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> Disorders > Sign or Symptom > Disorientation

Disorientation

Disorientation refers to the inability to accurately perceive one's surroundings, location, or time.
This deragment of cognitive function can result from various underlying conditions, such as neurological disorders, sensory impairments, or environmental factors.
Disorientation may manifesst as confusion about one's whereabouts, difficulty recognizing familiar places, or a distorted sense of time.
Proper assessment and identification of the underlying cause is crucial for effective management and treatment.
Researchers studying disorientation can utilize a variety of tools and methodologies to better understand its etiology, symptoms, and impact on patient outcomes.

Most cited protocols related to «Disorientation»

1
Chronic Whiplash-Associated Disorder Protocol
Cited 7 times
The inclusion criteria are: Age 18–63 years; WAD grade 2–3 after a whiplash injury at least six months but not more than three years ago, QTF grade 2 includes neck complaints and musculoskeletal sign(s), grade 3 includes grade 2 plus neurological sign(s); Pain intensity > 20 mm on a 100-mm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) [23 (link)] and/or > 20% on the Neck Disability Index (NDI, 0–100%) [24 (link)].
Exclusion criteria are: Known or suspected serious physical pathology, including myelopathy, spinal tumour, spinal infection or ongoing malignancy; Earlier fracture or luxation of the cervical column; Neck trauma with persistent symptoms from previous injury; Surgery on the cervical column; Neck pain that caused a > 1 month absence from work in the year prior to the WAD trauma; Signs of traumatic brain injury at the time of WAD (unconsciousness, retrograde or post-traumatic amnesia, disorientation or confusion); Generalised or more dominant pain elsewhere in the body; Diseases or other injuries that might prevent full participation in the study; Diagnosis of a severe psychiatric disorder; Known drug abuse; Insufficient knowledge of the Swedish language (inability to answer the questionnaires).
Peolsson A., Landén Ludvigsson M., Overmeer T., Dedering Å., Bernfort L., Johansson G., Kammerlind A.S, & Peterson G. (2013). Effects of neck-specific exercise with or without a behavioural approach in addition to prescribed physical activity for individuals with chronic whiplash-associated disorders: a prospective randomised study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 14, 311.
Publication 2013
Amnesia Diagnosis Diagnosis, Psychiatric Disabled Persons Disorientation Drug Abuse Fracture, Bone Human Body Infection Injuries Malignant Neoplasms Mental Disorders Neck Neck Injuries Neck Pain Operative Surgical Procedures Pain Physical Examination Severity, Pain Spinal Cord Diseases Spinal Cord Neoplasms Traumatic Brain Injury Visual Analog Pain Scale Whiplash Injuries Wounds and Injuries
2
Feasibility of Haptic Robot Training for Chronic Hemiparesis
Cited 6 times
To test the feasibility of this system we tested four subjects with chronic hemiparesis secondary to post stroke. Subjects were selected for the study based on the ability to actively extend the wrist of the hemiparetic limb at least 20° and extend the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints at least 10° which would fulfill or exceed the motor requirements necessary to participate in the lower functioning group of the EXCITE trial [32 ]. Subjects ranged from level 5 to level 7 on the Chedoke McMaster Stroke Arm Impairment Inventory, a seven point ordinal scale with one corresponding to no active or reflexive movement and seven corresponding to rapid isolated against gravity movement. The group ranged from 3 to 6 on the Chedoke McMaster Stroke Hand Impairment Inventory which is scored similarly [33 (link)]. Two subjects demonstrated no upper extremity spasticity and the other two, mild to moderate spasticity as measured by a Physical Therapist using the Modified Ashworth Scale [34 (link)]. All patients were ambulatory without assistive devices and each had intact light touch on the dorsum of their impaired hand. None of the subjects demonstrated behaviors consistent with hemi-sensory inattention or neglect as observed by an experienced physical therapist but these constructs were not tested formally. All of the subjects reported normal or corrected normal visual acuity and no field cuts on their intake history. Table 1 shows clinical and demographic data for the subjects. Subjects 1 and 2 trained 3× / week for three weeks and two of the Subjects 3 and 4 trained 4× / week for two weeks. Subjects were seated perpendicular to the Haptic Master with the robot in its neutral position and the interface knob 5 inches from the midpoint of their clavicle. Combinations of shoulder flexion, elbow extension, and horizontal adduction and abduction motions were trained. They performed 100 repetitions of the Reach-Touch simulation, 99 repetitions of the Cup Placing simulation and fifty repetitions of the Falling Object simulation. This training took about ninety minutes to one hundred and five minutes at the beginning of the training period but as the subjects improved they were able to complete the same number of repetitions in seventy-five minutes. No adverse events or reactions occurred and there were no complaints consistent with cybersickness, such as dizziness, nausea or disorientation [35 ], despite the fact that one of the activities (Reach-Touch) used partially immersive graphics.
Adamovich S., Fluet G.G., Merians A.S., Mathai A, & Qiu Q. (2009). Incorporating haptic effects into three-dimensional virtual environments to train the hemiparetic upper extremity. IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 17(5), 512-520.
Publication 2009
Cerebrovascular Accident Clavicle Disorientation Elbow Gravity Hemiparesis Impairment, Light Touch Sensation Menstruation Disturbances Metacarpophalangeal Joint Movement Muscle Spasticity Nausea Patients Physical Therapist Self-Help Devices Shoulder Submersion Touch Upper Extremity Visual Acuity Wrist
3
Induction of Cerebral Malaria in Mice
Cited 5 times
Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain was stored in Alsever's solution in liquid nitrogen until use. A sample was thawed and 100 μL were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) into a donor mouse of the same age as the experimental group mice. Three days later, blood was collected and 1 × 106 parasitized red blood cells (pRBC) were inoculated i.p. into each animal of the experimental group. Thin blood smears were daily made with a blood drop collected from the tip of the tail, stained according to the Panoptic method (Laborclin, Brazil) and examined under a light microscope (BH2, Olympus: Melville, New York, USA) with an oil immersion lens (1,000× final magnification). Parasitaemia levels were measured by counting the percentage of pRBC in at least 2,000 RBC. Mice were observed three times a day and CM diagnosis was made based on presentation of neurological clinical signs (ataxia, disorientation, paraplegia, roll-over and coma) on days 5 - 12 post-infection.
Martins Y.C., Werneck G.L., Carvalho L.J., Silva B.P., Andrade B.G., Souza T.M., Souza D.O, & Daniel-Ribeiro C.T. (2010). Algorithms to predict cerebral malaria in murine models using the SHIRPA protocol. Malaria Journal, 9, 85.
Publication 2010
Animals, Laboratory Ataxia BLOOD Comatose Diagnosis Disorientation Infection Lens, Crystalline Light Microscopy Mus Nitrogen Paraplegia Parasitemia Plasmodium berghei Staining Strains Submersion Tail Tissue Donors
4
Persistent Post-Traumatic Headache After Mild TBI
Cited 3 times
The diagnosis of persistent PTH attributed to mild TBI was established by a trained locum doctor (AI) using a semi-structured interview and made in accordance with the ICHD-3 criteria for persistent headache attributed to mild traumatic injury to the head [8 (link)]. Table 1 sets out the ICHD-3 criteria for mild traumatic injury to the head. Other inclusion criteria for individuals with persistent PTH were: 1) mild TBI to have occurred at least 12 months prior to study participation and 2) age between 18 and 65 years. Exclusion criteria were 1) any history of primary headache disorder (except infrequent TTH), 2) any history of whiplash injury or more than one TBI, 3) pregnant or nursing women, 4) cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease, 5) pre-trauma psychiatric disorder (unless well-regulated), and 6) medication-overuse headache. To ensure eligibility for inclusion, medical records were reviewed to cross-check for any formal medical or psychiatric diagnosis. Moreover, we required no intake of analgesics within 24 h of study participation because study participants were scheduled for functional magnetic resonance imaging and blood sampling as part of the larger parental study. Some of the data from the larger parental study have been published elsewhere [5 (link), 11 (link), 12 (link)].

Diagnostic criteria for mild traumatic injury to the head.a

Mild traumatic injury to the head
Injury to the head fulfilling both of the following:
1. Associated with none of the following:
 Loss of consciousness for > 30 min
 Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score < 13
 Post-traumatic amnesia lasting > 24 h1
 Altered level of awareness for > 24 h
 Imaging evidence of a traumatic head injury such as skull fracture, intracranial haemorrhage and/or brain contusion
2. Associated with one or more of the following symptoms and/or signs
 transient confusion, disorientation or impaired consciousness
 loss of memory for events immediately before or after the head injury
 two or more of the following symptoms suggestive of mild traumatic brain injury:
  nausea
  vomiting
  visual disturbances
  dizziness and/or vertigo
  gait and/or postural imbalance
  impaired memory and/or concentration

aDiagnostic criteria are from the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (ICHD-3), [8 (link)]

Inclusion criteria for healthy controls were 1) age between 18 and 65 years, 2) no history of known head trauma or whiplash injury, 3) no history of primary headache disorder (except infrequent episodic TTH), 4) no first-degree relatives with primary headache disorder, 5) no daily intake of medicine other than oral contraceptives, 6) no history of neurological or psychological disorders, 7) no history of structural heart disease. An in-person structured interview was performed by a trained locum doctor (AI) to determine study eligibility. Medical records were reviewed to cross-check for any formal medical or psychiatric diagnosis.
Ashina H., Al-Khazali H.M., Iljazi A., Ashina S., Amin F.M., Lipton R.B, & Schytz H.W. (2021). Psychiatric and cognitive comorbidities of persistent post-traumatic headache attributed to mild traumatic brain injury. The Journal of Headache and Pain, 22(1), 83.
Publication 2021
Amnesia Analgesic Overuse Headache Analgesics Awareness Brain Cardiovascular System Cerebrovascular Disorders Contraceptives, Oral Craniocerebral Trauma Diagnosis Diagnosis, Psychiatric Disorientation Eligibility Determination Head Headache Headache Disorders Headache Disorders, Primary Heart Diseases Injuries Intracranial Hemorrhage Memory Memory Deficits Mental Disorders Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Nausea Parent Pharmaceutical Preparations Physicians Skull Fractures Transients Vertigo Whiplash Injuries Woman Wounds and Injuries
5
Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Study
Cited 3 times
Participants were recruited from the Emergency Departments at Nationwide Children’s Hospital in Columbus, Ohio and Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital in Cleveland, Ohio. All children aged from 8 to 15 years who presented for evaluation of blunt-head trauma or orthopedic injury (OI) were screened to determine whether they met the criteria for participation.
Children were considered to have mild TBI if their injury was associated with any of the following: an observed LOC; a GCS score of 13 or 14; or 2 or more acute signs or symptoms of concussion as noted by Emergency Department personnel. Acute symptoms included posttraumatic amnesia, vomiting, nausea, headache, diplopia, dizziness, disorientation, or any other indications of mental status change (ie, dazed, foggy, slow to respond, lethargic, confused, sleepy). Children were not eligible if they demonstrated an LOC lasting more than 30 minutes, any GCS score of less than 13, any delayed neurological deterioration (ie, a decline in GCS score to below 13 following admission or any emergent neurosurgical intervention), or any medical contraindication to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Children were not required to have undergone a computed tomographic scan to be eligible to participate. Children who had an acute computed tomographic scan were not excluded from the study if they demonstrated intracranial lesions or skull fractures, as long as they did not require neurosurgical intervention.
Children with OI were eligible to participate if they presented with fractures to the upper or lower extremities with an Abbreviated Injury Severity15 score no higher than 3. Children were not eligible if they displayed any evidence of a head trauma or symptoms of concussion.
General exclusion criteria applying to both groups included any associated injury with an Abbreviated Injury Severity score greater than 3; any surgical interventions; previous head injury requiring medical treatment; history of severe psychiatric illness resulting in hospitalization; premorbid neurological disorders or mental retardation; hypoxia, hypertension, or shock during or following the injury; injury resulting from child abuse or assault; or injuries that would interfere with neuropsychological testing (eg, fracture of preferred upper extremity).
Moran L.M., Taylor H.G., Rusin J., Bangert B., Dietrich A., Nuss K.E., Wright M, & Yeates K.O. (2011). Do Postconcussive Symptoms Discriminate Injury Severity in Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury?. The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation, 26(5), 348-354.
Publication 2011
Abuse, Child Amnesia Brain Concussion Child Craniocerebral Trauma Disorientation Fog Fracture, Bone Headache Head Injury, Blunt High Blood Pressures Hospitalization Hypoxia Infant Injuries Intellectual Disability Leg Injuries Lethargy Mental Disorders Nausea Nervous System Disorder Neurosurgical Procedures Operative Surgical Procedures Radionuclide Imaging Respiratory Diaphragm Shock Skull Fractures Somnolence Upper Extremity X-Ray Computed Tomography

Most recents protocols related to «Disorientation»

1
Honey bee stinging behavior experiments
Honey bee foragers were collected from various colonies of Apis mellifera ligustica, located in Rovereto, Italy from September 2019 to November 2019 and July 2020 to August 2020. The colonies were freely foraging and underwent routine beekeeping inspections during the entire period of the experiments. An equal number of bees from different colonies were included in the behavioural experiments. The bees were caught on sunny and cloudy days (but not on rainy days) in two rounds (around 10:30 AM or 14:00 PM).
Foragers were collected using a plastic container as they exited the hives, and they were brought back inside the lab and placed in an icebox. When the bees were motionless, they were placed in pairs into 50 ml centrifuge tubes modified into syringes. Two droplets of sucrose solution (50% sucrose water, vol/vol) were placed into the tube after the bees recovered completely. All honey bees were allowed to recover for at least 15 min (up to ~ 1 h for the last bees) before being tested in the set-up investigating stinging behaviour. If one or both bees showed signs of poor recovery when put in the setup (difficulty to hold upside down, disorientation and/or lethargic walk) the whole trial was excluded from further analysis. All the materials used to contain the bees were washed and cleaned with 80% ethanol, before the next use.
In total, 288 bees participated in the behavioural experiments, equally distributed between the 6 odour conditions (hence a sample size of 48 bees per group). This sample size was chosen based on previous studies19 (link),59 (link).
Scarano F., Deivarajan Suresh M., Tiraboschi E., Cabirol A., Nouvian M., Nowotny T, & Haase A. (2023). Geosmin suppresses defensive behaviour and elicits unusual neural responses in honey bees. Scientific Reports, 13, 3851.
Publication 2023
Apis Bees Disorientation Ethanol Honey Lanugo Lethargy Odors Rain Sucrose Syringes Urticaria
2
COVID-19 Pneumonia Severity Study
This was a prospective study performed at San Raffaele University Hospital, a tertiary healthcare center in Milan, Italy. The study protocol complies with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the hospital ethics committee (protocol ABIO/NC/03 no. 367/2020). Signed informed consent was obtained from all patients participating in this study. Adult patients (age ≥18 years) admitted to San Raffaele University Hospital for COVID-19 from March to June 2021 were evaluated for the enrollment in the study. Confirmed COVID-19 was defined as positive real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction from a nasal and/or throat swab together with signs, symptoms, and/or radiological findings suggestive of COVID-19 pneumonia. Patients admitted for other reasons and subsequently diagnosed with superimposed SARS-CoV-2 infection were excluded.
At first admission in-hospital emergency department (ED), before performing any biochemical or radiological evaluations, patients were consecutively enrolled in a matched for age, sex and comorbidities 1:1 ratio based on the presence or not of clinical signs of pneumonia and respiratory-distress (i.e., detection of at least two of the following signs and symptoms of lower respiratory disease longer than seven days [dry cough (YES/NO); shortness of breath (YES/NO); wheezing (YES/NO); chest pain or tightness (YES/NO)], general status impairment [confusion (YES/NO), disorientation (YES/NO)], fever (tympanic temperature >38 °C) longer than five days [YES/NO], pulse oximetric saturation of oxygen SpO2 < 90% on room air [YES, NO], respiratory frequency >30 breaths/min [YES, NO]) defining those with severe and non-severe disease [39 (link)]. This differentiation was confirmed by subsequent biochemical and radiological examinations (chest X-rays and/or CT scan) performed during the same day. Control matched subjects were enrolled from the outpatient Endocrinology Unit of the same hospital during the same time-period. The study design and the enrollment flow chart are summarized in Fig. 1.

Study design and enrollment flow chart

di Filippo L., Uygur M., Locatelli M., Nannipieri F., Frara S, & Giustina A. (2023). Low vitamin D levels predict outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with both severe and non-severe disease at hospitalization. Endocrine, 80(3), 669-683.
Publication 2023
Adult Chest Pain Cough COVID 19 Disorientation Dyspnea Emergencies Ethics Committees, Clinical Fever Nose Outpatients Oximetry, Pulse Oxygen Saturation Patients Pharynx Pneumonia Radiography, Thoracic Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Respiration Disorders Respiratory Rate RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase Saturation of Peripheral Oxygen Signs and Symptoms, Respiratory System, Endocrine Tympanic Cavity X-Ray Computed Tomography X-Rays, Diagnostic
3
Classifying Neurological Symptoms in Research
We categorized symptoms as focal only or nonfocal/mixed. Focal neurologic symptoms included any motor, sensory, vision, or speech (aphasia or dysarthria) deficits. Nonfocal symptoms included the migration of symptoms that took longer than 2 minutes, symptoms affected by changes in head position, headache, neck pain, photophobia, eyelid droop, vertigo, unsteady gait, nausea, vomiting, feeling drunk, confusion, disorientation, difficulty concentrating, visuospatial difficulties, amnesia, fatigue, dizziness, involuntary movement, anxiety, or cardiac symptoms (shortness of breath, chest pain, palpitations, syncope, or presyncope). Symptoms were ascertained by study coordinators and investigators at the time of enrollment. A stroke neurologist documented whether the new neurological deficit had resolved on detailed examination.
Joundi R.A., Yu A.Y., Smith E.E., Zerna C., Penn A.M., Balshaw R.F., Votova K., Bibok M.B., Penn M., Saly V., Hegedus J, & Coutts S.B. (2023). Association Between Duration of Transient Neurological Events and Diffusion‐Weighted Brain Lesions. Journal of the American Heart Association: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease, 12(3), e027861.
Publication 2023
Alcoholic Intoxication Amnesia Anxiety Aphasia Blepharoptosis Cerebrovascular Accident Chest Pain Disorientation Dysarthria Dyspnea Fatigue Head Headache Heart Involuntary Movements Nausea Neck Pain Neurologic Symptoms Neurologists Photophobia Presyncope Speech Syncope Vertigo Vision
4
Simulator Sickness Questionnaire Protocol
The SSQ is widely used in VR research to assess users’ level of sickness symptoms based on subjective severity ratings of 16 symptoms on a scale from 0 (no perception) to 3 (severe perception) after the exposure [31 (link)]. The ratings for individual symptoms are divided into three non-exclusive categories that represent symptoms of nausea (N), oculomotor disturbance (O), and disorientation (D). The formulas dictate that the sum of nausea, oculomotor disturbance and disorientation, are multiply by the scaling factors 9.54, 7.58 and 13.92, respectively [31 (link)]. While the total simulator sickness score (TS) is computed by multiplying the sum of each category by the scaling factor 3.74. Therefore, a SSQ total scores above 20 is considered “bad” [32 ]. Similar thresholds can be assumed for the sub-scales nausea, oculomotor disturbance, and disorientation as the scaling factors were chosen to produce scales with similar variations [31 (link)].
Rojo A., Castrillo A., López C., Perea L., Alnajjar F., Moreno J.C, & Raya R. (2023). PedaleoVR: Usability study of a virtual reality application for cycling exercise in patients with lower limb disorders and elderly people. PLOS ONE, 18(2), e0280743.
Publication 2023
Diet, Formula Disorientation Factor IX Nausea
5
Visual Fatigue and Motion Sickness Assessment
Dependent variables included the CFF values, EEG relative power indices, and SSQ scores. In this study, the CFF value and EEG relative power indices were used to measure the severity of visual fatigue and recovery from visual fatigue. CFF values were collected for both eyes, and the mean value of three ascending trials (flicker-to-fusion trial) and three descending trials (fusion-to-flicker trial) was used as the CFF value [13 (link)].
After completing the visual tasks and during rest, EEG signals were measured. EEG Ag/AgCl electrodes were attached to specific locations on each participant’s scalp. The exploring electrodes were located over the left occipital lobe (O1) and right occipital lobe (O2); the reference electrodes were located on the prominent bone just behind the left ear (A1) and that just behind the right ear (A2). The electrode locations were based on the international 10–20 system [16 ]. EEG signals were monitored at 1024 Hz, and raw data were processed using the BioTrace+ software with an IIR bandpass filter. Prior to data processing, a 60 Hz notch filter was applied to remove environmental artifacts [15 (link)]. With respect to the EEG signals, relative power indices, α, β, θ, θ/α, and β/α, were used as dependent variables for subsequent analyses.
The SSQ scores, comprising 16 symptoms that reflect the severity of visually induced motion sickness (VIMS), were used in this study to measure VIMS severity and recovery. Participants rated each SSQ item on a 4-point Likert scale (0 = not at all, 1 = slight, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe) [22 (link)]. Kennedy et al. [22 (link)] indicated that the total severity score is obtained by adding each SSQ item scale multiplied by the weighted score of nausea, oculomotor symptoms, and disorientation, as presented in Table 1.
Hsiao C.Y., Kuo C.C., Liou Y.A, & Wang M.J. (2023). Determining Work-Rest Schedules for Visual Tasks That Use Optical Head-Mounted Displays Based on Visual Fatigue and Visually Induced Motion Sickness Recovery. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 1880.
Publication 2023
Asthenopia Bones Disorientation Eye Flicker Fusion Nausea Occipital Lobe Scalp

Top products related to «Disorientation»

1
Paraformaldehyde 4 by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, France, Germany
Paraformaldehyde 4% is a chemical compound that is commonly used in laboratory settings. It is a powdery solid that is soluble in water and other polar solvents. The core function of Paraformaldehyde 4% is to serve as a fixative, which is a substance used to preserve the structure and composition of biological samples for analysis and observation.
2
Mesocricetus auratus by Charles River Laboratories
Sourced in United States, China, Germany
Mesocricetus auratus, commonly known as the golden hamster, is a small rodent species that is commonly used in laboratory research. The species originates from Syria and is known for its distinctive golden-brown fur. Mesocricetus auratus is a versatile laboratory animal that can be used for a variety of research applications.
3
Supra 25 by Zeiss
Sourced in Germany
The Zeiss Supra 25 is a high-performance scanning electron microscope (SEM) designed for advanced materials analysis and characterization. It features a field emission electron source, high-resolution imaging capabilities, and a range of analytical techniques for studying the surface and composition of a variety of samples.
4
Element ht5 by Heska
Sourced in United States
The Element HT5 is a compact and versatile hematology analyzer designed for in-clinic use. It provides fast and accurate complete blood count (CBC) results, including key parameters such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The Element HT5 utilizes advanced technology to deliver reliable and consistent performance.
5
S 4700 by Hitachi
Sourced in Japan, United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Canada
The S-4700 is a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) manufactured by Hitachi. It provides high-resolution imaging and analytical capabilities for a wide range of applications. The S-4700 utilizes a field emission electron source to produce a stable, high-brightness electron beam, enabling high-resolution imaging of samples.
6
Fluorview fv300 laser scanning confocal microscope by Olympus
Sourced in Japan
The Olympus Fluorview FV300 is a laser scanning confocal microscope. It is designed for high-resolution imaging of fluorescently labeled samples. The system utilizes multiple laser lines and high-sensitivity detectors to capture detailed images of biological specimens.

More about "Disorientation"

Disorientation, also known as confusion or disarray, refers to the inability to accurately perceive one's surroundings, location, or time.
This derangement of cognitive function can result from various underlying conditions, such as neurological disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease), sensory impairments (e.g., vision or hearing loss), or environmental factors (e.g., traumatic brain injury, drug interactions, or sleep deprivation).
Disorientation may manifest as confusion about one's whereabouts, difficulty recognizing familiar places, or a distorted sense of time.
Proper assessment and identification of the underlying cause is crucial for effective management and treatment of disorientation.
Researchers studying disorientation can utilize a variety of tools and methodologies, such as the Fluorview FV300 laser scanning confocal microscope, to better understand its etiology, symptoms, and impact on patient outcomes.
Techniques like paraformaldehyde 4% fixation and Mesocricetus auratus (golden hamster) models may provide insights into the neurological mechanisms underlying disorientation.
Additionally, novel technologies like Supra 25 and Element HT5 can aid in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for disorientation.
By leveraging these resources and techniques, researchers can work towards improving the assessment, management, and overall understanding of this complex cognitive impairment.