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> Disorders > Sign or Symptom > Chills

Chills

Chills refer to a sudden feeling of coldness and shivering, often accompanied by goosebumps and muscle contractions.
This physiological response is the body's way of trying to generate heat and raise the core temperature.
Chills can be a symptom of various underlying conditions, such as infections, fever, hypothermia, or certain medications.
They may also occur in response to extreme emotions, such as fear or excitement.
Identifying and addressing the underlying cause is important for managing chills effectively.
Seeking medical attention is advised if chills persist or are accompanied by other concerning symptoms.

Most cited protocols related to «Chills»

1
Psychological Impact of COVID-19: A Comprehensive Survey
Previous surveys on the psychological impacts of SARS and influenza outbreaks were reviewed [18 (link),21 (link),24 ]. Authors included additional questions related to the COVID-19 outbreak. The structured questionnaire consisted of questions that covered several areas: (1) demographic data; (2) physical symptoms in the past 14 days; (3) contact history with COVID-19 in the past 14 days; (4) knowledge and concerns about COVID-19; (5) precautionary measures against COVID-19 in the past 14 days; (6) additional information required with respect to COVID-19; (7) the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak; and (8) mental health status.
Sociodemographic data were collected on gender, age, education, residential location in the past 14 days, marital status, employment status, monthly income, parental status, and household size. Physical symptom variables in the past 14 days included fever, chills, headache, myalgia, cough, difficulty in breathing, dizziness, coryza, sore throat, and persistent fever, as well as persistent fever and cough or difficulty breathing. Respondents were asked to rate their physical health status and state any history of chronic medical illness. Health service utilization variables in the past 14 days included consultation with a doctor in the clinic, admission to the hospital, being quarantined by a health authority, and being tested for COVID-19. Contact history variables included close contact with an individual with confirmed COVID-19, indirect contact with an individual with confirmed COVID-19, and contact with an individual with suspected COVID-19 or infected materials.
Knowledge about COVID-19 variables included knowledge about the routes of transmission, level of confidence in diagnosis, level of satisfaction of health information about COVID-19, the trend of new cases and death, and potential treatment for COVID-19 infection. Respondents were asked to indicate their source of information. The actual number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 and deaths in the city on the day of the survey were collected. Concern about COVID-19 variables included self and other family members contracting COVID-19 and the chance of surviving if infected.
Precautionary measures against COVID-19 variables included avoidance of sharing of utensils (e.g., chopsticks) during meals, covering mouth when coughing and sneezing, washing hands with soap, washing hands immediately after coughing, sneezing, or rubbing the nose, washing hands after touching contaminated objects, and wearing a mask regardless of the presence or absence of symptoms. The respondents were asked the average number of hours staying at home per day to avoid COVID-19. Respondents were also asked whether they felt too much -unnecessary worry had been made about the COVID-19 epidemic. Additional health information about COVID-19 needed by respondents included more information about symptoms after contraction of COVID-19, routes of transmission, treatment, prevention of the spread of COVID-19, local outbreaks, travel advice, and other measures imposed by other countries.
The psychological impact of COVID-19 was measured using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). The IES-R is a self-administered questionnaire that has been well-validated in the Chinese population for determining the extent of psychological impact after exposure to a public health crisis within one week of exposure [25 (link)]. This 22-item questionnaire is composed of three subscales and aims to measure the mean avoidance, intrusion, and hyperarousal [26 (link)]. The total IES-R score was divided into 0–23 (normal), 24–32 (mild psychological impact), 33–36 (moderate psychological impact), and >37 (severe psychological impact) [27 (link)].
Mental health status was measured using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and calculations of scores were based on the previous study [28 (link)]. Questions 3, 5, 10, 13, 16, 17 and 21formed the depression subscale. The total depression subscale score was divided into normal (0–9), mild depression (10–12), moderate depression (13–20), severe depression (21–27), and extremely severe depression (28–42). Questions 2, 4, 7, 9, 15, 19, and 20 formed the anxiety subscale. The total anxiety subscale score was divided into normal (0–6), mild anxiety (7–9), moderate anxiety (10–14), severe anxiety (15–19), and extremely severe anxiety (20–42). Questions 1, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, and 18 formed the stress subscale. The total stress subscale score was divided into normal (0–10), mild stress (11–18), moderate stress (19–26), severe stress (27–34), and extremely severe stress (35–42). The DASS has been demonstrated to be a reliable and valid measure in assessing mental health in the Chinese population [29 (link),30 (link)]. The DASS was previously used in research related to SARS [31 (link)].
Wang C., Pan R., Wan X., Tan Y., Xu L., Ho C.S, & Ho R.C. (2020). Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2020
Anxiety Chills Chinese Common Cold COVID 19 diacetoxyscirpenol Diagnosis Disease, Chronic Disease Outbreaks Epidemics Family Member Feelings Fever Gender Headache Households Influenza Mental Health Myalgia Nose Oral Cavity Parent Physical Examination Physicians Respiratory Diaphragm Satisfaction Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Sore Throat Transmission, Communicable Disease
2
Efficacy of BNT162b2 against COVID-19
The first primary end point was the efficacy of BNT162b2 against confirmed Covid-19 with onset at least 7 days after the second dose in participants who had been without serologic or virologic evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection up to 7 days after the second dose; the second primary end point was efficacy in participants with and participants without evidence of prior infection. Confirmed Covid-19 was defined according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) criteria as the presence of at least one of the following symptoms: fever, new or increased cough, new or increased shortness of breath, chills, new or increased muscle pain, new loss of taste or smell, sore throat, diarrhea, or vomiting, combined with a respiratory specimen obtained during the symptomatic period or within 4 days before or after it that was positive for SARS-CoV-2 by nucleic acid amplification–based testing, either at the central laboratory or at a local testing facility (using a protocol-defined acceptable test).
Major secondary end points included the efficacy of BNT162b2 against severe Covid-19. Severe Covid-19 is defined by the FDA as confirmed Covid-19 with one of the following additional features: clinical signs at rest that are indicative of severe systemic illness; respiratory failure; evidence of shock; significant acute renal, hepatic, or neurologic dysfunction; admission to an intensive care unit; or death. Details are provided in the protocol.
An explanation of the various denominator values for use in assessing the results of the trial is provided in Table S1 in the Supplementary Appendix, available at NEJM.org. In brief, the safety population includes persons 16 years of age or older; a total of 43,448 participants constituted the population of enrolled persons injected with the vaccine or placebo. The main safety subset as defined by the FDA, with a median of 2 months of follow-up as of October 9, 2020, consisted of 37,706 persons, and the reactogenicity subset consisted of 8183 persons. The modified intention-to-treat (mITT) efficacy population includes all age groups 12 years of age or older (43,355 persons; 100 participants who were 12 to 15 years of age contributed to person-time years but included no cases). The number of persons who could be evaluated for efficacy 7 days after the second dose and who had no evidence of prior infection was 36,523, and the number of persons who could be evaluated 7 days after the second dose with or without evidence of prior infection was 40,137.
Polack F.P., Thomas S.J., Kitchin N., Absalon J., Gurtman A., Lockhart S., Perez J.L., Pérez Marc G., Moreira E.D., Zerbini C., Bailey R., Swanson K.A., Roychoudhury S., Koury K., Li P., Kalina W.V., Cooper D., Frenck RW J.r., Hammitt L.L., Türeci Ö., Nell H., Schaefer A., Ünal S., Tresnan D.B., Mather S., Dormitzer P.R., Şahin U., Jansen K.U, & Gruber W.C. (2020). Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine. The New England Journal of Medicine.
Publication 2020
Age Groups Ageusia BNT162B2 Chills Cough COVID 19 Diarrhea Dyspnea Fever Infection Kidney Myalgia Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests Placebos Respiratory Failure Respiratory Rate Safety SARS-CoV-2 Sense of Smell Shock Sore Throat Vaccines
3
Pneumonia Study in Adult Patients
From January 1, 2010, to June 30, 2012, adults 18 years of age or older were enrolled at three hospitals in Chicago (John H. Stroger, Jr., Hospital of Cook County, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, and Rush University Medical Center) and at two in Nashville (University of Tennessee Health Science Center–Saint Thomas Health and Vanderbilt University Medical Center). We sought to enroll all eligible adults; therefore, trained staff screened adults for enrollment at least 18 hours per day, 7 days per week. Written informed consent was obtained from all the patients or their caregivers before enrollment. The study protocol was approved by the institutional review board at each participating institution and at the CDC. Weekly teleconferences, enrollment reports, data audits, and annual study-site visits were conducted to ensure uniform procedures among the study sites. Patients or their caregivers provided demographic and epidemiologic data, and medical charts were abstracted for clinical data. All the authors vouch for the accuracy and completeness of the data and analyses reported and for the fidelity of the study to the protocol. All the authors made the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Adults were eligible for enrollment if they were admitted to a study hospital on the basis of a clinical assessment by the treating clinician; resided in the study catchment area (see the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org); had evidence of acute infection, defined as reported fever or chills, documented fever or hypothermia, leukocytosis or leukopenia, or new altered mental status; had evidence of an acute respiratory illness, defined as new cough or sputum production, chest pain, dyspnea, tachypnea, abnormal lung examination, or respiratory failure; and had evidence consistent with pneumonia as assessed by means of chest radiography by the clinical team within 48 hours before or after admission.
Patients were excluded if they had been hospitalized recently (<28 days for immunocompetent patients and <90 days for immunosuppressed patients), had been enrolled in the EPIC study within the previous 28 days, were functionally dependent nursing home residents,14 (link) or had a clear alternative diagnosis (see the Supplementary Appendix). Patients were also excluded if they had undergone tracheotomy, if they had a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube, if they had cystic fibrosis, if they had cancer with neutropenia, if they had received a solid-organ or hematopoietic stem-cell transplant within the previous 90 days, if they had active graft-versus-host disease or bronchiolitis obliterans, or if they had human immunodeficiency virus infection with a CD4 cell count of less than 200 per cubic millimeter.10 (link)
Jain S., Self W.H., Wunderink R.G., Fakhran S., Balk R., Bramley A.M., Reed C., Grijalva C.G., Anderson E.J., Courtney D.M., Chappell J.D., Qi C., Hart E.M., Carroll F., Trabue C., Donnelly H.K., Williams D.J., Zhu Y., Arnold S.R., Ampofo K., Waterer G.W., Levine M., Lindstrom S., Winchell J.M., Katz J.M., Erdman D., Schneider E., Hicks L.A., McCullers J.A., Pavia A.T., Edwards K.M, & Finelli L. (2015). Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization among U.S. Adults. The New England journal of medicine, 373(5), 415-427.
Publication 2015
Adult Bronchiolitis Obliterans CD4+ Cell Counts Chest Pain Chills Cough Cuboid Bone Cystic Fibrosis Diagnosis Dyspnea Endoscopy Ethics Committees, Research Fever Gastrostomy Graft-vs-Host Disease HIV Infections Immunocompetence Infection Leukocytosis Leukopenia Lung Malignant Neoplasms Patients Pneumonia Radiography, Thoracic Respiratory Diaphragm Respiratory Failure Respiratory Rate Sputum Tracheotomy Transplantation, Hematopoietic Stem Cell
4
Pediatric Pneumonia Epidemiology Study
From January 1, 2010 to June 30, 2012, children <18 years old were enrolled in the EPIC study at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital (Memphis, TN), Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt (Nashville, TN), and Primary Children's Hospital (Salt Lake City, UT). We sought to enroll all eligible children; thus trained staff screened for enrollment for at least 18 hours each day, 7 days each week. Written informed consent was obtained before enrollment. The study protocol was approved by the institutional review boards at each institution and the CDC. Weekly study teleconferences, required weekly enrollment reports, data audits, and annual site visits were conducted to ensure uniform procedures among sites.
Children were included if they 1) were admitted to one of the three study hospitals;2) resided in one of the 22 counties in the study catchment areas;3) had evidence of acute infection defined as reported fever or chills, documented fever or hypothermia, or leukocytosis or leukopenia; 4) had evidence of an acute respiratory illness defined as new cough or sputum production, chest pain, dyspnea, tachypnea, abnormal lung examination, or respiratory failure; and 5) had chest radiography consistent with pneumonia ≤72 hours of admission.
Children were excluded if they were recently hospitalized (<7 days for immunocompetent, <90 days for immunosuppressed), enrolled in the EPIC study <28 days earlier, resided in an extended care facility, had an alternative respiratory diagnosis, or were newborns who never left the hospital. Children with the following were excluded: tracheostomy, cystic fibrosis, cancer with neutropenia, solid organ or hematopoietic stem cell transplant ≤90 days earlier, active graft-versus-host-disease or bronchiolitis obliterans, or human immunodeficiency virus infection with CD4 cell count <200 cells/mm3 (or CD4%<14%).
Jain S., Williams D.J., Arnold S.R., Ampofo K., Bramley A.M., Reed C., Stockmann C., Anderson E.J., Grijalva C.G., Self W.H., Zhu Y., Patel A., Hymas W., Chappell J.D., Kaufman R.A., Kan J.H., Dansie D., Lenny N., Hillyard D.R., Haynes L.M., Levine M., Lindstrom S., Winchell J.M., Katz J.M., Erdman D., Schneider E., Hicks L.A., Wunderink R.G., Edwards K.M., Pavia A.T., McCullers J.A, & Finelli L. (2015). Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization among U.S. Children. The New England journal of medicine, 372(9), 835-845.
Publication 2015
Bronchiolitis Obliterans CD4+ Cell Counts Cells Chest Pain Child Chills Cough Cystic Fibrosis Diagnosis Dyspnea Ethics Committees, Research Fever Grafts HIV Infections Immunocompetence Infant, Newborn Infection Leukocytosis Leukopenia Lung Malignant Neoplasms Pneumonia Radiography, Thoracic Respiratory Failure Respiratory Rate Sodium Chloride, Dietary Sputum Tracheostomy Transplantation, Hematopoietic Stem Cell
5
Yeast Transformation Protocol for Genetic Engineering
A timeline outlining the sequencing of steps 3.2 through 3.7 is
presented in Fig. 1.

Inoculate 2–5 mL of liquid YPD with S.
cerevisiae strain BY4742 and incubate
with shaking overnight at 30°C and 250 rpm.

Use 600 μl of the pre-culture (which should be at an
OD600 of ~0.2) to inoculate 25 ml of fresh
YPD. Shake at 250 rpm and 30°C until the OD600reaches ~0.8 (approximately 3–5 hours).

Harvest the culture in a sterile 50 ml centrifuge tube spun
at 1000 x g for 5 min.

Pour off the medium and resuspend the cells in 25 ml of
sterile water. Centrifuge again at 1000 x g for 5 min.

Pour off the water and resuspend the cells in 1.0 ml of 0.1M
(1x) LiAc. Transfer the cell suspension to a 1.5 ml microfuge
tube.

Pellet the cells at 8000 rpm for 30 sec and remove the LiAc
with a micropipette.

Resuspend the cells to a final volume of ~250
μl by adding 200 μl of 0.1 M (1X) LiAc (2 ×
109 cells/ml).

Boil the salmon sperm DNA for 5 min and quickly chill it on
ice (seeNote 6).

Gently mix the cell suspension and pipette 50 μl
samples into microfuge tubes. Pellet the cells and remove the LiAc
with a micropipette.

Prepare the transformation mixture, which consists of 240
μl PEG (50% w/v) (seeNote 7), 36 μl 1.0 M
LiAc, 50 μl heat-denatured salmon sperm DNA (2.0 mg/ml),
~3.0 μg of plasmid DNA, and sterile ultrapure water to
a total volume of 360 μl.

Add the transformation mixture to the cell pellet. Vortex
each tube briefly until the cells are resuspended.

Heat shock the cells in a water bath at 42°C for
15–20 min.

Microfuge at 6,000–8,000 rpm for 30 sec and remove
the supernatant with a micropipette.

Pipette 600 μl of sterile water into the tube and
resuspend the pellet by pipetting it up and down gently.

Plate the cells on SCD-ura media plates.

Incubate the plates for 2 – 4 days at 30° C to
recover transformants. Re-streak yeast from an individual clone onto
a new SCD-ura media plate (seeNote 8).

Mysore K., Hapairai L.K., Wei N., Realey J.S., Scheel N.D., Severson D.W, & Duman-Scheel M. (2019). Preparation and Use of a Yeast shRNA Delivery System for Gene Silencing in Mosquito Larvae. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 1858, 213-231.
Publication 2019
Bath Chills Clone Cells Furuncles Heat-Shock Response Plasmids Saccharomyces cerevisiae Salmo salar Sperm Sterility, Reproductive Strains TimeLine Tremor Yeast, Dried

Most recents protocols related to «Chills»

1
Defining SARS-CoV-2 Re-infection Characteristics
Re-infection was defined by the following characteristics: a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test or a rapid-antigen test (RAT) more than 90 days (or in some studies 120 days) after a previously positive PCR test or RAT; two positive PCR tests or RATs separated by four consecutive negative PCR tests; or a positive PCR test or RAT in an individual with a positive IgG SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike antibody test. Symptomatic re-infection was defined as re-infection with SARS-CoV-2 that leads to the development of symptoms, which may include but are not limited to fever, new or increased cough, new or increased shortness of breath, chills, new or increased muscle pain, new loss of taste or smell, sore throat, diarrhoea, and vomiting. Severe re-infection was re-infection with SARS-CoV-2 that led to hospitalisation or death.
Past SARS-CoV-2 infection protection against re-infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2023). Lancet (London, England), 401(10379), 833-842.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Ageusia Antigens Chills Cough COVID 19 Diarrhea Dyspnea Fever Immunoglobulins Myalgia Rattus norvegicus Reinfection SARS-CoV-2 Sense of Smell Sore Throat
2
Mild Hypothermia and Targeted Temperature Management for Neuroprotection
The control group received mild hypothermia treatment. Nourishment of cerebral nerves, acid suppression and rehydration and reduction of intracranial pressure and antiinfection were given. All patients received mild hypothermia treatment within 12 hours after injury or surgery. The body uses cooling blanket and head ice cap to cool down, and the hibernation mixture uses chlorpromazine 100mg + promethazine 100mg + atraconine 200mg + normal saline 500mL intravenous drip to control the temperature at 32°C to 35°C (the whole-body temperature). Whether to add other physical cooling measures such as placing ice bags in armpits according to the cooling effect. After hypothermia treatment, the patient’s response to stinging pain became remarkably slower, pupils dilated and gradually narrowed, response to light became slower, respiratory rate lessened, deep reflexes were weakened or disappeared, and mild hypothermia was maintained for 5 days. During the treatment of mild hypothermia, the patient’s vital signs, heart rhythm, electrolytes, coagulation function and bleeding should be observed. If chills occur, diazepam, chlorpromazine or magnesium sulfate can be given for intravenous drip.
The experimental group received targeted temperature management and mild hypothermia therapy, mild hypothermia therapy was the same as the control group. The targeted temperature management was that ice blanket and mild hypothermia therapy apparatus were used to cool the whole body, micro pump into hibernation mixture, pump speed 6 mL/hour. The whole-body temperature of the patients was controlled at 32°C to 35°C for 5 days. After 5 days, the patient underwent natural rewarming method. The hibernating mixture, ice blanket and mild hypothermia therapeutic apparatus were stopped in turn. The natural rewarming time was 24 hours.
Wang Y., Huang C., Tian R, & Yang X. (2023). Target temperature management and therapeutic hypothermia in sever neuroprotection for traumatic brain injury: Clinic value and effect on oxidative stress. Medicine, 102(10), e32921.
Publication 2023
Acids Anti-Infective Agents Axilla Body Temperature Chills Chlorpromazine Coagulation, Blood Diazepam Electrolytes Head Heart Hibernation Human Body Hypothermia, Induced Injuries Intracranial Pressure Light Nervousness Normal Saline Operative Surgical Procedures Pain Patients Physical Examination Promethazine Pupil Reflex Rehydration Respiratory Rate Signs, Vital Sulfate, Magnesium Therapeutics
3
Epidemiological Investigation of Streptococcus suis Outbreak
Epidemiologists from the Nakhon Ratchasima Public Health Office investigated the outbreak following a report from the Maharaj Nakhon Ratchasima hospital on April 1st, concerning the death of the first of two patients with a history of raw pork consumption during an ordination ceremony, who died from a S. suis infection. In parallel, the death of the two patients was reported in the local news, which prompted 199 participants of the ordination ceremony to report at the community hospital between April 3rd and April 8th. The epidemiologists reviewed the patients’ information, interviewed the patients, and conducted a survey amongst ceremony participants using a questionnaire. Finally, an attending veterinarian investigated the farm from which the contaminated pork originated and interviewed the farmer [26 ].
Suspected cases of S. suis infection were defined as: any patient who attended the ordination ceremony on March 28th, had a history of contact with food items served during the ceremony, and who displayed any of the following clinical symptoms: headache, muscle pain, chills, joint pain, stomach ache, diarrhoea, vomiting or nausea.
Blood cultures were taken from all suspected cases (n=88). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was extracted by lumbar puncture for patients showing symptoms of meningitis (n=3). Cases were confirmed following positive blood and/or CSF cultures. Presumptive identification of S. suis was carried out using ViTek-2 in the Maharaj Nakhon Ratchasima hospital as well as by a previously described S. suis typing PCR [26–28 ]. All isolates were stored at −80 °C for further analysis.
Brizuela J., Kajeekul R., Roodsant T.J., Riwload A., Boueroy P., Pattanapongpaibool A., Thaipadungpanit J., Jenjaroenpun P., Wongsurawat T., Batty E.M., van der Putten B.C., Schultsz C, & Kerdsin A. (2023). Streptococcus suis outbreak caused by an emerging zoonotic strain with acquired multi-drug resistance in Thailand. Microbial Genomics, 9(2), mgen000952.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Arthralgia Blood Blood Culture Cerebrospinal Fluid Chills Diarrhea Epidemiologists Farmers Food Headache Infection Meningitis Myalgia Nausea Pain Patients Pork Punctures, Lumbar Stomach Veterinarian
4
Adverse Event Monitoring in IPV Trial
SAEs evaluated throughout the study were any events resulting in death or were life-threatening, required hospitalization, and/or resulted in a persistent incapacity that disrupted normal life. General health and clinical laboratory assessments—complete blood counts (CBC) with differential for white blood cell (WBC), hemoglobin, absolute neutrophil count (ANC), platelets, creatinine, albumin, total bilirubin, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), C-reactive protein (CRP), and antibodies against HBsAg, HIV and HCV—were performed during screening before vaccination, and on Day 8 post-vaccination for serum chemistry and hematology. Solicited local injection site reactions were pain, erythema/redness, swelling, induration and hyperpigmentation for the two IPV arms, and solicited systemic adverse events were chills, fatigue, headache, muscle aches/myalgia, joint ache/arthralgia, rash, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever defined as an oral temperature ≥ 38.0 °C for all participants. Unsolicited adverse events were reported from Day 1 to Day 57. Solicited and unsolicited AEs were graded for severity on a scale of 0 (normal), 1 (mild), 2 (moderate), and 3 (severe).
Erdem R., De Coster I., Withanage K., Mercer L.D., Marchant A., Taton M., Cools N., Lion E., Cassels F., Higgins D., Ivinson K., Locke E., Mahmood K., Wright P.F., Gast C., White J.A., Ackerman M.E., Konopka-Anstadt J.L., Mainou B.A, & Van Damme P. (2023). Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of inactivated poliovirus vaccine with or without E.coli double mutant heat-labile toxin (dmLT) adjuvant in healthy adults; a phase 1 randomized study. Vaccine, 41(10), 1657-1667.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Alanine Transaminase Albumins Antibodies Arm, Upper Arthralgia Aspartate Transaminase Bilirubin Blood Platelets Chills Clinical Laboratory Services C Reactive Protein Creatinine Diarrhea Erythema Exanthema Fatigue Fever Headache Hemoglobin Hepatitis B Surface Antigens Hospitalization Hyperpigmentation Injection Site Reaction Leukocytes Myalgia Nausea Neutrophil Pain Serum Vaccination
5
Assessing COVID-19 Vaccine Perceptions and Acceptance
The questionnaire was developed by the researchers according to extensive review of literature [16 (link)–18 (link)]. Multiple-choice questions were included in the questionnaire which was initially structured in English then translated into Arabic. Pilot study was performed on 12 students to test the questionnaire and they were subsequently excluded from the data analysis.
The questionnaire consisted of questions collecting information about: sociodemographic data, smoking habits, health status and history of previous COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, or ICU admission either personal or of someone in their social circle. In addition to asking about self-rated knowledge and beliefs about COVID-19 vaccine, eight questions were asked to assess their knowledge about COVID-19 vaccine. Each correct answer was given one mark and a total score out of 8 was calculated for to assess knowledge in all students. Knowledge score 4 out of 8 demonstrated inadequate knowledge [16 (link)]. Also, participants were questioned about their intention to get COVID-19 vaccination, reasons for or against being vaccinated.
Lastly, the respondents were questioned about their COVID-19 vaccination status. For those who had been vaccinated, they were asked about the type of the vaccine received and side effects they experienced, namely, anaphylaxis, skin rash, muscle or joint pain, fever or chills, fatigue or sleepiness, chest pain or palpitations, headache, nausea, vomiting and poor appetite.
The participants were classified as the following: vaccine acceptant (VA) if they chose “Yes, absolutely” or “Yes, probably”. If they chose the options “No, probably not” or “I don’t know”, they were considered vaccine hesitant (VH). Vaccine resistant (VR) participants were those who responded as “No, certainly not” or “No, probably not” and “Nothing will change the intention” [18 (link)] as illustrated in Fig. 1.

Flowchart of the study groups according to COVID-19 vaccination intention

The VA participants were asked about the motivators for COVID-19 vaccination, whereas the VH and VR participants were asked about the impediments to it. Those who identified as VH were questioned about the possibility of altering their intention and the underlying reasons.
Tharwat S., Saad A.M., Nassar M.K, & Nassar D.K. (2023). Acceptance and hesitancy to receive COVID-19 vaccine among university students in Egypt: a nationwide survey. Tropical Medicine and Health, 51, 16.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Anaphylaxis Arthralgia Chest Pain Chills COVID-19 Vaccines COVID 19 Exanthema Fatigue Fever Headache Hospitalization Muscle Tissue Nausea Somnolence Student Vaccination Vaccines

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More about "Chills"

Chills, also known as rigors or shivering, refer to a sudden and involuntary feeling of coldness accompanied by shivering, goosebumps, and muscle contractions.
This physiological response is the body's attempt to generate heat and raise the core temperature.
Chills can be a symptom of various underlying conditions, such as infections (e.g., flu, common cold, pneumonia), fever, hypothermia, or certain medications.
They may also occur in response to extreme emotions, like fear or excitement.
Identifying and addressing the root cause of chills is crucial for effective management.
Potential triggers may include microbial infections, exposure to cold temperatures, hormonal imbalances, or side effects from medications like SuperScript II Reverse Transcriptase, Chill-out liquid wax, or RNaseOUT.
In some cases, chills may be associated with other symptoms, such as fever, body aches, headache, or nausea.
It's important to seek medical attention if chills persist or are accompanied by concerning signs, as they could indicate a more serious underlying condition.
To help manage chills, measures like staying warm, drinking warm fluids, and resting may provide relief.
In certain situations, healthcare professionals may recommend additional interventions, such as taking a Microplate reader, using a DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit, or applying Protease inhibitors cocktail to address the underlying cause.
Maintaining good hygiene, practicing stress management techniques, and monitoring your body's response to any new medications or treatments can also help prevent or alleviate chills.
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