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> Disorders > Sign or Symptom > Dry Eye

Dry Eye

Dry eye is a multifactorial condition characterized by a lack of adequate tear production or excessive tear evaporation, leading to discomfort, visual disturbances, and potential damage to the ocular surface.
This disorder can have various underlying causes, such as aging, medication side effects, environmental factors, and autoimmune diseases.
Symtptoms may include irritation, redness, and a gritty or sandy sensation in the eyes.
Effective management of dry eye requires a comprehensive approach, including the use of artificial tears, anti-inflammatory medications, and addressing the underlying causes.
Ongoing research continues to expand our understanding of this complex condition and explore novel treatment strategies to improve the quality of life for those affected.

Most cited protocols related to «Dry Eye»

1
Developing New Sjögren's Syndrome Criteria
Cited 155 times
Three prospective cohorts of individuals with signs and symptoms suggestive of SS have been recruited over the past 10 years by teams who are now members of the International SS Criteria Working Group. These include 1) the SICCA cohort, comprised of 3514 participants (including 1578 individuals who meet the ACR classification criteria for pSS) recruited from Argentina, China, Denmark, India, Japan, the UK and the USA (co-principal investigators (PIs): C. Shiboski and L. Criswell, at the University of California San Francisco); 2) the Paris-Sud cohort that includes 1011 participants (including 440 individuals who meet the AECG criteria for pSS) recruited in Paris, France (PI: X. Mariette at Paris-Sud University, Bicêtre hospital in Paris); and 3) the OMRF cohort, that includes 837 participants (including 279 individuals who meet the AECG criteria for pSS) evaluated at either the Sjögren’s Research Clinic at OMRF or the Sjögren’s Clinic in the University of Minnesota (PI: K. Sivils,OMRF).
These cohorts share several key characteristics that make them appropriate for criteria development: Inclusion criteria required that participants have signs and symptoms suggestive of SS, warranting a comprehensive work-up by a multi-disciplinary team of SS clinicians. In addition to symptom-related data, objective tests with respect to oral, ocular, and systemic/serological endpoints had been collected using similar procedures:

Oral tests: labial salivary gland (LSG) biopsy to identify focal lymphocytic sialadenitis (FLS) and focus score (FS)(26 (link)); UWS flow rates.(27 (link), 28 (link))

Ocular tests: OSS using lissamine green and fluorescein, and other ocular tests such as Schirmer test and tear break-up time. For the ocular staining test, the Paris-Sud cohort used the VBS,(29 (link)) while SICCA used the OSS,(30 (link)) and OMRF used both. The Paris-Sud cohort also used fluorescein and collected data on the individual OSS components, so it could be computed subsequently. Thus data from the Paris-Sud and OMRF cohorts could be analyzed to establish a conversion algorithm between both scores as follows: for lower scores, 1–3, the VBS was equal to the OSS, but VBS of 4, 5, or 6 were equivalent to OSS scores of 5, 6, or 7, respectively. For the clinical vignettes, the ocular staining test was expressed as the OSS ranging from 0 to 7 and above. A group of four ophthalmologists from France, the US, and the UK formed an ad-hoc working group that interpreted the analyses performed on the Paris-Sud data (ML and TML) and on the OMRF data (AR). Together, they derived the conversion algorithm between the OSS and the VBS described above. In addition, since the VBS of 4 (previously used in the AECG criteria) was equivalent to an OSS of 5, the group agreed to modify the OSS threshold to 5 in the new criteria set. This threshold has also been shown, as part of subsequent analyses of the SICCA data, to be more specific for diagnostic purposes than the previous score of 3 (data not shown).

Serological assays: including anti-SSA/B(Ro/La), ANA titers, RF, IgG, presence of complement C3 and C4.

Cohort PIs were each asked to provide a dataset that consisted of a random sample of 400 individuals with equal numbers of pSS cases and non-cases (using their own diagnostic definition), and without revealing case status in the dataset. The combined datasets thus comprised 1200 individuals with well-characterized data on the phenotypic features of SS. Clinical vignettes describing each individual’s relevant features in text form were computer-generated using a program written in R version 3.2.(31 ) Vignettes described each individual with respect to age, gender, reported symptoms, clinical signs, and provided test results including ANA titers, RF, IgG, C3, C4, anti-SSA(Ro), anti-SSB(La), OSS for each eye, Schirmer for each eye, whether or not the LSG biopsy revealed FLS, and a FS (supplemental Figure 1). Ocular symptoms were defined according to the AECG definition, as a positive response to at least one of the following questions: 1) Have you had daily, persistent, troublesome dry eyes for more than 3 months? 2) Do you have a recurrent sensation of sand or gravel in the eyes? 3) Do you use tear substitutes more than 3 times a day? Oral symptoms were defined as a positive response to at least one of the following questions: 1) Have you had a daily feeling of dry mouth for more than 3 months? 2) Do you frequently drink liquids to aid in swallowing dry food?
Shiboski C.H., Shiboski S.C., Seror R., Criswell L.A., Labetoulle M., Lietman T.M., Rasmussen A., Scofield H., Vitali C., Bowman S.J, & Mariette X. (2016). 2016 ACR-EULAR Classification Criteria for primary Sjögren’s Syndrome: A Consensus and Data-Driven Methodology Involving Three International Patient Cohorts. Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.), 69(1), 35-45.
Publication 2016
Biological Assay Biopsy Complement 3 Diagnosis Dry Eye Eye Fluorescein Food Gender Lip Lymphocyte Ophthalmologists Phenotype Salivary Glands Sialadenitis Tears Vision Xerostomia
2
SICCA Registry Enrollment Criteria
Cited 36 times
The participants in the SICCA cohort have been enrolled since 2004 at five collaborating academically-based research groups, located in Argentina, China, Denmark, Japan and the United States, and directed from the University of California, San Francisco (12 (link)) (Table 1). Subsequently, additional research groups joined the SICCA project: in 2007, from the United Kingdom and in 2009, from India and two additional sites in the United States.
To be eligible for the SICCA registry, participants must be at least 21 years of age and have at least one of the following: symptoms of dry eyes or dry mouth; a previous suspicion or diagnosis of SS; elevated serum antinuclear antibodies (ANA), positive rheumatoid factor (RF), or anti-SSA/B; bilateral parotid enlargement in a clinical setting of SS; a recent increase in dental caries; or have diagnoses of rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus and any of the above. The rationale for these eligibility criteria is that only patients with such characteristics would be evaluated for SS or considered for enrollment in a clinical trial designed to evaluate a potential therapeutic agent for SS. Therefore our classification criteria target individuals with signs and symptoms that may be suggestive of SS, not the general population.
Participants are recruited through local or national SS patient support groups, healthcare providers, public media, and populations served by all nine SICCA research groups. Exclusion criteria include known diagnoses of: hepatitis C, HIV, sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, active tuberculosis, graft versus host disease, autoimmune connective tissue diseases other than rheumatoid arthritis or lupus; past head and neck radiation treatment; current treatment with daily eye drops for glaucoma; corneal surgery in the last 5 years to correct vision; cosmetic eyelid surgery in the last 5 years; or physical or mental condition interfering with successful participation in the study. Contact lens wearers are asked to discontinue wear for 7 days before the SICCA examination. We do not exclude participants taking prescription drugs that may affect salivary or lacrimal secretion, but record their use and all other medications currently taken.
Shiboski S., Shiboski C., Criswell L., Baer A., Challacombe S., Lanfranchi H., Schiødt M., Umehara H., Vivino F., Zhao Y., Dong Y., Greenspan D., Heidenreich A., Helin P., Kirkham B., Kitagawa K., Larkin G., Li M., Lietman T., Lindegaard J., McNamara N., Sack K., Shirlaw P., Sugai S., Vollenweider C., Whitcher J., Wu A., Zhang S., Zhang W., Greenspan J, & Daniels T. (2012). American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for Sjögren’s Syndrome: A Data-Driven, Expert Consensus Approach in the SICCA Cohort. Arthritis care & research, 64(4), 475-487.
Publication 2012
Administration, Ophthalmic Amyloidosis Antibodies, Antinuclear Connective Tissue Diseases Contact Lenses Cornea Dental Caries Diagnosis Dry Eye Eligibility Determination Eyelids Glaucoma Graft-vs-Host Disease Head Health Personnel Hepatitis C virus Hypertrophy Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic Lupus Vulgaris Neck Operative Surgical Procedures Parotid Gland Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Physical Examination Prescription Drugs Radiotherapy Rheumatoid Arthritis Rheumatoid Factor Sarcoidosis secretion Serum Therapeutics Tuberculosis Vision Xerostomia
3
Validated Dry Eye Questionnaires Review
Cited 19 times
A systematic review of the literature was performed at the University of North Carolina in March 2013, to determine the validated, reliable dry eye questionnaires with QOL measures that are currently available for clinicians and researchers to use. Because of the FDA’s recent emphasis on proper PRO development, a “validated, reliable dry eye questionnaire with QOL measures” was defined as a questionnaire that is disease specific, has undergone validity and reliability testing (including test–retest reliability) in a DED population, includes QOL measures, and has been developed and tested in the English language. This review was not externally funded.
Grubbs JR J.r., Tolleson-Rinehart S., Huynh K, & Davis R.M. (2014). A Review of Quality of Life Measures in Dry Eye Questionnaires. Cornea, 33(2), 215-218.
Publication 2014
Dry Eye
4
SICCA Registry: Standardized Protocols
Cited 14 times
In the SICCA registry, examinations and specimen collections are performed by following standardized operating procedures (SOP) that are identical and consistently applied across all six research sites. Adherence to the SOP is ensured by ongoing specimen examination and quality assurance site visits. Eligibility criteria for enrollment require that a participant be at least 21 years of age and have at least one of the following: a complaint of dry eyes or dry mouth; a previous suspicion or diagnosis of SS; elevated serum ANA, RF, SS-A, or SS-B; bilateral parotid enlargement in the clinical setting of SS; a recent increase in dental caries; or a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus and possible secondary SS (1 ). The present analysis is based on a cohort of participants who had been enrolled in the SICCA registry and for whom biopsy results and all other data were available for analysis as of September 20, 2010. Informed consent was in compliance with the Helsinki Declaration and the study was approved by the University of California, San Francisco Committee on Human Research. Additional reviews and approvals were provided by local Institutional Review Boards at each of the institutions listed on the title page.
Daniels T.E., Cox D., Shiboski C.H., Schiødt M., Wu A., Lanfranchi H., Umehara H., Zhao Y., Challacombe S., Lam M.Y., DeSouza Y., Schiødt J., Holm H., Bisio P.A., Gandolfo M.S., Sawaki T., Li M., Zhang W., Varghese-Jacob B., Ibsen P., Keszler A., Kurose N., Nojima T., Odell E., Criswell L.A., Jordan R, & Greenspan J.S. (2011). Associations between salivary gland histopathologic diagnoses and phenotypic features of Sjögren’s Syndrome (SS) among 1726 registry participants. Arthritis and rheumatism, 63(7), 2021-2030.
Publication 2011
Biopsy Dental Caries Diagnosis Dry Eye Eligibility Determination Ethics Committees, Research Homo sapiens Hypertrophy Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic Parotid Gland Physical Examination Rheumatoid Arthritis Serum Specimen Collection Xerostomia
5
Prospective Evaluation of Ocular Neuropathic Pain
Cited 13 times
Patients with normal eyelid and corneal anatomy were prospectively recruited from the Miami Veterans Affairs (VA) Healthcare System eye clinic between October 2013 and October 2017. Patients with scheduled appointments for regular check-ups, for new symptoms related to the eye, or for follow-up appointments, regardless of DE diagnosis, were included as potential participants.
Patients were excluded from participation if they had risk factors accounting for their dry eye symptoms, including: contact lens use, use of ocular medications other than artificial tears, history of refractive surgery, HIV, sarcoidosis, graft-versus host disease or a collagen vascular disease, presence of an active external ocular process, cataract surgery within the last 6 months, history of any glaucoma, or retinal surgery. Participants who did not speak and understand English well were also excluded. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects. Miami VA Institution Review Board approval was obtained to allow the prospective evaluation of subjects. The study was conducted in accordance to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and complied with the requirements of the United States Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act.
In the original NPSI validation paper [8 (link)], the authors included only individuals with at least moderate levels of pain severity (visual analogue scale scores of ≥ 30mm out of 100mm), and for whom pain was due to peripheral or central nervous system injury as indicated by clinical history, laboratory data, and/or imaging. For ocular pain, there is currently no gold standard method to diagnose neuropathic ocular pain nor to verify ocular nervous system lesion. As such, in this paper, we took an inclusive approach, in order to provide a wide range of NPSI scores, and analyzed data from all individuals with reported eye pain, defined as a Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) score of ≥ 1 for average eye pain intensity during the past week.
Farhangi M., Feuer W., Galor A., Bouhassira D., Levitt R.C., Sarantopoulos C.D, & Felix E.R. (2019). Modification of the Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory for use in eye pain (NPSI-Eye). Pain, 160(7), 1541-1550.
Publication 2019
Blood Vessel Cataract Extraction Collagen Collagen Diseases Contact Lenses Cornea Diagnosis Dry Eye Ethics Committees, Research Eyelids Glaucoma Gold Graft-vs-Host Disease Inclusion Bodies Lubricant Eye Drops Neuralgia Operative Surgical Procedures Pain Pain, Eye Patient Appointments Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Retina Sarcoidosis Severity, Pain Surgeries, Refractive Systems, Nervous Trauma, Nervous System Vascular Diseases Veterans Vision Visual Analog Pain Scale

Most recents protocols related to «Dry Eye»

1
Corneal Biomechanics in Moderate-Severe OSAS
In this prospective, cross-sectional, and comparative investigation, 64 right eyes of 64 participants were evaluated at The University, Medical Faculty, Department of Ophthalmology. The University-Local Ethics Committee approved the study protocol (Protokol Number; 2016-58-09.03). The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and all of the participants provided written informed consent.
The study groups were selected from patients who have been diagnosed with OSAS by PSG in the Sleep Disorder Laboratory of the Department of Thoracic Medicine but have not yet been treated. The control group was selected from healthy volunteers who applied to the ophthalmology outpatient clinic with presbyopic complaints. Both the Berlin questionnaire (9 (link)) was applied and a complete physical examination was performed by a thoracic medicine specialist (FE) to the participants to be included in the control group to exclude possible OSAS cases. The subjects who had a total score of <2 in the Berlin questionnaire and had no additional ocular and systemic diseases except controlled HT were included in the control group.
The patients who were <18 years old, who had any corneal diseases, ocular diseases requires continued medication (diseases such as glaucoma, uveitis, dry eyes, etc.), previous operation history of the eye in the past 6 months, contact lens use within last 4 weeks, the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) <20/30 with spherical and cylindrical refraction exceeding ±3 diopter were excluded from the study. Patients who have systemic diseases that may affect the biomechanics of the cornea, such as Sjögren’s Disease, chronic renal failure, diabetes mellitus (DM), liver diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, rheumatic, and oncological disorders were also excluded from the study.
The study group was selected according to their AHI value. While mild OSAS cases (AHI <15) were excluded, 32 eyes of 32 patients with moderate to severe OSAS (AHI ≥15; number of moderate case=16 and number of severe case=16) were included in the study (Group 1). The control group was determined as “Group 0” and 32 eyes of 32 patients were recruited in Group 0. Only the right eyes of the subjects were evaluated in both groups.
Isik I., Yazgan S., Erboy F, & Dogan M. (2023). Evaluation of Eyelid, Angle, and Anterior Segment Parameters Using Scheimpflug Camera and Topography System in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. Beyoglu Eye Journal, 8(1), 5-13.
Publication 2023
Biomechanical Phenomena Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease Contact Lenses Cornea Corneal Diseases Diabetes Mellitus Dry Eye Eye Faculty, Medical Glaucoma Healthy Volunteers Kidney Failure, Chronic Liver Diseases Neoplasms Ocular Refraction Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Physical Examination Regional Ethics Committees Sleep Sleep Apnea, Obstructive Thoracic Diseases Uveitis Vision Visual Acuity
2
Rheumatologist-Assessed CTD Diagnosis Criteria
A rheumatologist independently evaluated laboratory findings, clinico-radiological data and other necessary examinations and re-assessed the CTD diagnoses. Patients were included in the IIM subgroup if they fulfilled either (I) the probable or definite European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology/American College of Rheumatology (EULAR/ACR) Classification Criteria for Adult and Juvenile Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies and their Major Subgroups (2 (link)), or (II) the Connor’s criteria for ASyS (18 (link)). Other CTD diagnoses were confirmed by using the current International classification criteria of each disease (19 (link)-27 (link)). Eight patients with dry eyes, dry mouth, and Sjögren’s-syndrome-related antigen A/B (SSA/SSB) antibodies were included to SjS subgroup as highly probable SjS, without objective tests for dryness of mouth or eyes, but with multiple signs and symptoms supporting the diagnosis. Twenty-three patients with autoantibodies or clinical features of CTD without meeting the criteria for any specific autoimmune disease were included as UCTD (28 (link)).
Nurmi H.M., Elfving P.K., Kettunen H.P., Suoranta S.K., Järvinen H.M., Kuittinen V.A., Purokivi M.K., Kaarteenaho R.L, & Koskela H.O. (2023). Inflammatory myositis-associated interstitial lung disease can be distinguished from that associated with other connective tissue diseases. Journal of Thoracic Disease, 15(2), 311-322.
Publication 2023
Adult Antibodies Antigens Autoantibodies Autoimmune Diseases Diagnosis Dry Eye Europeans Eye Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies Patients Physical Examination Rheumatologist Syndrome X-Rays, Diagnostic Xerostomia
3
Dry Eye Disease Prevalence Among University Students
An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduate students attending the University of West Indies (UWI), Saint Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago from October 2020 to April 2021. The university has approximately 17,035 students and eight faculties including Medical Sciences, Science and Technology, Engineering, Sports, Humanities and Education, Food and Agriculture, Social Sciences, and the Faculty of Law.35 (link)
All undergraduate students at UWI Saint Augustine campus made up the study population. All undergraduate students attending the UWI Saint Augustine campus who are between the ages of 18–35 years and gave their consent to take part were included as the study population. But the study excluded students who have not stayed up to a semester as UWI students.
Sample size calculated with Raosoft software considering a population of 17,035 and 95% confidence interval with a 5% margin of error using the formula below: x=Z(c/100)2r(100-r) n=N x/((N-1)E2 + x) E=Sqrt[(N - n) x/n(N-1)] Where n is the sample size, E is the margin of error, N is the population size, r is the fraction of responses that you are interested in, and Z(c/100) is the critical value for the confidence level c. Using the above formula, the calculated sample size was 376. By considering a 10% non-response rate, it increased the final sample size to 415.
The list of all registered students was picked up from the university database and labeled according to their faculties. Google random number generator (https://stattrek.com/statistics/random-number-generator.aspx), was used to select 415 study participants.
Though the gold standard diagnostic test is debatable, the symptom questionnaire is the most repeatable diagnostic test. There are various questionnaires for the diagnosis of SDED. But, the ocular surface disease index (OSDI) is the best-validated standard questionnaire with 12 questions, having high sensitivity (80%), specificity (79%), and reliability (>0.7 by Cronbach’s α) for discriminating patients with and without SDED.36 The standard OSDI questionnaire was adapted by incorporating factors that affect SDED after the literature review.3 (link),37–42 (link) The questionnaire was divided into three sections: the first evaluated the frequency of symptoms; the second evaluated the effect of symptoms on daily tasks; and the third evaluated the effect of environmental factors, such as windy conditions and air conditioning. The scores on the three sections were summed up to get the final OSDI score (sum of the 12 questions multiplied by 25 and divided by 12), which ranged from 0 to 100, with higher values indicating symptom severity. Symptomatic dry eye was defined as an OSDI score ≥13.43 (link) Because of Covid-19 pandemic restrictions, online data collection was the method used to collect data. The student’s contact was obtained from the university database. Consent sheets and questionnaire forms were sent out to those students with their email. Following getting the consent email, research investigators sent the questionnaire link to each student.
The dependent variable was symptomatic dry eye disease and explanatory variables were age, sex, ethnicity, previous ocular surgery, refractive error, smoking, total VDU use hour per day, consistent near work, use of systemic medications, an omega-3 supplement, family history of dry eye, education about dry eye and protective cover of VDUs.
Collected data downloaded from browsers and checked for completeness and consistency before merging with Microsoft Excel 2010. Finally, merged data was exported to SPSS version 20.0, to clean, code, and analyzed. The prevalence of symptomatic dry eye with 95% confidence interval (CI) was determined by using the OSDI score. Descriptive components summarized were frequency, percent, and summary statistics. Binary logistic regression model was fitted and variables with a p-value less than 0.2 with bi-variable analysis were considered for the multivariable analysis. In multivariable logistic regression, explanatory variables with a value of p < 0.05 were significant. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to determine the magnitude of association. Hosmer–Lemeshow test was used to assess the model fitness.
SDED was defined as symptomatic dry eye disease with OSDI score ≥13.42 (link) VDU use hour was defined as the average continuous hours of visual display unit use like a computer, television, and smartphones per day.20 (link),21 (link) Current smoking was defined as a daily smoker who smokes any tobacco product at least once a day within the last week.39 (link) Previous ocular surgery was defined as a history of ocular surgery within the last 1 year.44
Ethical approval was obtained from the University of the West Indies, Saint Augustine campus, Research and Ethics Committee (Registration number: CREC-SA.0721/01/2021). The study followed the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Ezinne N., Alemu H.W., Cheklie T., Ekemiri K., Mohammed R, & James S. (2023). High Prevalence of Symptomatic Dry Eye Disease Among University Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic in University of West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago. Clinical Optometry, 15, 37-43.
Publication 2023
COVID 19 Diagnosis Dietary Supplements Dry Eye Dry Eye Syndromes Ethics Committees Ethnicity Faculty Flatulence Food Gold Hypersensitivity Omega-3 Fatty Acids Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Refractive Errors Smoke Student Tests, Diagnostic Tobacco Products Vision Z-100
4
Multimodal Imaging of Ocular Microstents
All imaging was performed under general anesthesia as already described above. OCT (SOCT Copernicus; OPTOPOL Technology S.A., Zawiercie, Poland; wavelength 840 nm, axial resolution 6 µm, and transversal resolution of 12–18 µm) was performed bilaterally on all rabbit eyes. To visualize the iridocorneal angle, including the inflow area of the implanted microstent in case of operated eyes, the animals were positioned upright in front of the device and the eye was opened by a lid speculum for OCT examination. OCT was carried out 2 weeks as well as 4 weeks after surgery and then subsequently every 4 weeks until the end of the study to evaluate the correct position of the implants and to detect implant dislocations at an early stage.
MRI of the microstents was performed with an ultrahigh field small animal MR scanner (7 Tesla, BioSpec 70/30 USR, gradient: BGA 20S, gradient strength: 200 mT/m, Bruker BioSpin MRI GmbH, Bremen, Germany) equipped with a 152-mm (inner diameter) volume resonator in transmit-only mode, and a 2 × 2 receive-only surface coil in receive mode (both Bruker). Animal eyes were imaged in coronal and sagittal slice orientation using a T2-weighted TurboRARE sequence (TE/TR = 35/4000 ms, rare factor = 8, averages = 1, field of view = 20 × 18.7 mm, matrix = 133 × 125, slice thickness = 1.0 mm, in-plane resolution = 150 µm × 150 µm).
For the MRI measurement, the breathing rate of the rabbits was monitored (Model 1030, SA Instruments Inc., Stony Brook, NY) during the scans. To prevent eyes from drying Vidisic eye gel (Bausch & Lomb Inc., Rochester, NY) was used and the lids were carefully shut. The surface coil was placed proximal to the closed eye. The first MRI was conducted 4 weeks after surgery and subsequently every 4 weeks until the end of the study.
Siewert S., Kischkel S., Brietzke A., Kinzel L., Lindner T., Hinze U., Chichkov B., Schmidt W., Stiehm M., Grabow N., Guthoff R.F., Schmitz K.P, & Stahnke T. (2023). Development of a Novel Valve-Controlled Drug-Elutable Microstent for Microinvasive Glaucoma Surgery: In Vitro and Preclinical In Vivo Studies. Translational Vision Science & Technology, 12(3), 4.
Publication 2023
Animals Calculi Dry Eye General Anesthesia Joint Dislocations Medical Devices Operative Surgical Procedures Oryctolagus cuniculus Rabbits Radionuclide Imaging Respiratory Rate Speculum vidisic
5
Comparative Study of Dry Eye in Alzheimer's Disease
This comparative descriptive study was approved by the Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University’s institutional review board, and the study was conducted and performed in accordance with the ethical standards set out in the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all patients. We recruited the participants with ATD who visited the Cognitive Fitness Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand into the ATD group and age- and sex-matched healthy participants who had normal cognitive status into the control group.
The diagnosis of ATD was made using the 2011 Alzheimer’s disease diagnostic guideline of the National Institutes of Health and the Alzheimer’s Association. All participants in both the ATD and the control group underwent comprehensive examinations including a complete neurological examination, the Thai Mental State Examination (TMSE), which is a Thai version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) developed in 1993 (Supplementary File 1).8 Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in all participants in the ATD group to exclude other neurological disorders. All neuropsychiatric and neurologic evaluations were performed by a single experienced neuropsychiatrist (SH).
Participants in both groups received a complete ophthalmic examination including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), blink rate (times per minute), anterior and posterior segment examination using slit lamp biomicroscopy, tear breakup time (TBUT), ocular surface evaluation using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), and axial length measurement using optical biometry (IOLMaster 500, Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany). We used the criteria of the Asia Dry Eye Society (ADES) to diagnose dry eye.9 (link)
Demographic and clinical data, including medical conditions, were recorded. The exclusion criteria for both groups were: BCVA < 20/200; refractive error > ±4.00 D spherical equivalent; axial length < 22 mm and > 26 mm; IOP >22 mmHg; pre-existing macular pathologies such as age-related macular degeneration, epiretinal membrane or macular hole; other retinopathies such as retinal vascular occlusion or retinal dystrophy; pre-existing ocular diseases such as glaucoma, optic neuropathy or uveitis; previous intraocular surgery within 12 months before enrollment except for uncomplicated cataract surgery; history of ocular trauma; current smoker; and presence of other neurological or psychiatric disorders, including other types of dementia.
Chaitanuwong P., Jariyakosol S., Apinyawasisuk S., Hirunwiwatkul P., Lawanlattanagul H., Hemrungrojn S, & Chongpison Y. (2023). Changes in Ocular Biomarkers from Normal Cognitive Aging to Alzheimer’s Disease: A Pilot Study. Eye and Brain, 15, 15-23.
Publication 2023
Age-Related Macular Degeneration Alzheimer's Disease Blinking Brain Cataract Extraction Cognition Dementia Dental Occlusion Diagnosis Dry Eye Epiretinal Membrane Ethics Committees, Research Eye Injuries Faculty, Medical Glaucoma Healthy Volunteers Laceration Macula Lutea Macular Holes Mental Disorders Mini Mental State Examination Nervous System Disorder Neural-Optical Lesion Neurologic Examination Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Physical Examination Refractive Errors Respiratory Diaphragm Retinal Diseases Retinal Dystrophies Retinal Vessels Slit Lamp Examination Tonometry, Ocular Uveitis Vision Visual Acuity

Top products related to «Dry Eye»

1
Scopolamine hydrobromide by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Sao Tome and Principe, Germany
Scopolamine hydrobromide is a chemical compound commonly used in laboratory settings. It is a crystalline solid that is soluble in water and organic solvents. Scopolamine hydrobromide is primarily used as a reference standard in analytical procedures and as a component in various research applications.
2
Keratograph 5m by Oculus
Sourced in Germany, United States
The Keratograph 5M is a medical device designed for corneal topography and anterior segment analysis. It utilizes advanced imaging technology to capture comprehensive data about the surface of the eye. The Keratograph 5M provides detailed information about the curvature and shape of the cornea, which is essential for various ophthalmic applications and procedures.
3
Pentacam hr by Oculus
Sourced in Germany, Japan, United States
The Pentacam HR is an advanced corneal topography and anterior segment imaging system. It utilizes a rotating Scheimpflug camera to capture high-resolution, three-dimensional images of the anterior eye. The Pentacam HR provides detailed measurements of the cornea, anterior chamber, and other anterior segment structures.
4
Avertin by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Japan, Italy, Canada, United Kingdom, Sweden, Sao Tome and Principe, Macao, China
Avertin is a laboratory reagent used as an anesthetic agent in various animal studies and experiments. It is a combination of 2,2,2-tribromoethanol and tert-amyl alcohol. Avertin induces a state of general anesthesia in animals, allowing for safe and controlled procedures to be performed.
5
Sas version 9 by SAS Institute
Sourced in United States, Austria, Japan, Cameroon, Germany, United Kingdom, Canada, Belgium, Israel, Denmark, Australia, New Caledonia, France, Argentina, Sweden, Ireland, India
SAS version 9.4 is a statistical software package. It provides tools for data management, analysis, and reporting. The software is designed to help users extract insights from data and make informed decisions.
6
Oftagel by Santen
Sourced in Finland
Oftagel is a sterile, water-based ophthalmic gel. It is designed to provide temporary relief of dry eye symptoms.
7
Restasis by Abbvie
Sourced in United States
Restasis is a prescription eye drop that contains the active ingredient cyclosporine. It is intended to help increase tear production in patients with dry eye disease.
8
Spss statistic by IBM
Sourced in United States, Japan, United Kingdom, Germany, Belgium, Austria, Italy, Poland, India, Canada, Switzerland, Spain, China, Sweden, Brazil, Australia, Hong Kong
SPSS Statistics is a software package used for interactive or batched statistical analysis. It provides data access and management, analytical reporting, graphics, and modeling capabilities.
9
Pentacam by Oculus
Sourced in Germany, United States, Japan
The Pentacam is a diagnostic device that captures a 3D image of the anterior segment of the eye. It uses rotating Scheimpflug camera technology to obtain detailed measurements of the cornea, anterior chamber, lens, and iris.

More about "Dry Eye"

Dry eye syndrome, ocular surface disorder, tear film dysfunction, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, DES, DE, xerophthalmia.
Dry eye is a multifactorial condition characterized by an inadequate tear production or excessive tear evaporation, leading to discomfort, visual disturbances, and potential damage to the ocular surface.
This complex disorder can be caused by various factors such as aging, medication side effects (e.g., Scopolamine hydrobromide), environmental influences, and autoimmune diseases.
Symptoms may include irritation, redness, and a gritty or sandy sensation in the eyes.
Effective management requires a comprehensive approach, including the use of artificial tears (e.g., Oftagel), anti-inflammatory medications (e.g., Restasis), and addressing the underlying causes.
Advanced imaging techniques like Keratograph 5M and Pentacam HR can aid in diagnosis and monitoring.
Statistical analysis tools like SAS version 9.4 and SPSS Statistics can help researchers analyze dry eye data.
Ongoing research continues to expand our understanding of this complex condition and explore novel treatment strategies to improve the quality of life for those affected, including the use of Avertin for animal studies.
By optimizing dry eye research using AI-driven comparisons from platforms like PubCompare.ai, researchers can identify the most accurate and reproducible protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, enhancing the reliability and accuracy of their findings.