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> Disorders > Sign or Symptom > Fever

Fever

Fever is a common physiological response to various infectious and non-infectious conditions.
It is characterized by an elevated body temperature, often accompanied by chills, sweating, and other symptoms.
Fever can result from a wide range of underlying causes, including bacterial or viral infections, inflammatory disorders, and certain medical treatments.
Understanding the mechanisms and management of fever is crucial for healthcare professionals in diagnosing and treating a variety of illnesses.
This MeSH term provides a comprehensive overview of fever, its etiology, manifestations, and clinical relevance in the field of medicine.
Expereince a streamlined and data-driven approach to optimizing your fever studies.

Most cited protocols related to «Fever»

1
Psychological Impact of COVID-19: A Comprehensive Survey
Cited 122 times
Previous surveys on the psychological impacts of SARS and influenza outbreaks were reviewed [18 (link),21 (link),24 ]. Authors included additional questions related to the COVID-19 outbreak. The structured questionnaire consisted of questions that covered several areas: (1) demographic data; (2) physical symptoms in the past 14 days; (3) contact history with COVID-19 in the past 14 days; (4) knowledge and concerns about COVID-19; (5) precautionary measures against COVID-19 in the past 14 days; (6) additional information required with respect to COVID-19; (7) the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak; and (8) mental health status.
Sociodemographic data were collected on gender, age, education, residential location in the past 14 days, marital status, employment status, monthly income, parental status, and household size. Physical symptom variables in the past 14 days included fever, chills, headache, myalgia, cough, difficulty in breathing, dizziness, coryza, sore throat, and persistent fever, as well as persistent fever and cough or difficulty breathing. Respondents were asked to rate their physical health status and state any history of chronic medical illness. Health service utilization variables in the past 14 days included consultation with a doctor in the clinic, admission to the hospital, being quarantined by a health authority, and being tested for COVID-19. Contact history variables included close contact with an individual with confirmed COVID-19, indirect contact with an individual with confirmed COVID-19, and contact with an individual with suspected COVID-19 or infected materials.
Knowledge about COVID-19 variables included knowledge about the routes of transmission, level of confidence in diagnosis, level of satisfaction of health information about COVID-19, the trend of new cases and death, and potential treatment for COVID-19 infection. Respondents were asked to indicate their source of information. The actual number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 and deaths in the city on the day of the survey were collected. Concern about COVID-19 variables included self and other family members contracting COVID-19 and the chance of surviving if infected.
Precautionary measures against COVID-19 variables included avoidance of sharing of utensils (e.g., chopsticks) during meals, covering mouth when coughing and sneezing, washing hands with soap, washing hands immediately after coughing, sneezing, or rubbing the nose, washing hands after touching contaminated objects, and wearing a mask regardless of the presence or absence of symptoms. The respondents were asked the average number of hours staying at home per day to avoid COVID-19. Respondents were also asked whether they felt too much -unnecessary worry had been made about the COVID-19 epidemic. Additional health information about COVID-19 needed by respondents included more information about symptoms after contraction of COVID-19, routes of transmission, treatment, prevention of the spread of COVID-19, local outbreaks, travel advice, and other measures imposed by other countries.
The psychological impact of COVID-19 was measured using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). The IES-R is a self-administered questionnaire that has been well-validated in the Chinese population for determining the extent of psychological impact after exposure to a public health crisis within one week of exposure [25 (link)]. This 22-item questionnaire is composed of three subscales and aims to measure the mean avoidance, intrusion, and hyperarousal [26 (link)]. The total IES-R score was divided into 0–23 (normal), 24–32 (mild psychological impact), 33–36 (moderate psychological impact), and >37 (severe psychological impact) [27 (link)].
Mental health status was measured using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and calculations of scores were based on the previous study [28 (link)]. Questions 3, 5, 10, 13, 16, 17 and 21formed the depression subscale. The total depression subscale score was divided into normal (0–9), mild depression (10–12), moderate depression (13–20), severe depression (21–27), and extremely severe depression (28–42). Questions 2, 4, 7, 9, 15, 19, and 20 formed the anxiety subscale. The total anxiety subscale score was divided into normal (0–6), mild anxiety (7–9), moderate anxiety (10–14), severe anxiety (15–19), and extremely severe anxiety (20–42). Questions 1, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, and 18 formed the stress subscale. The total stress subscale score was divided into normal (0–10), mild stress (11–18), moderate stress (19–26), severe stress (27–34), and extremely severe stress (35–42). The DASS has been demonstrated to be a reliable and valid measure in assessing mental health in the Chinese population [29 (link),30 (link)]. The DASS was previously used in research related to SARS [31 (link)].
Wang C., Pan R., Wan X., Tan Y., Xu L., Ho C.S, & Ho R.C. (2020). Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729.
Publication 2020
Anxiety Chills Chinese Common Cold COVID 19 diacetoxyscirpenol Diagnosis Disease, Chronic Disease Outbreaks Epidemics Family Member Feelings Fever Gender Headache Households Influenza Mental Health Myalgia Nose Oral Cavity Parent Physical Examination Physicians Respiratory Diaphragm Satisfaction Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Sore Throat Transmission, Communicable Disease
2
Efficacy of BNT162b2 against COVID-19
Cited 101 times
The first primary end point was the efficacy of BNT162b2 against confirmed Covid-19 with onset at least 7 days after the second dose in participants who had been without serologic or virologic evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection up to 7 days after the second dose; the second primary end point was efficacy in participants with and participants without evidence of prior infection. Confirmed Covid-19 was defined according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) criteria as the presence of at least one of the following symptoms: fever, new or increased cough, new or increased shortness of breath, chills, new or increased muscle pain, new loss of taste or smell, sore throat, diarrhea, or vomiting, combined with a respiratory specimen obtained during the symptomatic period or within 4 days before or after it that was positive for SARS-CoV-2 by nucleic acid amplification–based testing, either at the central laboratory or at a local testing facility (using a protocol-defined acceptable test).
Major secondary end points included the efficacy of BNT162b2 against severe Covid-19. Severe Covid-19 is defined by the FDA as confirmed Covid-19 with one of the following additional features: clinical signs at rest that are indicative of severe systemic illness; respiratory failure; evidence of shock; significant acute renal, hepatic, or neurologic dysfunction; admission to an intensive care unit; or death. Details are provided in the protocol.
An explanation of the various denominator values for use in assessing the results of the trial is provided in Table S1 in the Supplementary Appendix, available at NEJM.org. In brief, the safety population includes persons 16 years of age or older; a total of 43,448 participants constituted the population of enrolled persons injected with the vaccine or placebo. The main safety subset as defined by the FDA, with a median of 2 months of follow-up as of October 9, 2020, consisted of 37,706 persons, and the reactogenicity subset consisted of 8183 persons. The modified intention-to-treat (mITT) efficacy population includes all age groups 12 years of age or older (43,355 persons; 100 participants who were 12 to 15 years of age contributed to person-time years but included no cases). The number of persons who could be evaluated for efficacy 7 days after the second dose and who had no evidence of prior infection was 36,523, and the number of persons who could be evaluated 7 days after the second dose with or without evidence of prior infection was 40,137.
Polack F.P., Thomas S.J., Kitchin N., Absalon J., Gurtman A., Lockhart S., Perez J.L., Pérez Marc G., Moreira E.D., Zerbini C., Bailey R., Swanson K.A., Roychoudhury S., Koury K., Li P., Kalina W.V., Cooper D., Frenck RW J.r., Hammitt L.L., Türeci Ö., Nell H., Schaefer A., Ünal S., Tresnan D.B., Mather S., Dormitzer P.R., Şahin U., Jansen K.U, & Gruber W.C. (2020). Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine. The New England Journal of Medicine.
Publication 2020
Age Groups Ageusia BNT162B2 Chills Cough COVID 19 Diarrhea Dyspnea Fever Infection Kidney Myalgia Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests Placebos Respiratory Failure Respiratory Rate Safety SARS-CoV-2 Sense of Smell Shock Sore Throat Vaccines
3
Defining Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients
Cited 96 times

Protocol full text hidden due to copyright restrictions

Open the protocol to access the free full text link

Publication 2020
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time Axilla Bacteremia Blood Blood Coagulation Disorders Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Chinese Congenital Abnormality COVID 19 Echocardiography Electrocardiography Fever Heart Heart Injuries Hospital Administration Hypersensitivity Hypoproteinemia Kidney Injury, Acute pathogenesis Patients Pneumonia Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Acute Respiratory System Seafood Secondary Infections Septicemia Septic Shock Serum Albumin Sputum Times, Prothrombin Troponin I
4
Quantum Modeling of Dipeptide Conformations
Cited 91 times
Acetyl and N-methyl capped dipeptides of the natural amino acids, except proline, alanine, and glycine, were built using LEaP29 at α (−60°, −45°) and β (−135°, 135°) backbone conformations.
χ→ was explored by rotating in 10° increments, re-optimizing at each step, or by high temperature simulation (described in Results).
Quantum mechanics optimizations were performed with RHF/6-31G*. Scanned residues were optimized using GAMESS (US)30 with default options. Optimization continued until the RMS gradient was less than 1.0 × 10−4 Hartree Bohr−1, with an initial trust radius of 0.1 Bohr that could then adjust between 0.05 and 0.5 Bohr. Minimization proceeded by the quadratic approximation. Residues sampled by high temperature simulations were optimized using Gaussian9831 with VTight convergence criteria. Quantum mechanics energies for training data were calculated with MP2/6-31+G**. Molecular mechanics re-optimizations were performed in the gas phase with ff99SB for a maximum of 1.0 × 107 (link) cycles or until the RMS gradient was less than 1.0 × 10−4 kcal mol−1 Å−1, with a non-bonded cutoff of 99.0 Å and initial step size of 10−4. Dihedral restraint force constants were 2.0 × 105 kcal mol−1 rad−2. Minimization employed 10 steps of steepest descent followed by conjugate gradient. Molecular mechanics energies were calculated from the last step of ff99SB minimization.
Maier J.A., Martinez C., Kasavajhala K., Wickstrom L., Hauser K.E, & Simmerling C. (2015). ff14SB: Improving the accuracy of protein side chain and backbone parameters from ff99SB. Journal of chemical theory and computation, 11(8), 3696-3713.
Publication 2015
Alanine Amino Acids Dipeptides Fever Glycine Mechanics Proline Radius STEEP1 protein, human Vertebral Column
5
Trends and Determinants of Maternal and Child Health-Seeking in Nepal
Cited 61 times
This paper analysed data from the Nepal Demographic Health Survey (NDHS) conducted in 2006, 2011, and 2016. The NDHS is a nationally representative cross-sectional household survey which collects information on health and socio-demographic information at the national and sub-national levels. The NDHS applies a two-stage cluster sampling technique. The enumeration areas are selected in the first stage based on probability proportion to size (PPS). Households are then selected from each cluster based on equal probability [31 ].
Of all women interviewed with the NDHS, 4066 women provided information on ANC services in 2006, 4148 women in 2011, and 3998 women in 2016 (Table 1). Likewise, information related to place of delivery was collected from 5545 women in 2006, 5391 women in 2011, and 5060 women in 2016. Information on services for child sickness was collected from 5252 women in 2006, 4040 women in 2011, and 4887 women in 2016. Each NDHS collected data on ANC service use and delivery care for female participants’ most recent birth in the 5 years preceding the survey. Data on treatment utilisation for child illnesses were collected for all children under 5 years of age, living in each household, who received care in the 2 weeks prior to the survey.

Sample size distribution by NDHS survey year

YearWomen interviewedInformation on ANC servicesInformation on delivery servicesInformation on child sickness services
200610,793406655455252
201112,674414853915140
201612,862399850604887
Maternal and child health-seeking behaviours, the primary outcome variables, were measured using data on place of ANC services, place of delivery, and place of treatment for child diarrhoea and fever/cough. Place of health-seeking was categorized into two groups: 1) public (government hospitals, primary health care centers, health post, sub-health post, primary health care outreach clinics); and 2) private (private hospitals, nursing homes, polyclinic, non-governmental organization-run health facilities, private pharmacies).
Potential socio-economic confounders were selected based on prior knowledge of the socio-demographic and economic context. The major socio-economic confounders selected included wealth quintile (poorest, second poorest, middle, second richest, richest); caste/ethnicity (Dalit, Janajati, Brahman/Chhetri, other); mother’s completed years of schooling; mother’s age; headship of the household (male or female); urban versus rural residence; and agroecological zone (mountain, hill, terai).
The data analysis plan was designed based on the Zweifel economic model. The model indicates that economic, demographic, and social factors combine to determine health-seeking practices [2 , 4 ]. We examined trends in health-seeking from private health facilities over time. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were fitted to illustrate trends in and possible determinants of maternal and child health-seeking behaviours from private health facilities. A binary variable was created, with 1 specifying health-seeking from private health facilities and 0 specifying health-seeking from government institutions, or other. In the final analyses, women who did not receive ANC services and whose children did not receive care for diarrhoea and fever/cough were excluded. The weight sample was used for the analyses and the final models were adjusted for survey design effect. Independent variables in the final model were selected after checking for collinearity. Data analyses were performed in Stata version 14 (College Park, Texas).
Adhikari R.P., Shrestha M.L., Satinsky E.N, & Upadhaya N. (2021). Trends in and determinants of visiting private health facilities for maternal and child health care in Nepal: comparison of three Nepal demographic health surveys, 2006, 2011, and 2016. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 21, 1.
Publication 2021
Child Childbirth Children's Health Cough Delivery of Health Care Diarrhea Ethnicity Females Fever Households Males Mothers Obstetric Delivery Primary Health Care Woman

Most recents protocols related to «Fever»

1
Preparation and Characterization of Compound I Calcium Salt EtOH Solvate Form B
Not available on PMC !

Example 13

Compound I calcium salt EtOH solvate Form B was obtained via temperature cycling between 60° C. and 5° C. with cooling rate of 0.2° C./min of Compound I calcium salt hydrate Form A in EtOH: n-heptane (1:1, v:v).

A. X-Ray Powder Diffraction

Compound I calcium salt EtOH solvate Form B XRPD was performed with a Panalytical X'Pert3 Powder XRPD on a Si zero-background holder. The 2 theta position was calibrated against a Panalytical Si reference standard disc. The XRPD diffractogram for Compound I calcium salt EtOH solvate Form A is shown in FIG. 19 and summarized in Table 24.

TABLE 24
XRPD signals for Compound I calcium salt
EtOH solvate Form B
XRPD Angle (degrees Intensity
Peaks2-Theta ± 0.2)%
14.5100.0
25.032.1
315.412.0
420.311.2

US11873300B2. Crystalline forms of CFTR modulators (2024-01-16). Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated [US]. Inventors: Yi Shi [US], Kevin J. Gagnon [US], Jicong Li [US], Jennifer Lu [US], Ales Medek [US], Muna Shrestha [US], Michael Waldo [US], Beili Zhang [US], Carl L. Zwicker [US], Corey Don Anderson [US], Jeremy J. Clemens [US], Thomas Cleveland [US], Timothy Richard Coon [US], Bryan Frieman [US], Peter Grootenhuis [US], Sara Sabina Hadida Ruah [US], Jason McCartney [US], Mark Thomas Miller [US], Prasuna Paraselli [US], Fabrice Pierre [US], Sara E. Swift [US], Jinglan Zhou [US].
Patent 2024
Calcium, Dietary Ethanol Fever n-heptane Powder Roentgen Rays SALL2 protein, human Salts X-Ray Diffraction
2
Indium Oxide Thin Film Deposition by ALD
Not available on PMC !

Example 1

InCl (1 eq.) was added to a Schlenk flask charged with LiCp(CH2)3NMe2 (11 mmol) in Et2O (50 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. After filtration of the reaction mixture, the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain a red oil. After distillation a yellow liquid final product was collected (mp˜5° C.). Various measurements were done to the final product. 1H NMR (C6D6, 400 MHz): δ 5.94 (t, 2H, Cp-H), 5.82 (t, 2H, Cp-H), 2.52 (t, 2H, N—CH2—), 2.21 (t, 2H, Cp-CH2—), 2.09 (s, 6H, N(CH3)2, 1.68 (q, 2H, C—CH2—C). Thermogravimetric (TG) measurement was carried out under the following measurement conditions: sample weight: 22.35 mg, atmosphere: N2 at 1 atm, and rate of temperature increase: 10.0° C./min. 97.2% of the compound mass had evaporated up to 250° C. (Residue <2.8%). T (50%)=208° C. Vacuum TG measurement was carried out under delivery conditions, under the following measurement conditions: sample weight: 5.46 mg, atmosphere: N2 at 20 mbar, and rate of temperature increase: 10.0° C./min. TG measurement was carried out under delivery conditions into the reactor (about 20 mbar). 50% of the sample mass is evaporated at 111° C.

Using In(Cp(CH2)3NMe2) synthesized in Example 1 as an indium precursor and H2O and O3 as reaction gases, indium oxide film may be formed on a substrate by ALD method under the following deposition conditions. First step, a cylinder filled with In(Cp(CH2)3NMe2) is heated to 90° C., bubbled with 100 sccm of N2 gas and the In(Cp(CH2)3NMe2) is introduced into a reaction chamber (pulse A). Next step, O3 generated by an ozone generator is supplied with 50 sccm of N2 gas and introduced into the reaction chamber (pulse B). Following each step, a 4 second purge step using 200 sccm of N2 as a purge gas was performed to the reaction chamber. 200 cycles were performed on a Si substrate having a substrate temperature of 150° C. in the reaction chamber at a pressure of about 1 torr. As a result, an indium oxide film will be obtained at approximately 150° C.

Example 2

Same procedure as Example 1 started from Li(CpPiPr2) was performed to synthesize In(CpPiPr2). An orange liquid was obtained. 1H NMR (C6D6, 400 MHz): δ 6.17 (t, 2H, Cp-H), 5.99 (t, 2H, Cp-H), 1.91 (sept, 2H, P—CH—), 1.20-1.00 (m, 12H, C—CH3).

Using In(CpPiPr2) synthesized in Example 2 as the indium precursor and H2O and O3 as the reaction gases, indium oxide film may be formed on a substrate by the ALD method under the following deposition conditions. First step, a cylinder filled with In(CpPiPr2) is heated to 90° C., bubbled with 100 sccm of N2 gas and the In(CpPiPr2) is introduced into a reaction chamber (pulse A). Next step, O3 generated by an ozone generator is supplied with 50 sccm of N2 gas and introduced into the reaction chamber (pulse B). Following each step, a 4 second purge step using 200 sccm of N2 as a purge gas was performed to the reaction chamber. 200 cycles were performed on the Si substrate having a substrate temperature of 150° C. in an ALD chamber at a pressure of about 1 torr. As a result, an indium oxide was obtained at 150° C.

US11859283B2. Heteroalkylcyclopentadienyl indium-containing precursors and processes of using the same for deposition of indium-containing layers (2024-01-02). L'Air Liquide, Société Anonyme pour l'Etude et l'Exploitation des Procédés Georges Claude [FR]. Inventors: Antoine Bruneau [FR], Takashi Ono [JP], Christian Dussarrat [JP].
Patent 2024
1H NMR Atmosphere Distillation Fever Filtration Indium indium oxide Obstetric Delivery Ozone Pressure Pulse Rate Solvents Vacuum
3
Optimizing Secondary Battery Pouch Film Production
Not available on PMC !

Example 1

A secondary battery pouch film is produced, after the drying process temperature of the two-component type solvent-based emulsion having a start temperature of 175° C. to 190° C. is set to 100° C.

A secondary battery pouch film is produced, after the process temperature of the two-component type solvent-based emulsion having a start temperature lowered to 135° C. to 150° C. is set to 100° C.

Example 2

A secondary battery pouch film is produced, after the drying process temperature of the two-component type solvent-based emulsion having a start temperature of 175° C. to 190° C. is set to 120° C.

A secondary battery pouch film is produced, after the process temperature of the two-component type solvent-based emulsion having a start temperature lowered to 135° C. to 150° C. is set to 120° C.

Example 3

A secondary battery pouch film is produced, after the drying process temperature of the two-component type solvent-based emulsion having a start temperature of 175° C. to 190° C. is set to 135° C.

A secondary battery pouch film is produced, after the process temperature of the two-component type solvent-based emulsion having a start temperature lowered to 135° C. to 150° C. is set to 135° C.

Example 4

A secondary battery pouch film is produced, after the drying process temperature of the two-component type solvent-based emulsion having a start temperature of 175° C. to 190° C. is set to 150° C.

A secondary battery pouch film is produced, after the process temperature of the two-component type solvent-based emulsion having a start temperature lowered to 135° C. to 150° C. is set to 150° C.

Example 5

A secondary battery pouch film is produced, after the drying process temperature of the two-component type solvent-based emulsion having a start temperature of 175° C. to 190° C. is set to 165° C.

Example 6

A secondary battery pouch film is produced, after the drying process temperature of the two-component type solvent-based emulsion having a start temperature of 175° C. to 190° C. is set to 180° C.

Example 7

A secondary battery pouch film is produced, after the drying process temperature of the two-component type solvent-based emulsion having a start temperature of 175° C. to 190° C. is set to 200° C.

Example 8

A secondary battery pouch film is produced, after the process temperature of the two-component type solvent-based emulsion having a start temperature lowered to 135° C. to 150° C. is set to 165° C.

Example 9

A secondary battery pouch film is produced, after the process temperature of the two-component type solvent-based emulsion having a start temperature lowered to 135° C. to 150° C. is set to 180° C.

Example 10

A secondary battery pouch film is produced, after the process temperature of the two-component type solvent-based emulsion having a start temperature lowered to 135° C. to 150° C. is set to 200° C.

TABLE 1
Start Drying process
No.temperature (° C.)temperature (° C.)
Comparative Example 1175~190100
Comparative Example 2120
Comparative Example 3135
Comparative Example 4150
Comparative Example 5165
Comparative Example 6180
Comparative Example 7200
Example 1135~150100
Example 2120
Example 3135
Example 4150
Comparative Example 8165
Comparative Example 9180
Comparative Example 10200

Evaluation of Properties

Evaluation of Initial Peel Strength

    • (1) An experimental sample is prepared by cutting the secondary battery pouch film to have a size of 1.5 cm by 15 cm in width and length, respectively.
    • (2) The metal layer and the sealant layer are peeled off, and the peel strength is measured.

Evaluation of Hydrofluoric Acid Resistance

    • (1) After the secondary battery pouch film is cut to have a size of 10 cm by 20 cm, two surfaces on both sides thermally adhered to each other.
    • (2) A manufacturing solution (electrolyte+water (10,000 ppm (about 1%) of concentration of water in the solution)) is put inside the secondary battery pouch having the two surfaces adhering to each other, thermal adhering is performed, and a pack is manufactured.
    • (3) The pack is stored at a high-temperature condition (85° C.) for 24 hours.
    • (4) The electrolyte inside the pack is removed, and the sample is prepared (width 1.5 cm and length 15 cm) in the same manner as in the evaluation of initial peel strength.
    • (5) The peel strength between the metal layer and the sealant layer is measured.

Evaluation of Electrolyte Resistance

    • (1) An experimental sample is prepared by cutting the secondary battery pouch film to have a size of 1.5 cm by 15 cm in width and length, respectively.
    • (2) The prepared sample is impregnated with a standard electrolyte (1.0 M LiPF6(EC/DEC/EMC: 1/1/1)) and is stored at a high temperature condition (85° C.) for 24 hours.
    • (3) After the electrolyte is washed off, the metal layer and the sealant layer are peeled off, and the peel strength is measured.

Evaluation of Formability

    • (1) A sample is prepared by cutting the produced secondary battery pouch film to have a size of 15 cm by 15 cm.
    • (2) The prepared samples are formed by using a test die (size of 3 cm×4 cm) manufactured by Youlchon Chemical, Co., Ltd.
    • (3) Evaluation of formability is repeatedly performed by changing the setting of the forming depth and is performed until ten or more samples are not broken.
    • (4) A forming depth, in ten or more samples are not broken, is measured.

Evaluation of Penetration Strength

    • (1) A sample having a width of 35 mm and a length of 600 mm is produced from the secondary battery pouch film.
    • (2) The penetration strength is measured at intervals of about 40 mm in a direction from the outer layer toward the inner layer.
    • (3) After the strength is measured ten times, an average value thereof is recorded.

In this case, the higher the formability, a forming process range may be wider during manufacturing of a battery. It is appropriate that the electrolyte resistance strength is equal to or higher than 90% of the initial peel strength, and the hydrofluoric acid resistance strength should be equal to or higher than 5 N/15 mm. Since the electrolyte resistance strength and the hydrofluoric acid resistance strength are much affected by the initial peel strength, it is appropriate that the initial peel strength is equal to or higher than 14 N/15 mm.

Table 2 shows evaluation of physical properties based on the curing start temperature and the drying process temperature.

TABLE 2
Hydrofluoric
DryingInitialElectrolyteacid
StartprocesspeelresistanceresistancePenetration
temperaturetemperaturestrengthstrengthstrengthstrengthFormability
No.(° C.)(° C.)(N/15 mm)(N/15 mm)(N/15 mm)(N)(mm)
Comparative1751002PeelingPeeling18.46.5
Example 1~190
Comparative1202.3PeelingPeeling19.26.6
Example 2
Comparative1352.2PeelingPeeling19.36.6
Example 3
Comparative1506.4PeelingPeeling19.36.5
Example 4
Comparative16514.514.15.824.26.3
Example 5
Comparative18014.814.35.724.66.1
Example 6
Comparative20015.614.85.824.56.1
Example 7
Example 11351009.2 8.13.919.46.8
Example 2~15012012.411.64.320.26.7
Example 313514.614.26.221.86.7
Example 415015.014.36.422.36.8
Comparative16515.114.86.423.86.3
Example 8
Comparative18015.715.16.224.26.1
Example 9
Comparative20016.115.46.524.76.0
Example 10

As known from the above, when an emulsion having a start temperature of 175° C. to 190° C. (Comparative Examples 1, 2, 3, and 4) is applied, the initial peel strength is relatively very low to be 10 N or lower when the drying process temperature is 150° C. or lower. The low initial peel strength resulted in a phenomenon where the sealant layer and the metal layer are completely separated from each other during evaluation of the electrolyte resistance strength and the hydrofluoric acid resistance strength.

When the drying process temperature is 165° C. to 200° C. (Comparative Examples 5, 6, and 7), the initial peel strength, the electrolyte resistance strength, and the hydrofluoric acid resistance strength are all good. However, the penetration strength increased to 24 N or higher. As well, a result that the formability does not reach 6.5 mm is obtained.

When the emulsion having a start temperature lowered to 135° C. to 150° C. is applied, the initial peel strength is 10 N/15 mm or lower only when the drying process temperature is 100° C. (Example 1), and the initial peel strength is 12 N/15 mm or higher in a drying process condition of 120° C. or higher (Examples and Comparative Examples 8 to 10). It is confirmed that a decrease in start temperature improves the adhesiveness even at a low drying process temperature.

However, the hydrofluoric acid resistance strength does not reach 5 N/15 mm in the 120° C. condition (Example 2), and the initial peel strength, the electrolyte resistance strength, and the hydrofluoric acid resistance strength are all good in conditions of 135° C. or higher (Examples 3 and 4 and Comparative Examples 8 to 10).

Similar to Comparative Examples 1 to 7, results of an increase in penetration strength in a condition of 165° C. to 200° C. (Comparative Examples 8, 9, 10) and the result of formability smaller than 6.5 mm is obtained.

The penetration strength increased to 20 N or higher at a condition of 135° C. to 150° C. (Examples 3 and 4), but has the best of the formability of 6.5 mm or more.

Therefore, only in a drying process temperature condition corresponding to the start temperature, all the properties of the initial peel strength, the electrolyte resistance strength, the hydrofluoric acid resistance strength are appropriate. When the drying process temperature is above 150° C., and particularly 165° C. or higher as found in an experiment, the penetration strength of the secondary battery pouch film significantly increases, and thus the formability decreases.

Therefore, in order to appropriately obtain all the physical properties, it is preferable to lower the drying process temperature to 150° C. or below, and to this end, it is preferable to lower the start temperature of the solvent-based emulsion to 150° C. or below.

According to the exemplary embodiments of the invention, when the secondary battery pouch film is manufactured, the primer layer composition that is interposed between the metal layer and the melt-extrusion resin layer or the sealant layer is made of a two-component curing-type organic solvent-based emulsion composition containing acid-modified polypropylene and a curing agent, wherein the curing start temperature and the drying process temperature are adjusted, and thermal lamination is not performed. Thereby, good formability, as well as good initial peel strength, hydrofluoric acid resistance, electrolyte resistance, etc. may be achieved.

The present invention was made under Project ID 20007148 from the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology under research project “Development of Technology of Materials and Components—Materials and Components Packaging Type”, research title “Performance Evaluation of Medium and Large Size Secondary Battery Pouch and Empirical Research for Application to Demand Companies” granted to Youl Chon Chemical Co., Ltd. For the period 2019 Sep. 1-2021 Feb. 28.

While the present invention has been described with respect to the specific embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.

US11876235B2. Primer layer composition, secondary battery pouch film using the same, and method of manufacturing the same (2024-01-16). Youlchon Chemical Co., Ltd. [KR]. Inventors: Nok Jung Song [KR], Han Chul Park [KR], Hee Sik Han [KR], Ji Min Lee [KR].
Patent 2024
Acids Adhesiveness Cold Temperature Electrolytes Emulsions Fever Hydrofluoric acid Metals Oligonucleotide Primers Physical Processes Polypropylenes Resins, Plant Solvents Technology Assessment
4
Thermal Stability of Mutant Antibody Molecules
Not available on PMC !

Example 5

The thermal stability of exemplary mutant antibody molecules was determined. The thermal stability was measured by SYPRO orange. As shown in FIG. 9, FcMut008 and FcMut015 retained high melting temperature.

The impact of incorporating exemplary Fc variants on biophysical attributes was experimentally assessed. IgGs incorporating the Fc variants on motavizumab Fab were tested on SE-HPLC. All samples eluted at similar retention times as wild-type Fc, and displayed clean monomeric profile, and no aggregates were detected (FIG. 23). The IgGs were also assessed for the thermal stability of the CH2 and CH3 domains by Differential Scanning Fluorimetry (DSF). The melting temperature (Tm) of the wild type human CH2 and CH3 domain, as measured differential scanning calorimetry, is approximately 70° C. and 81.5° C., respectively (Ionescu et al., J Pharm Sci, 2008. 97(4): 1414-26). The DSF experimental results in this Example yielded similar results with a CH2 and CH3 TM of 68.8° C. and 80.8° C., respectively. The half-life extending Fc variant YTE has been reported to decrease the TM of the CH2 domain by 6.7° C. (Majumdar et al., MAbs, 2015. 7(1): p. 84-95.). In the experiments described in this Example, the TM of the CH2 domain of YTE was 7.2° C. lower than WT. Additionally, mutations at 247, 257, and 308 significantly impacted the TM of CH2. The exemplary Fc variants (FcMut183, FcMut197, FcMut213, FcMut215, FcMut228, FcMut229) were thermally stable with the TM of the CH2 domain >64° C. (FIG. 23).

US11858980B2. Engineered polypeptides and uses thereof (2024-01-02). VISTERRA, INC. [US]. Inventors: Karthik Viswanathan [US], Boopathy Ramakrishnan [US], Brian Booth [US], Kristin Narayan [US], Andrew M. Wollacott [US].
Patent 2024
Calorimetry, Differential Scanning Fever Fluorometry High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Homo sapiens Immunoglobulins Monoclonal Antibodies motavizumab Mutation Retention (Psychology)
5
Synthesis and Characterization of Mn4C Magnetic Material
Not available on PMC !

Example 1

95 g of manganese (purity: 99.95%; purchased from Taewon Scientific Co., Ltd.) and 5 g of high-purity graphite (purity: 99.5%; purchased from Taewon Scientific Co., Ltd.) were placed in a water-cooled copper crucible of an argon plasma arc melting apparatus (manufactured by Labold AG, Germany, Model: vacuum arc melting furnace Model LK6/45), and melted at 2,000 K under an argon atmosphere. The melt was cooled to room temperature at a cooling rate of 104 K/min to obtain an alloy ingot. The alloy ingot was crushed to a particle size of 1 mm or less by hand grinding. Thereafter, the obtained powders were magnetically separated using a Nd-based magnet to remove impurities repeatedly, and the Mn4C magnetic powders were collected. The collected Mn4C magnetic powders were subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis (measurement system: D/MAX-2500 V/PO, Rigaku; measurement condition: Cu—Kα ray) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) using FE-SEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, MIRA3 LM).

FIGS. 2(a) and 2 (b) show an X-ray diffraction pattern and an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy graph of the Mn4C magnetic material produced according to Example 1 of the present disclosure, respectively.

As can be seen in FIG. 2(a), the Mn4C magnetic material showed diffraction peaks of (111), (200), (220), (311) and (222) crystal planes at 2θ values of 40°, 48°, 69°, 82° and 88°, respectively, in the XRD analysis. Thus, it can be seen that the XRD patterns of the Mn4C magnetic material produced according to Example 1 are well consistent with the patterns of the cubic perovskite Mn4C. In addition, the Mn4C magnetic material shows several very weak diffraction peaks that can correspond to Mn23C6 and Mn. That is, the diffraction peak intensity at 2θ values of 43° and 44°, which correspond to Mn and Mn23C6 impurities, is as very low as about 2.5% of the diffraction intensity of the peak corresponding to the (111) plane. Through this, it can be seen that the powders obtained in Example 1 have high-purity Mn4C phase. The lattice parameter of the Mn4C is estimated to be about 3.8682 Å.

FIG. 2(b) shows the results of analyzing the atomic ratio of Mn:C in the powder by EDS. The atomic ratio of Mn:C is 80.62:19.38, which is very close to 4:1 within the experimental uncertainties. Thus, it can be seen that the powder is also confirmed to be Mn4C.

The M-T curve of the field aligned Mn4C powder obtained in Example 1 was measured under an applied field of 4 T and at a temperature ranging from 50 K to 400 K. Meanwhile, the M-T curve of the randomly oriented Mn4C powder was measured under an applied field of 1 T. The Curie temperature of Mn4C was measured under 10 mT while decreasing temperature from 930 K at a rate of 20 K/min.

FIGS. 3(a) to 3(c) show the M-T curves of the Mn4C magnetic material, produced according to Example 1 of the present disclosure, under magnetic fields of 4 T, 1 T, and 10 mT, respectively.

FIG. 3 shows magnetization-temperature (M-T) curves indicating the results of measuring the temperature-dependent magnetization intensity of the Mn4C magnetic material, produced in Example 1, using the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) mode of Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS®) (Quantum Design Inc.).

According to the Néel theory, the ferrimagnets that contain nonequivalent substructures of magnetic ions may have a number of unusual forms of M-T curves below the Curie temperature, depending on the distribution of magnetic ions between the substructures and on the relative value of the molecular field coefficients. The anomalous M-T curves of Mn4C, as shown in FIG. 3(a), can be explained to some extent by the Néel's P-type ferrimagnetism, which appears when the sublattice with smaller moment is thermally disturbed more easily. For Mn4C with two sublattices of MnI and MnII, as shown in FIG. 1, the MnI sublattice might have smaller moment.

FIG. 3(a) shows the temperature dependence of magnetization of the Mn4C magnetic material produced in Example 1. The magnetization of Mn4C measured at 4.2K is 6.22 Am2/kg (4 T), corresponding to 0.258μB per unit cell. The magnetization of the Mn4C magnetic material varies little at temperatures below 50 K, and is quite different from that of most magnetic materials, which undergo a magnetization deterioration with increasing temperature due to thermal agitation. Furthermore, the magnetization of the Mn4C magnetic material increases linearly with increasing temperature at temperatures above 50 K. The linear fitting of the magnetization of Mn4C at 4 T within the temperature range of 100 K to 400 K can be written as M=0.0072T+5.6788, where M and T are expressed in Am2/kg and K, respectively. Thus, the temperature coefficient of magnetization of Mn4C is estimated to be about ˜2.99*10−4μB/K per unit cell. The mechanisms of the anomalous thermomagnetic behaviors of Mn4C may be related to the magnetization competition of the two ferromagnetic sublattices (MnI and MnII) as shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3(b) shows the M-T curves of the Mn4C powders at temperatures within the range of 300 K to 930 K under 1 T. The linear magnetization increment stops at 590 K, above which the magnetization of Mn4C starts to decrease slowly first and then sharply at a temperature of about 860 K. The slow magnetization decrement at temperatures above 590 K is ascribed to the decomposition of Mn4C, which is proved by further heat-treatment of Mn4C as described below.

According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, the saturation magnetization of Mn4C increases linearly with increasing temperature within the range of 50 K to 590 K and remains stable at temperatures below 50 K. The increases in anomalous magnetization of Mn4C with increasing temperature can be considered in terms of the Néel's P-type ferrimagnetism. At temperatures above 590 K, the Mn4C decomposes into Mn23C6 and Mn, which are partially oxidized into the manganosite when exposed to air. The remanent magnetization of Mn4C varies little with temperature. The Curie temperature of Mn4C is about 870 K. The positive temperature coefficient (about 0.0072 Am2/kgK) of magnetization in Mn4C is potentially important in controlling the thermodynamics of magnetization in magnetic materials.

The Curie temperature Te of Mn4C is measured to be about 870 K, as shown in FIG. 3(c). Therefore, the sharp magnetization decrement of Mn4C at temperatures above 860 K is ascribed to both the decomposition of Mn4C and the temperature near the Tc of Mn4C.

FIG. 4 is a graph showing the magnetic hysteresis loops of the Mn4C magnetic material, produced according to Example 1 of the present disclosure, at 4.2 K, 200 K and 400 K. The magnetic hysteresis loops were measured by using the PPMS system (Quantum Design) under a magnetic field of 7 T while the temperature was changed from 4 K to 400 K.

As shown in FIG. 4, the positive temperature coefficient of magnetization was further proved by the magnetic hysteresis loops of Mn4C as shown in FIG. 4. The Mn4C shows a much higher magnetization at 400 K than that at 4.2 K. Moreover, the remanent magnetization of Mn4C varies little with temperature and is Δ3.5 Am2/kg within the temperature range of 4.2 K to 400 K. The constant remanent magnetization of Mn4C within a wide temperature range indicates the high stability of magnetization against thermal agitation. The coercivities of Mn4C at 4.2 K, 200 K, and 400 K were 75 mT, 43 mT, and 33 mT, respectively.

The magnetic properties of Mn4C measured are different from the previous theoretical results. A corner MnI moment of 3.85μB antiparallel to three face-centered MnII moments of 1.23μB in Mn4C was expected at 77 K. The net moment per unit cell was estimated to be 0.16μB. In the above experiment, the net moment in pure Mn4C at 77 K is 0.26μB/unit cell, which is much larger than that expected by Takei et al. It was reported that the total magnetic moment of Mn4C was calculated to be about 1μB, which is almost four times larger than the 0.258μB per unit cell measured at 4.2 K, as shown in FIG. 4.

FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of the temperature-dependent XRD patterns of the Mn4C magnetic material produced according to Example 1 of the present disclosure.

The thermomagnetic behaviors of Mn4C are related to the variation in the lattice parameters of Mn4C with temperature. It is known that the distance of near-neighbor manganese atoms plays an important role in the antiferro- or ferro-magnetic configurations of Mn atoms. Ferromagnetic coupling of Mn atoms is possible only when the Mn—Mn distance is large enough. FIG. 5 shows the diffraction peaks of the (111) and (200) planes of Mn4C at temperatures from 16 K to 300 K. With increasing temperature, both (111) and (200) peaks of Mn4C shifted to a lower degree at temperatures between 50 K and 300 K, indicating an enlarged distance of Mn—Mn atoms in Mn4C. No peak shift is obviously observed for Mn4C at temperatures below 50 K. The distance of nearest-neighbor manganese atoms plays an important role in the antiferro- or ferro-magnetic configurations of Mn atoms and thus has a large effect on the magnetic properties of the compounds.

Thus, it can be seen that the abnormal increase in magnetization of Mn4C with increasing temperature occurs due to the variation in the lattice parameters of Mn4C with temperature.

The powder produced in Example 1 was annealed in vacuum for 1 hour at each of 700 K and 923 K, and then subjected to X-ray spectroscopy, and the results thereof are shown in FIG. 6.

The magnetization reduction of Mn4C at temperatures above 590 K is ascribed to the decomposition of Mn4C, which is proved by the XRD patterns of the powders after annealing Mn4C at elevated temperatures. FIG. 6 shows the structural evolution of Mn4C at elevated temperatures. When Mn4C is annealed at 700 K, a small fraction of Mn4C decomposes into a small amount of Mn23C6 and Mn. The presence of manganosite is ascribed to the spontaneous oxidation of the Mn precipitated from Mn4C when exposed to air after annealing. The fraction of Mn23C6 was enhanced significantly for Mn4C annealed at 923 K, as shown in FIG. 6.

These results prove that the metastable Mn4C decomposes into stable Mn23C6 at temperatures above 590 K. The presence of Mn4C in the powder annealed at 923 K indicates a limited decomposition rate of Mn4C, from which the Tc of Mn4C can be measured. Both Mn23C6 and Mn are weak paramagnets at ambient temperature and elevated temperatures. Therefore, the magnetic transition of the Mn4C magnetic material at 870 K is ascribed to the Curie point of the ferrimagnetic Mn4C.

The Mn4C shows a constant magnetization of 0.258μB per unit cell below 50 K and a linear increment of magnetization with increasing temperature within the range of 50 K to 590 K, above which Mn23C6 precipitates from Mn4C. The anomalous M-T curves of Mn4C can be considered in terms of the Néel's P-type ferrimagnetism.

US11858820B2. Mn4C manganese carbide magnetic substance and manufacturing method therefor (2024-01-02). KOREA INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS SCIENCE [KR]. Inventors: Chul Jin Choi [KR], Ping Zhan Si [CN], Ji Hoon Park [KR], Hui Dong Qian [CN].
Patent 2024
Alloys Argon Atmosphere Biological Evolution Cells Copper Cuboid Bone Debility Energy Dispersive X Ray Spectroscopy Face Fever fluoromethyl 2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether Graphite Ions Magnetic Fields Manganese perovskite Physical Processes Plasma Powder Radiography Scanning Electron Microscopy Spectrum Analysis Vacuum Vision X-Ray Diffraction

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Fever, a common physiological response, is a hallmark of various infectious and non-infectious conditions, characterized by an elevated body temperature often accompanied by chills, sweating, and other symptoms.
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