were collected 4 hr after reperfusion to detect renal inflammation by RT-PCR for pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs. We also collected plasma for the measurement of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatinine (Cr) 4 and 24 hr after reperfusion.

Lee H.T., Park S.W., Kim M, & D’Agati V.D. (2008). Acute kidney injury after hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury in mice. Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology, 89(2), 196-208.

Publication 2008

Alanine Transaminase Apoptosis Blood Vessel Clip Creatinine Cytokine Decompression Dental Occlusion deoxyuridine triphosphate DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase Heparin Immunohistochemistry Inflammation Injuries Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Ischemia Kidney Laparotomy Liver Males Mesentery Mice, Inbred C57BL Microaneurysm Mus Necrosis Nephritis Neutrophil Infiltration Normal Saline Pentobarbital Plasma Reperfusion Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA, Messenger Tissues Triad resin Venous Engorgement Wounds

Gastrointestinal Microvascular Disturbances in Rats

The presentation of gross lesions in the gastrointestinal tract and serosal disturbances were recorded in deeply anaesthetized rats with a camera attached to a VMS-004 Discovery Deluxe USB microscope (Veho, Denver, CO, USA). At 30 min post-ligation, we assessed hemorrhagic congestive areas in the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, cecum, and ascending colon (sum of the longest diameters, mm). Serosal disturbances (hemorrhage, vessels ramification, arterial filling, congestion) were assessed in the jejunum, cecum, and ascending colon and scored 0–4 as follows. We scored the bleeding on the intestinal surface as follows: 0 = no bleeding; 1 = barely indicated bleeding (diameter of the hematoma on the intestinal surface <1 mm); 2 = mild bleeding (diameter of the hematoma on the intestinal surface >1 mm–2 mm); 3 = moderate bleeding (diameter of the hematoma on the intestinal surface >2 mm–4 mm); 4 = intense bleeding (diameter of the hematoma on the intestinal surface >4 mm); 5 = very intense bleeding (flowing bleeding); venous congestion was scored as follows: 0 = venous congestion not present; 1 = barely indicated venous congestion (vein thickness up to 0.5 mm); 2 = mild venous congestion (vein thickness >0.5 mm–1 mm); 3 = moderate venous congestion (vein thickness >1 mm–2 mm); 4 = intense venous congestion (vein thickness >2 mm–2.5 mm); 5 = massive venous congestion (vein thickness >2.5 mm). Arterial filling was scored as follows: 0 = arterial filling not noticeable; 1 = barely indicated arterial filling (artery thickness up to 0.5 mm); 2 = mild arterial filling (artery thickness >0.5 mm–0.75 mm); 3 = moderate arterial filling (artery thickness >0.75 mm–2 mm); 4 = intensive arterial filling (artery thickness >2 mm–2.5 mm); 5 = massive arterial filling (artery thickness >2.5 mm). Arterial ramification was measured as follows: 0 = no noticeable ramification; 1 = barely indicated arterial ramification (2 visible branches); 2 = mild arterial ramification (3 visible branches); 3 = moderate arterial ramification (4 visible branches); 4 = intensive arterial ramification (5 visible branches); 5 = massive arterial ramification (6 or more visible branches).

Knezevic M., Gojkovic S., Krezic I., Zizek H., Malekinusic D., Vrdoljak B., Vranes H., Knezevic T., Barisic I., Horvat Pavlov K., Drmic D., Staroveski M., Djuzel A., Rajkovic Z., Kolak T., Kocman I., Lovric E., Milavic M., Sikiric S., Tvrdeic A., Patrlj L., Strbe S., Kokot A., Boban Blagaic A., Skrtic A., Seiwerth S, & Sikiric P. (2021). Occlusion of the Superior Mesenteric Artery in Rats Reversed by Collateral Pathways Activation: Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy Counteracts Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome; Intracranial, Portal, and Caval Hypertension; and Aortal Hypotension. Biomedicines, 9(6), 609.

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Publication 2021

Arteries Blood Vessel Cecum Colon, Ascending Duodenum Gastrointestinal Tract Hematoma Intestines Jejunum Ligation Microscopy Rattus norvegicus Serous Membrane Stomach Veins Venous Engorgement

Arteriovenous Fistula Mouse Model for Neointimal Hyperplasia

All animal studies and experiments were approved by the University of Alabama at Birmingham Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and performed in accordance with National Institutes of Health guidelines. Our studies utilized male C57BL/6J mice (n = 3, Taconic Biosciences, Hudson, NY) aged 8-12 weeks.
After mice (n = 2) with AVF were anesthetized with isoflurane, buprenorphine, xyalazine, and ketamine, a midline incision of the surgical area was performed. Using a surgical microscope, the right carotid artery and jugular vein were then exposed. Using 10-0 monofilament microsurgical sutures, a side-to-end anastomosis was created using the carotid artery (side) and jugular vein (end) (Fig. 1a). After unclamping, dilation of the vein and patency was confirmed visually. The mice were maintained on a warming blanket following surgery and buprenorphine was administered two times at 12 hours apart. NH was consistently observed by day 21 post-op (Fig. 1b). The control blood vessels were the pre-surgical carotid artery and jugular vein (n = 1), and the contralateral non-surgery carotid artery and jugular vein in the AVF mice at day 7 (n = 1) and day 21 (n = 1) post-operatively.Fig. 1

Surgical procedure and histology: (a) Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) mouse model using jugular vein (end) to carotid artery (side) configuration. Asterisk (*) depicts the arteriovenous anastomosis. The white arrow indicates the direction of blood flow in the venous outflow tract. (b) Representative histology of AVF dysfunction (Movat’s stain). Neointimal hyperplasia (NH) was present at 21 Days

Pike D., Shiu Y.T., Somarathna M., Guo L., Isayeva T., Totenhagen J, & Lee T. (2017). High resolution hemodynamic profiling of murine arteriovenous fistula using magnetic resonance imaging and computational fluid dynamics. Theoretical Biology & Medical Modelling, 14, 5.

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Publication 2017

Animals Arteriovenous Anastomosis Blood Circulation Blood Vessel Buprenorphine Common Carotid Artery Fistula, Arteriovenous Hyperplasia Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Isoflurane Jugular Vein Ketamine Males Mice, House Mice, Inbred C57BL Microscopy Neointima Operative Surgical Procedures Stains Surgical Anastomoses Surgical Wound Sutures Veins Venous Engorgement

Most recents protocols related to «Venous Engorgement»

AVM Morphological Characteristics Protocol

The comprehensive protocol for data quality management is available in eMethods 1 in Supplement 1. Demographic information, including sex, age, and modified Rankin Scale Score (which measures degree of disability or dependence after a stroke) at hospital admission, was recorded. Radiographic variables describing AVM morphological characteristics, including nidus location, size, diffuseness, venous drainage (drainage patterns, stenosis, and venous aneurysms), feeding arteries (number, dilation, multiple sources, and perforating arteries), associated aneurysm, and hemorrhagic presentation, were collected. Radiological information was determined via digital subtraction angiography and MRI.
The nidus location was regarded as deep if the lesion exclusively involved the brain stem, cerebellum, basal ganglia, thalamus, corpus callosum, or insular lobe. The definition of eloquent regions (ie, sensory, motor, language, or visual cortex; hypothalamus or thalamus; internal capsule; brain stem; cerebellar peduncles [superior, middle, or inferior]; and deep cerebellar nuclei) was based on the Spetzler-Martin Grading Scale.^{5 (link)} The size of AVMs was dichotomized into small and large based on whether the maximum nidal diameter was less than 3 cm or 3 cm or greater. Ventricular system involvement was determined via MRI based on whether the nidal border was adjacent to the cerebral ventricular system. Feeding arteries were considered dilated when their diameter was at least twice that of the same blood vessel segments. Venous aneurysm was defined as the focal aneurysmal dilation of the proximal drainage vein.^{18 (link)} Hemorrhagic presentation was defined as hemorrhage that could be ascribed to AVM rupture before or at admission.

Chen Y., Han H., Meng X., Jin H., Gao D., Ma L., Li R., Li Z., Yan D., Zhang H., Yuan K., Wang K., Zhang Y., Zhao Y., Jin W., Li R., Lin F., Chao X., Lin Z., Hao Q., Wang H., Ye X., Kang S., Li Y., Sun S., Liu A., Wang S., Zhao Y, & Chen X. (2023). Development and Validation of a Scoring System for Hemorrhage Risk in Brain Arteriovenous Malformations. JAMA Network Open, 6(3), e231070.

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Publication 2023

Aneurysm Angiography, Digital Subtraction Arteries Basal Ganglia Blood Vessel Brain Stem Cerebellar Nuclei Cerebellum Cerebral Ventricles Cerebrovascular Accident Corpus Callosum Dietary Supplements Disabled Persons Drainage Hemorrhage Hypothalamus Insula of Reil Internal Capsule Stenosis Thalamus Veins Venous Engorgement Visual Cortex X-Rays, Diagnostic

Diagnostic Accuracy of MRI Sequences in Cortical Vein Thrombosis

This retrospective study has been carried out after the approval from the institutional review board (IRB). The study is HIPPA compliant. The search engine (Primordial, Inc. 2005-2015) in the PACS was used to identify the consecutive cases from the database with the search terms venous thrombosis, venous clots, cerebral venous thrombosis, CVT, cerebral sinus thrombosis, CST, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, CVST, cerebral sinus venous thrombosis, CSVT, cortical vein thrombosis, cortical vein clot, COVT and venous infarcts from January 2012 to September 2020. Controls were selected from patients who had normal MRI brain and MRV findings with no history of CVT or COVT. The data was entered into a spread sheet with random arrangement of cases and controls. MRI was performed either on 1.5T or 3T magnet. Phased array MR coils with 8 or 16 coil elements were used for 1.5T and 16 coil elements for 3T MRI. The technical parameters of MR sequences are provided in the supplementary Tables 1 and 2. Two neuroradiologists with nearly 40 years of combined experience reviewed the images independently. Venous clots imaged within 7 days of clinical presentation were classified as acute to early subacute, within 8 to 29 days as late subacute and ≥30 days as chronic [3 (link), 4 (link), 8 (link)]. Each MR sequence including T1 weighted turbo spin echo (TSE), T2 weighted TSE, FLAIR, diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), enhanced T1 TSE with fat saturation (T1C TSE), enhanced 3D T1 MPRAGE (3D T1c MPRAGE), SWI and MR venography (2D Time of flight (TOF) or 3D phase contrast (PC)) was evaluated independently on PACS on separate occasions over a month. Prominent hypointense signals with engorgement of a cortical vein on SWI was considered a sign of COVT [14 (link)]. Signs of cortical vein clot for each of the other MR sequences were considered as hyperintense signals or bulky isointense signals on T1 TSE, iso or hyperintense signals in the lumen of a cortical vein on T2 TSE, iso or hyperintense signals in cortical veins on FLAIR, prominent cord like susceptibility or hyperintense signals in the location of cortical veins on DWI, filling defect in the lumen of a cortical vein on 3D T1c MPRAGE or T1C TSE and hypointense signals in a cortical vein in the raw images of MR venography (MRV). Maximum intensity projection (MIP) images were independently analyzed for the absence of cortical vein or cut off in the flow signals in a cortical vein, but the images were unreliable to identify COVT and only the raw images were used to evaluate the performance of MRV. Detection of cortical vein clot in each MR sequence was scored as either present or absent. The investigators were blinded to the clinical information, diagnosis, and radiology reports. Reference standard for imaging was obtained from a combined analysis of all MR sequences including MRV by the two reviewers with consensus, as used previously [8 (link)]. During this review, parenchymal changes including edema and hemorrhage as well as subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) were also documented. Sulcal susceptibility signals on SWI and or sulcal FLAIR signals were considered as signs of SAH. The data was transferred to an excel spread sheet and statistical analysis was performed with IBM SPSS V28 software. Inter-rater agreement (IRA) was evaluated with Cohen’s weighted kappa κ. Agreement 20–40 was considered fair, 40–60 moderate, 60–80 good and above 80 as almost perfect [15 (link)]. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy with 95% confidence interval were calculated for each MR sequence for the identification of cortical vein clots. COVT grading was performed in cases and controls as present — 2, uncertain — 1, and absent — 0. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed and the area under the curve (AUC) was obtained to evaluate the performance of MR sequences to detect COVT. When applicable, p- value less than 0.05 was considered significant.

Boukerche F., Balakrishnan S., Kalapos P, & Thamburaj K. (2023). Detection of cerebral cortical vein thrombosis with high-resolution susceptibility weighted imaging — A comparison with MR venography and standard MR sequences. Neuroradiology, 65(5), 885-892.

Publication 2023

Atrial Premature Complexes Brain Cerebral Thrombosis Cerebral Vein Clotrimazole Cone-Rod Dystrophy 2 Cortex, Cerebral Diagnosis Dietary Fiber Diffusion ECHO protocol Edema Ethics Committees, Research Hemorrhage Hypersensitivity Infarction Microscopy, Phase-Contrast Patients Phlebography Radiography Saturated Fatty Acid Sequence Analysis Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Susceptibility, Disease Thrombosis Veins Venous Engorgement Venous Thrombosis

Immediate DIEP Flap Reconstruction After Mastectomy

This is a prospective study of 30 breast cancer patients who underwent intermediated breast reconstruction with DIEP flap after mastectomy from June 2019 to June 2021. They were selected based on the following inclusion criteria: (1) who were residents in the Hanoi Medical University Hospital, (2) who wrote an informed consent to participate in the study, (3) who were 18 years of age and above, and (4) who underwent immediate breast reconstruction for DIEP flap after mastectomy.
The patients were selected as candidates for immediate reconstruction under evaluation by both the oncological and plastic surgeon in the outpatient clinic. Patients with metastatic disease and evidence of spread beyond local disease were excluded for immediate reconstruction.
Since this study focused on immediate unilateral breast reconstruction only, delayed or bilateral reconstructions were excluded. Other exclusion criteria included: (1) history of previous esthetic or reconstructive breast surgery, (2) contralateral breast surgery, (3) cancer recurrence, and (4) psychiatric disorder.
Complications including fat necrosis, partial flap loss, total flap loss, venous congestion, venous occlusion, breast seroma, breast hematoma, abdominal hernia, and medical complications were reported. Study data were collected and managed using SPSS 20.0. Frequencies and proportions were used to present categories variables. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all variables. Variables associated with breast complication were analyzed by using chi-square and Fisher's exact tests corrected for continuity. Mann–Whitney's tests were used to investigate the relationship between BMI scores and the occurrence of complications. All tests were two-sided and p values below 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.
The patients evaluated a study by answering specific questionnaire with the answers rating from 1 (unsatisfied) to 4 (very satisfied) regarding their satisfaction of reconstructed breast and satisfaction of the overall operation procedure. All patients were contact by phone and scheduled to return for a follow-up visit after 1 month and 3 months.

Nguyen X.H., Pham Thi V.D., Nguyen X.H., Vu T.D., Nguyen H.N., Pham Q.D, & Ngo V.T. (2023). Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Flap for Immediate Breast Reconstruction following Mastectomy in Breast Cancer Patients: An Initial Experience in Vietnam. International Journal of Breast Cancer, 2023, 5964040.

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Publication 2023

Breast Dental Occlusion diclofenac-epolamine Hematoma Hernia, Abdominal Malignant Neoplasm of Breast Malignant Neoplasms Mammaplasty Mastectomy Mental Disorders Necrosis, Fat Neoplasm Metastasis Neoplasms Patients Reconstructive Surgical Procedures Recurrence Satisfaction Seroma Surgeons Surgical Flaps Thoracic Surgical Procedures Veins Venous Engorgement

Scleral Vein Injection and Conjunctival Suture Protocol

Procedures for the surgical technique have been described in detail previously [11 , 12 (link)]. Briefly, a glass microneedle (33G, Hamilton) was positioned parallel to the vessel axis, inserted into the vessel lumen and a volume of 50 µL of lauromacrogol (Polyoxyethylene lauryl ether 1%; Tianyu, Shanxi, China) was dissolved in distilled water and slowly injected into the superior scleral vein of one eye during the SI induction. During the CS induction, a CS (7-0 nylon) was placed around the equator of the eye at approximately 1.5 mm behind the limbus (Additional file 2: Fig. S1). The suture was anchored by placing it below the conjunctiva, avoiding the major episcleral drainage veins evenly spaced around the globe at five to six anchor points. The congestion of the vortex veins could be prevented by the anterior position of the suture. The eyes of the experimental animals were treated with antibiotic eye drops after the operation. The control group was accepted without any disposal. Both eyes were performed with the same treatment in experimental groups.

Xia M., Zhang E., Yao F., Xia Z., Zhou M., Ran X, & Xia X. (2023). Regional differences of the sclera in the ocular hypertensive rat model induced by circumlimbal suture. Eye and Vision, 10, 2.

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Publication 2023

Animals, Laboratory Antibiotics Blood Vessel Conjunctiva Drainage Epistropheus Eye Eye Drops Lauromacrogols Nylons Polyoxyethylene Lauryl Ether Sclera Sutures Veins Venous Engorgement

Murine Models of Schistosomiasis-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension

The Sch-PAH mouse model was induced either by exposure to percutaneous infection using approximately 80 cercaria and animals used after 60 days of infection, or by murine intraperitoneal (IP) sensitization using 240 S. mansoni eggs/g body weight followed by intravenous (IV) injection of 175 eggs/g body weight after two weeks (21 (link), 22 (link)). The specific model is highlighted in each figure legend (i.e., cercariae or IP/IV Eggs). Tail vein injections were performed in 2.5% isoflurane-anesthetized mice. The depth of anesthesia was monitored based on the lack of response to toe pinch. The mouse tail was submerged in water at 37°C or warmed with a heating lamp held approximately 20 cm away, avoiding overheating or burning, for 20–30 s for dilation of veins following injection of the eggs diluted in 100 µl of phosphate buffer solution (PBS; 30G needle). Mice were monitored daily, and after 7 days, the animals were anesthetized using ketamine/xylazine (K/X at 100 and 10 mg/kg body weight; IP) for subsequent analysis. After the procedure, mice were euthanized via cervical dislocation. Alternatively, C57BL6 mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME) were nebulized with saline or Escherichia coli LPS (10 mg, 1 h daily for up to 4 days) (13 (link)). Strain- and age-matched mice were used as approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.

Marinho Y., Villarreal E.S., Aboagye S.Y., Williams D.L., Sun J., Silva C.L., Lutz S.E, & Oliveira S.D. (2023). Schistosomiasis-associated pulmonary hypertension unveils disrupted murine gut–lung microbiome and reduced endoprotective Caveolin-1/BMPR2 expression. Frontiers in Immunology, 14, 1254762.

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Publication 2023

Anesthesia Animals ARID1A protein, human Body Weight Buffers Cercaria Eggs Escherichia coli Infection Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Isoflurane Joint Dislocations Ketamine Mus Neck Needles Phosphates Saline Solution Strains Tail Veins Venous Engorgement Xylazine

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What are the different types or variations of venous engorgement?

Venous engorgement can occur in various parts of the body, such as the legs, arms, or head. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including pregnancy, obesity, or underlying vascular disorders. Different types of venous engorgement include lower extremity venous engorgement, upper extremity venous engorgement, and cerebral venous engorgement, each with their own unique characteristics and potential causes.

How can venous engorgement impact patient outcomes?

Proper diagnosis and management of venous engorgement is important to prevent complications and improve patient outcomes. Untreated venous engorgement can lead to swelling, discoloration, and in severe cases, tissue damage or venous thrombosis. Early detection and appropriate treatment, such as compression therapy or addressing underlying conditions, can help mitigate these risks and improve the patient's quality of life.

What are some common challenges in studying venous engorgement?

One of the key challenges in studying venous engorgement is the ability to accurately compare the effectiveness of different research protocols. Researchers may struggle to identify the most relevant and effective protocols from the literature, which can impact the reproducibility and accuracy of their studies. This is where a tool like PubCompare.ai can be invaluable.

How can PubCompare.ai assist researchers studying venous engorgement?

PubCompare.ai allows researchers to more efficiently screen protocol literature and leverage AI to pinpoint critical insights. The platform's AI-driven analysis can help identify the most effective protocols related to venous engorgement for a researcher's specific goals. By highlighting key differences in protocol effectiveness, PubComapre.ai enables researchers to choose the best option for reproducibility and accuracy in their venous engorgement studies.

What are the benefits of using PubCompare.ai for venous engorgement research?

Using PubCompare.ai for venous engorgement research can provide several benefits. First, it helps researchers screen protocol literature more efficiently, saving time and resources. Second, the AI-driven analysis provided by the platform can identify the most effective protocols, enabling researchers to choose the best option for their studies. This can enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of their venous engorgement research, leading to more reliable and impactful findings. Finally, the platform's ability to highlight key differences in protocol effectiveness can help researchers make more informed decisions about their experimental design and methodology.

More about "Venous Engorgement"

Venous engorgement, also known as venous congestion or venous distension, is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal dilation and congestion of veins, often resulting in swelling and discoloration of the affected area.
This condition can occur in various parts of the body, such as the legs, arms, or head, and may be caused by a variety of factors, including pregnancy, obesity, or underlying vascular disorders.
Proper diagnosis and management of venous engorgement is crucial to prevent complications and improve patient outcomes.
Diagnostic tools like the Axio Lab.A1 light microscope and Xario XG ultrasound system can be used to assess the extent and severity of the condition.
Additionally, laboratory tests such as the lactate dehydrogenase enzyme assay kit and AU680 analyzer can provide valuable insights into the underlying causes of venous engorgement.
In some cases, surgical interventions like the use of 10-0 nylon surgical sutures may be necessary to address the underlying vascular issues.
The Rotary microtome can be used to prepare tissue samples for histological analysis, which can help identify the specific causes of venous engorgement.
By understanding the various factors and tools involved in the diagnosis and management of venous engorgement, researchers and healthcare professionals can develop more effective protocols and treatments.
The PubCompare.ai tool can be particularly useful in this regard, as it allows for the intelligent comparison of research protocols and the identification of the most effective approaches.
Overall, venous engorgement is a complex condition that requires a multifaceted approach to diagnosis and treatment.
By leveraging the latest medical technologies and research insights, healthcare providers can work to improve patient outcomes and prevent the development of serious complications.