The FRAIL scale includes 5 components: Fatigue, Resistance, Ambulation, Illness, and Loss of weight (10 (link)). Frail scale scores range from 0–5 (i.e., 1 point for each component; 0=best to 5=worst) and represent frail (3–5), pre-frail (1–2), and robust (0) health status. For this study, AAH Wave 1 data were used to construct the FRAIL scale. Fatigue was measured by asking respondents how much time during the past 4 weeks they felt tired with responses of “all of the time“ or “most of the time” scored 1 point. Resistance was assessed by asking participants if they had any difficulty walking up 10 steps alone without resting and without aids, and Ambulation by asking if they had any difficulty walking several hundred yards alone and without aids; “yes” responses were each scored as 1 point. Illness was scored 1 for respondents who reported 5 or more illnesses out of 11 total illnesses. Loss of weight was scored 1 for respondents with a weight decline of 5% or greater within the past 12 months based on self-report. A complete description of the AAH FRAIL scale items scoring criteria, and baseline prevalences are provided in Appendix 1 .
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Fatigue
Fatigue
Fatigue is a complex physiological and psychological state characterized by a reduced capacity for work and diminished efficiency of accomplishment, usually accompanied by a feeling of weariness, sleepiness, or lack of energy.
It can be caused by a variety of factors, including physical exertion, mental stress, sleep deprivation, and underlying medical conditions.
Overcoming fatigue is crucial for maintaining optimal health, productivity, and quality of life.
PubComare.ai offers an innovative solution by leveraging AI to identify the best research protocols to boost reproducibility and accuracy, helping researchers optimize their workflows and achieve reliable results.
It can be caused by a variety of factors, including physical exertion, mental stress, sleep deprivation, and underlying medical conditions.
Overcoming fatigue is crucial for maintaining optimal health, productivity, and quality of life.
PubComare.ai offers an innovative solution by leveraging AI to identify the best research protocols to boost reproducibility and accuracy, helping researchers optimize their workflows and achieve reliable results.
Most cited protocols related to «Fatigue»
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
BAD protein, human
Fatigue
Feelings
Iodine
We estimated polyserial correlations of the global items with the EQ-5D. In addition, we examined item-scale correlations and conducted confirmatory categorical factor analysis (based on polychoric correlations) to evaluate whether the 10 global health items could be combined into a single unidimensional scale. Next, we performed exploratory factor analysis on the matrix of polychoric correlations to identify the number of underlying dimensions. We evaluated the resulting two factors by estimating item-scale correlations and internal consistency reliability. We used Mplus 5.1 software [11 ] to estimate confirmatory categorical factor analysis models, specifying weighted least squares mean and variance estimation. Because of our large sample size we do not rely on the chi-square statistic to evaluate the acceptability of the models. We estimated practical fit of the models using the confirmatory fit index (CFI), Tucker–Lewis index (TLI), and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA). We averaged items to form physical and mental health composites and estimated associations of these composites with the EQ-5D and the nine PROMIS domain scores (physical functioning, pain behavior, pain impact, fatigue, anxiety, anger, depressive symptoms, satisfaction with discretionary social activities, satisfaction with social roles). Finally, we estimated item threshold and discrimination parameters for the final physical and mental health scales using the graded response model [12 (link), 13 ]. Based on the item parameters we calculated item information, the contribution of each item to overall test precision [12 (link)]. As an estimate of the contribution of each item to overall test precision, we weighted item-level information values, which are computed as the expected item information across the score distribution of our sample.
Anger
Anxiety
Depressive Symptoms
Discrimination, Psychology
Fatigue
Mental Health
Pain
Physical Examination
Plant Roots
Satisfaction
Conferences
Dyssomnias
Fatigue
Sleep
The 10 global health items include ratings of the five core PROMIS domains and ratings that cut across domains (Appendix ). The PROMIS global health item set includes the most widely used self-rated health item (global01). Previous research has shown that this item taps both physical health and mental health but reflects physical health more than mental health, especially for those with low income [5 ]. PROMIS includes a single item that provides a pure rating of physical health (global03) and another item for mental health (global04). Also included is an overall quality of life item (global02) that is a very strong indicator of mental health (see e.g., Lorenz et al. [7 (link)]). The remaining items provide global ratings of physical function (global06), fatigue (global08), pain (global07), emotional distress (global10), and social health (global05 and global09).
We administered all of the items except the rating of pain on average (global07) using five-category response scales (seeAppendix ). We recoded global07 from the 0–10 scale to 5 categories based on grouping of 0–10 response scales for the Sheehan Disability Scale and the Flushing Symptom Questionnaire [8 (link)] as follows: 0 = 1; 1–3 = 2; 4–6 = 3; 7–9 = 4; 10 = 5.
We also administered the EQ-5D survey, a widely used generic HRQOL preference-based measure, to study participants. We examine the empirical associations of the PROMIS global items with the EQ-5D. For this purpose, we derived the EQ-5D preference-based index score using the US general population weights [9 (link)]. The EQ-5D is anchored by 0 (dead) and 1 (perfect health). The lowest possible score for the EQ-5D is −0.11, indicating a health state rated worse than being dead by the sample of 4,048 people in the US valuation sample.
We administered all of the items except the rating of pain on average (global07) using five-category response scales (see
We also administered the EQ-5D survey, a widely used generic HRQOL preference-based measure, to study participants. We examine the empirical associations of the PROMIS global items with the EQ-5D. For this purpose, we derived the EQ-5D preference-based index score using the US general population weights [9 (link)]. The EQ-5D is anchored by 0 (dead) and 1 (perfect health). The lowest possible score for the EQ-5D is −0.11, indicating a health state rated worse than being dead by the sample of 4,048 people in the US valuation sample.
BAD protein, human
Disabled Persons
Fatigue
Generic Drugs
Mental Health
Pain
Physical Examination
Psychological Distress
Fatigue
Population Group
Most recents protocols related to «Fatigue»
Example 6
A 25-year old woman presented with severe anxiety attacks and fatigue during the week before menstruation. At the start of these panic attacks or during extreme fatigue, she placed two lozenges of 100 mg anhydrous enol-oxaloacetate with a suitable pH adjustment and pharmaceutical carrier under her tongue for 5 minutes. The panic attack subsided in less than 5 minutes and fatigue was greatly reduced.
Anxiety
Fatigue
Menstruation
Oxaloacetate
Panic Attacks
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Tongue
Woman
Example 2
Five subjects (males, ages 34 to 52 years old) each with a respiratory illness and having SpO2 less than 92% were administered a composition comprising 1200 mg of potassium nitrate, 200 mg of elemental magnesium, 50 mg of elemental zinc in one capsule, co-administered with another capsule containing 1000 mg of citric acid. Their blood oxygen saturation level was measured between 15 to 80 minutes after ingestion of the composition. Their symptoms related to the respiratory illness were also recorded before and after ingestion of the composition. Table 2 summarizes the results.
Ache
Anxiety
Blood Oxygen Levels
Capsule
Citric Acid
Fatigue
Head
Headache
Human Body
Magnesium
Males
Migraine Disorders
potassium nitrate
Respiratory Rate
Saturation of Peripheral Oxygen
Signs and Symptoms, Respiratory
Zinc
Activity 3 starts with the instructor explaining
that, after the interaction of the spike protein with the entry receptor
ACE2, cleavage of the S1 domain is achieved by a protease. Proteolytic
cleavage is followed by conformational changes in S2, which allows
the fusion of the virus with the cellular membranes leading to the
cytoplasmatic release of the viral genome into the host cell.15 (link) Because the viral genome must access the cytoplasm,
every step of this process is important. Understanding the foundations
of these entry mechanisms allows researchers to design vaccines, antibodies,
small molecule inhibitors, and other potential therapeutics targeting
to prevent SARS-CoV-2 access into the host cell.
A brief outline
should be also provided to students about how the body fights illness
and how vaccines work. So, they must know that after bacteria or viruses
enter the human body they start to multiply, giving rise to infection
and causing disease. Immediately, the immune system is activated and
produces antibodies to fight off the infection, but this process requires
a few days, which is why we have symptoms such as fever, headache,
fatigue, or body aches. After the first infection, the immune system
will recognize the germ and will already know how to defend the body.
Vaccines contain attenuated or inactivated parts of a specific organism
which provoke a mimicked infection in the body helping the immune
system to create the specific antibodies. Of course, this simulated
infection can cause some symptoms which are common while the body
creates the new antibodies. Vaccines are the safest and most effective
way of protecting people from infections. Of course, they are not
perfect and a person can develop disease despite having been vaccinated,
although they will be at a much lower risk of becoming seriously ill.
Next, students load and overlay the structures with IDs:7V2A ,16 (link)7TB8 ,17 (link)7WPD ,18 (link)7CZP ,19 (link)7CZQ ,19 (link) and 7JZL (20 (link)) (Figure S5 ).
All are complexes of the spike
protein with antibodies or inhibitors
bonded to the receptor binding domain (RBD). They must answer the
following two questions: (1) why do SARS-CoV-2 vaccines prevent
serious illness and save hundreds of thousands of lives? And
based on what they have learned: (2) what could be the influence
of virus variants on the efficacy of these antibodies, and why?At the end of these activities, most of the students made
the connection
between the observed structural features and the efficacy of vaccines,
concluding by themselves that antibodies or inhibitors act by blocking
the ACE2 binding of the spike protein and, as consequence, the viral
entry into the host cells.
During the sessions, the students
explained to the instructors
their respective answers to the questions and the instructors evaluated
them. In addition, a quick assessment of the student’s learning
can be done using a short questionnaire as such the one provided in
theSI . If desired, it can be carried
out with Kahoot or similar tools.
that, after the interaction of the spike protein with the entry receptor
ACE2, cleavage of the S1 domain is achieved by a protease. Proteolytic
cleavage is followed by conformational changes in S2, which allows
the fusion of the virus with the cellular membranes leading to the
cytoplasmatic release of the viral genome into the host cell.15 (link) Because the viral genome must access the cytoplasm,
every step of this process is important. Understanding the foundations
of these entry mechanisms allows researchers to design vaccines, antibodies,
small molecule inhibitors, and other potential therapeutics targeting
to prevent SARS-CoV-2 access into the host cell.
A brief outline
should be also provided to students about how the body fights illness
and how vaccines work. So, they must know that after bacteria or viruses
enter the human body they start to multiply, giving rise to infection
and causing disease. Immediately, the immune system is activated and
produces antibodies to fight off the infection, but this process requires
a few days, which is why we have symptoms such as fever, headache,
fatigue, or body aches. After the first infection, the immune system
will recognize the germ and will already know how to defend the body.
Vaccines contain attenuated or inactivated parts of a specific organism
which provoke a mimicked infection in the body helping the immune
system to create the specific antibodies. Of course, this simulated
infection can cause some symptoms which are common while the body
creates the new antibodies. Vaccines are the safest and most effective
way of protecting people from infections. Of course, they are not
perfect and a person can develop disease despite having been vaccinated,
although they will be at a much lower risk of becoming seriously ill.
Next, students load and overlay the structures with IDs:
All are complexes of the spike
protein with antibodies or inhibitors
bonded to the receptor binding domain (RBD). They must answer the
following two questions: (1) why do SARS-CoV-2 vaccines prevent
serious illness and save hundreds of thousands of lives? And
based on what they have learned: (2) what could be the influence
of virus variants on the efficacy of these antibodies, and why?At the end of these activities, most of the students made
the connection
between the observed structural features and the efficacy of vaccines,
concluding by themselves that antibodies or inhibitors act by blocking
the ACE2 binding of the spike protein and, as consequence, the viral
entry into the host cells.
During the sessions, the students
explained to the instructors
their respective answers to the questions and the instructors evaluated
them. In addition, a quick assessment of the student’s learning
can be done using a short questionnaire as such the one provided in
the
out with Kahoot or similar tools.
Ache
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2
Antibodies
Antibodies, Viral
Bacteria
COVID-19 Vaccines
Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm
Fatigue
Fever
Headache
Human Body
Infection
inhibitors
M protein, multiple myeloma
Peptide Hydrolases
Plasma Membrane
Safety
SARS-CoV-2
Student
System, Immune
Therapeutics
Vaccines
Viral Genome
Virus
The PROMIS-57 was used to assess symptoms in this study. The scale consists of 57 items clustered into seven domains: anxiety, depression, fatigue, sleep disturbance, pain interference and intensity, physical function, and ability to participate in social roles and activities [12 (link)]. Each item was scored on a five-point Likert scale, except for pain intensity with one item, which was scored between 0 and 10 (least to most severe) [13 (link)]. Raw scores varied from 8 to 40 in each domain and were derived as per the PROMIS scoring manual into T-scores with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation (SD) of 10. Higher scores indicated a higher level of functioning or greater symptom severity. An acceptable internal consistency for the scale was found in this sample (α ranged from 0.87 to 0.97).
Anxiety
Dyssomnias
Fatigue
Pain
Physical Examination
Severity, Pain
Data were sourced from a project conducted to investigate the effect of the pandemic fatigue and public stigma of COVID-19 on psychosocial adjustment. Chinese undergraduates and postgraduates aged ≥ 18 years at Beijing Normal University were recruited to participate in the survey. Participants were informed of the research objectives, procedures, and confidentiality policy. Participation was voluntary, and participants were informed that they had the right to withdraw from the survey without any penalty. Participants provided informed consent before responding the online questionnaire. Ethical approval was provided by the research ethics committee of the School of Social Development and Public Policy at Beijing Normal University. Participants who provided a valid response received a small monetary reward (30 RMB, approximately US$ 4.5).
In total, 1317 students provided valid survey responses. After removing surveys with duplicate responses (n = 37) and those that failed attention checking (n = 118), we obtained 1162 valid surveys (415 men, 747 women). The average age of the participants was 21.61 (SD = 2.81) years. The percentages of undergraduate and postgraduate participants were 65.2% and 34.8%, respectively. The participants’ household monthly income was 19,811.49 RMB (median = 12,000, approximately US $ 1,769.73). Participant characteristics are listed in Table1 .
In total, 1317 students provided valid survey responses. After removing surveys with duplicate responses (n = 37) and those that failed attention checking (n = 118), we obtained 1162 valid surveys (415 men, 747 women). The average age of the participants was 21.61 (SD = 2.81) years. The percentages of undergraduate and postgraduate participants were 65.2% and 34.8%, respectively. The participants’ household monthly income was 19,811.49 RMB (median = 12,000, approximately US $ 1,769.73). Participant characteristics are listed in Table
Sample characteristics
| Characteristic | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||
| Male | 415 | 35.7% |
| Female | 747 | 64.3% |
| Educational level | ||
| = High school diploma (undergraduates) | 758 | 65.2% |
| = Bachelor’s degree (postgraduates) | 404 | 34.8% |
| Household monthly income | ||
| < 10,000 | 387 | 33.3% |
| 10,000–20,000 | 576 | 49.6% |
| > 20,000 | 199 | 17.1% |
| Physical health | ||
| Poor and very poor | 36 | 3.1% |
| Fair | 276 | 23.8% |
| Good and excellent | 850 | 73.1% |
| Whether participants or people they know have been infected with COVID-19 | ||
| Yes | 138 | 11.9% |
| No | 1024 | 88.1% |
Attention
Chinese
COVID 19
Ethics Committees, Research
Fatigue
Households
Pandemics
Physical Examination
Student
Woman
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