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Boys

Boyys are male human individuals from birth through adolescence.
This term encompasses physical, mental, and emotional characteristics of males during the developmental stages from infancy to young adulthood.
Researchers can leverage PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform to streamline studies focused on boys, easily locating relevant protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, while benefiting from powerful comparison tools to identify optimal research methods and products.

Most cited protocols related to «Boys»

1
Qualitative Synthesis of Children's Perspectives on Healthy Eating
In our children and healthy eating review, we originally planned to extract and synthesise study findings according to our review questions regarding the barriers to, and facilitators of, healthy eating amongst children. It soon became apparent, however, that few study findings addressed these questions directly and it appeared that we were in danger of ending up with an empty synthesis. We were also concerned about imposing the a priori framework implied by our review questions onto study findings without allowing for the possibility that a different or modified framework may be a better fit. We therefore temporarily put our review questions to one side and started from the study findings themselves to conduct an thematic analysis.
There were eight relevant qualitative studies examining children's views of healthy eating. We entered the verbatim findings of these studies into our database. Three reviewers then independently coded each line of text according to its meaning and content. Figure 1 illustrates this line-by-line coding using our specialist reviewing software, EPPI-Reviewer, which includes a component designed to support thematic synthesis. The text which was taken from the report of the primary study is on the left and codes were created inductively to capture the meaning and content of each sentence. Codes could be structured, either in a tree form (as shown in the figure) or as 'free' codes – without a hierarchical structure.
The use of line-by-line coding enabled us to undertake what has been described as one of the key tasks in the synthesis of qualitative research: the translation of concepts from one study to another [32 (link),55 ]. However, this process may not be regarded as a simple one of translation. As we coded each new study we added to our 'bank' of codes and developed new ones when necessary. As well as translating concepts between studies, we had already begun the process of synthesis (For another account of this process, see Doyle [[39 (link)], p331]). Every sentence had at least one code applied, and most were categorised using several codes (e.g. 'children prefer fruit to vegetables' or 'why eat healthily?'). Before completing this stage of the synthesis, we also examined all the text which had a given code applied to check consistency of interpretation and to see whether additional levels of coding were needed. (In grounded theory this is termed 'axial' coding; see Fisher [55 ] for further discussion of the application of axial coding in research synthesis.) This process created a total of 36 initial codes. For example, some of the text we coded as "bad food = nice, good food = awful" from one study [56 (link)] were:
'All the things that are bad for you are nice and all the things that are good for you are awful.' (Boys, year 6) [[56 (link)], p74]
'All adverts for healthy stuff go on about healthy things. The adverts for unhealthy things tell you how nice they taste.' [[56 (link)], p75]
Some children reported throwing away foods they knew had been put in because they were 'good for you' and only ate the crisps and chocolate. [[56 (link)], p75]
Reviewers looked for similarities and differences between the codes in order to start grouping them into a hierarchical tree structure. New codes were created to capture the meaning of groups of initial codes. This process resulted in a tree structure with several layers to organize a total of 12 descriptive themes (Figure 2). For example, the first layer divided the 12 themes into whether they were concerned with children's understandings of healthy eating or influences on children's food choice. The above example, about children's preferences for food, was placed in both areas, since the findings related both to children's reactions to the foods they were given, and to how they behaved when given the choice over what foods they might eat. A draft summary of the findings across the studies organized by the 12 descriptive themes was then written by one of the review authors. Two other review authors commented on this draft and a final version was agreed.
Thomas J, & Harden A. (2008). Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 8, 45.
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Publication 2008
Anabolism Boys Child Chocolate Food Fruit Taste Trees Vegetables
2
Adolescent Puberty Assessment Protocol
Adolescents completed the five PDS questions about physical development, scored from 1 (no) to 4 (development seems complete) (Petersen et al., 1988 ). Reliability of the PDS was high (α=0.77 for boys, α=.81 for girls). Few (3%) adolescents had missing PDS scores. We developed a coding system to convert the PDS to a 5-point scale in order to parallel the physical exam Tanner stages (available upon request). Although inter-related, puberty is not a single event. Therefore, our coding system differentially captured gonadal and adrenal hormonal signals of physical development. In girls, growth spurt, breast development, and menarche are associated with gonadal hormonal signals. In boys, growth spurt, deepening of voice and facial hair growth are associated with gonadal hormones. For both sexes, pubic/body hair and skin changes are associated with adrenal hormones.
Shirtcliff E.A., Dahl R.E, & Pollak S.D. (2009). Pubertal Development: Correspondence between hormonal and physical development. Child development, 80(2), 327-337.
Publication 2009
Adolescent Boys Breast Face Gonadal Hormones Gonads Hair Hormones Human Body Menarche Physical Examination Puberty Pubic Bone Skin Woman
3
Modulation of Intestinal Stem Cells

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Publication 2009
Adult Antibiotics Boys Diptera Food Infection Males Metronidazole Neomycin RNA Interference Sucrose Transgenes Vancomycin
4
Satellite-Derived Global PM2.5 Estimates
Production of satellite-derived estimates. We first produced a decadal mean PM2.5 estimate over 2001–2010. Following Boys et al. (2014) (link), we combined retrievals from SeaWiFS and MISR (see Supplemental Material, “Description of satellite instrumentation”) with time-varying GEOS–Chem (see Supplemental Material, “Description of the GEOS–Chem chemical transport model”) simulated AOD to PM2.5 relationships to infer annual variation in PM2.5 over 1998–2012 at a spatial resolution of 0.1° × 0.1° (henceforth referred to as SeaWiFS&MISR PM2.5). We then extended both OE and UC to cover the temporal range 2001–2010 by applying to each data set the ratio of a coincident SeaWiFS&MISR PM2.5 to its decadal mean. We evaluated each extended data set using ground-based PM2.5 observations over North America. The global MODIS land-cover type product (MOD12; Freidl et al. 2010 ) was used to determine the relative weighting of each data set over each land cover type that maximized agreement with ground-level PM2.5 observations following van Donkelaar et al. (2013) to produce an initial global combined decadal mean PM2.5 estimate.
We subsequently produced a consistent time series of PM2.5 over 1998–2012, inclusive. We applied to the initial decadal mean data set the relative temporal variation of SeaWiFS&MISR PM2.5 to produce monthly satellite-derived PM2.5 estimates over 1998–2012. We calculated absolute annual trends for both data sets using a general least squares regression of 5-month box-car filtered (i.e., median of ± 5 months from the center date), deseasonalized monthly mean values following Zhang and Reid (2010) . This approach reduces the impact of any individual season and its relative sampling rate on the overall trend. Confidence intervals (CIs) are based on the integration of Student’s t-distribution, and account for autocorrelation. We use an alpha value of 0.05 to define statistical significance. We superimposed these trends to create global annual PM2.5 estimates that were consistent in trend with SeaWiFS&MISR and in magnitude with the initial decadal mean. We used a 3-year running median to reduce noise in the annual satellite-derived values. All PM2.5 concentrations are given at 35% relative humidity, except for comparisons involving ground-level measurements outside North America, where the 50% standard is adopted for consistency with the ground-level measurements. This difference in standard can increase satellite-derived PM2.5 estimates by approximately 10% due to additional water uptake where hydrophilic aerosols, such as sulfate, dominate.
Following Evans et al. (2013) (link), we estimated dust-free and sea salt–free PM2.5 concentrations by scaling total satellite-derived PM2.5 concentrations by the monthly simulated relative contribution of the remaining species. These scalars were linearly interpolated from the local simulation resolution to 0.1° × 0.1°. We produced satellite-derived PM2.5 surface area estimates for interpretation of the dust- and sea salt–free PM2.5 estimates following a similar approach as PM2.5 mass concentrations, except that the GEOS–Chem model was used to relate AOD to surface area, rather than to mass (see Supplemental Material, “Description of satellite-derived PM2.5 surface area”).
Collection of ground-based observations for evaluation. We also collected ground-based PM2.5 observations over Canada and the United States at locations operational for at least 8 years between 2001 and 2010. We required European sites to be in operation at least 3 years throughout the decade—less time than for North American locations due to the more recent expansion of this regional network. Details of these monitors are given in the Supplemental Material, “Description of ground-level monitor sources from established networks.”
We collected global ground-based PM2.5 measurements from published values based on a literature review using the search terms “aerosol” and “PM2.5” in the Thomson Reuters Web of Science (http://www.http://thomsonreuters.com/thomson-reuters-web-of-science/), yielding approximately 3,500 results. We selected 541 papers for detailed evaluation from this list and in-publication citations, and found that 342 contained relevant PM2.5 observations. We extracted mean PM2.5, seasonal variation, city, country, site description, and geocoordinates as available. We approximated geocoordinates using GoogleEarth (https://earth.google.com) and in-reference maps at 70 locations. Geocoordinates were not clear for 110 sites; we assumed measurements occurred within 0.1° of city center. When necessary, we approximated seasonal variation from figures. We considered an observational period every third month as sufficient for annual representation. Where possible, we inferred annual mean concentrations for sites without observations every third month using the relative seasonal variation from nearby published values at distances of up to 1°. We excluded industrial, traffic, and military studies. We combined observational PM2.5 values at locations within 0.1°, weighted by their temporal coverage, and used only locations that had at least 3 months of direct observation, for a total of 210 ground-based comparison sites outside of Canada, the United States, and Europe. A complete list of this ground-based database is available online [http://fizz.phys.dal.ca/~atmos/martin/?page_id=140 (“Ground-level PM2.5”)] or by contacting the authors.
We evaluated the combined 15-year PM2.5 time series from MODIS, MISR, and SeaWiFS (henceforth “combined”) with annual average ground-based PM2.5 observations. We conducted the comparison versus PM2.5 measurements from ground-based monitors on all days (not only days coincident with satellite observations). We included in the evaluation the 110 global comparison sites from the literature without clearly specified geocoordinates; we conducted evaluations assuming that each ground-based measurement was located at its respective city center and up to 0.1°, or one pixel, away.
Gridded population estimates at 2.5’ resolution from SEDAC (Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center) (2005) at 5-year intervals starting from 1995, are regridded onto 0.1° × 0.1°. Years beyond 2005 are based on projections. We estimated year-specific population densities using linear interpolation.
van Donkelaar A., Martin R.V., Brauer M, & Boys B.L. (2014). Use of Satellite Observations for Long-Term Exposure Assessment of Global Concentrations of Fine Particulate Matter. Environmental Health Perspectives, 123(2), 135-143.
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Publication 2014
Boys Europeans Humidity Inclusion Bodies Microtubule-Associated Proteins Military Personnel North American People Sodium Chloride Student Sulfates, Inorganic
5
Childhood Obesity Determinants: A Global Perspective
Data on participant attributes such as demographic, anthropometric, and lifestyle behaviours will be summarized separately for boys and girls, within and across all study sites, as counts and percentages for categorical variables and means and standard deviations for continuous variables. Given that the primary aim of ISCOLE is to predict obesity as a function of lifestyle behaviours and environmental characteristics, general linear and nonlinear statistical models, including covariate-adjusted models, will be employed to investigate relationships between adiposity and its potential determinants. Multilevel random-effects models that treat schools within site and children within schools as well as schools within countries as random effects will be used for all analyses. Statistical significance will be defined as p < 0.05 with appropriate adjustments for multi-testing.
Katzmarzyk P.T., Barreira T.V., Broyles S.T., Champagne C.M., Chaput J.P., Fogelholm M., Hu G., Johnson W.D., Kuriyan R., Kurpad A., Lambert E.V., Maher C., Maia J., Matsudo V., Olds T., Onywera V., Sarmiento O.L., Standage M., Tremblay M.S., Tudor-Locke C., Zhao P, & Church T.S. (2013). The International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE): design and methods. BMC Public Health, 13, 900.
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Publication 2013
Adiposity Boys Child Obesity Woman

Most recents protocols related to «Boys»

1
Longitudinal Neuroimaging Study of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Sixty-three children and adolescents (38 ASD, 25 TD, 7–14 years) were recruited for this neuroimaging study at the Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), between 2011 and 2013 (Vogan et al., 2019 (link)). All participants were invited back two years later (9–16 years) for a follow-up study. Of the 63 participants, 18 (12 ASD, 7 TD) did not return for the follow-up study due to relocation, declined to participate, had contraindications for MEG (e.g., braces), or were lost to follow-up. MEG data from 13 additional participants (10 ASD and 3 TD) were excluded from analyses due to a) sex matching; b) <20 clean MEG trials; and c) <55% task accuracy. Thus, the final sample consisted of 64 datasets from 17 children with ASD and 15 age- and sex-matched TD controls. The final sample differed slightly for the 2-back memory load condition due to increased task difficulty (58 datasets: 15 ASD, 14 TD). Importantly, as previously reported by Vogan et al. (2019) (link), the participants that returned at follow-up did not significantly differ from those who did not return in terms of age, sex, and IQ. The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Board at SickKids. Written informed consent was obtained by a parent or legal guardian, and informed verbal assent was provided by all children. For TD controls, exclusion criteria included a diagnosis of a learning, language or neurodevelopmental disorder; for both groups exclusion criteria also included history of prematurity, severe neurological damage, uncorrected visual impairment or colour blindness and IQ < 70. For children in the ASD group, a primary diagnosis of ASD was confirmed by the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Second Edition (ADOS-2; Lord et al., 2012 ) by expert clinicians. A summary of the demographic characteristics is shown in Table 1.

Participant demographics.

Time pointASD (n = 17)TD (n = 15)Significance test
M (SD) or countM (SD) or count
Sex (M:F)Baseline15:28:7p = 0.05†
Age (years)BaselineFollow-up11.13 (1.83)13.50 (1.58)10.69 (2.32)12.91 (2.29)t(30) = 0.59, p = 0.56t(30) = 0.85, p = 0.40
ADOS-2BaselineFollow-up6.29 (2.05)7.13 (2.28)––

†A Fisher’s exact test was used to test for differences in the proportion of boys and girls between-groups.

Full-scale IQ (FSIQ) was measured using the two sub-test version of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI; Wechsler, 2013 (link)) for all children at both time points. FSIQ scores were estimated based on performance on the Vocabulary and Matrix reasoning sub-tests. To assess working memory ability, two sub-tests of the Working Memory Test Battery for Children (WMTB-C) (Gathercole & Pickering, 2000 (link)) were administered (Digit Recall and Block Recall). Parents also completed questionnaires on executive function abilities and social impairment using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF; Gioia et al., 2000 ) and the Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition (SRS-2; Constantino, 2012 ), respectively.
Sato J., Safar K., Vogan V.M, & Taylor M.J. (2023). Functional connectivity changes during working memory in autism spectrum disorder: A two-year longitudinal MEG study. NeuroImage : Clinical, 37, 103364.
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Publication 2023
Adenosine Adolescent Autistic Disorder Blindness, Color Boys Braces Cardiac Arrest Child Diagnosis Executive Function Fingers Intelligence Tests Legal Guardians Low Vision Memory, Short-Term Memory Disorders Neurodevelopmental Disorders Parent Premature Birth Trauma, Nervous System Woman
2
Engaging Men in Relationship Services
An interview guide comprising open-ended questions was used to explore participants’ experiences and perspectives of delivering relationship programs for men, the barriers and facilitators to men’s engagement with relationship services, and recommendations for how programs might equip boys and men to build better intimate partner relationships (Supplemental Appendix A). Interview questions included, “When and how do men typically find their way to relationship services?,” “What is key to the success of these services for men?” and “What works especially well for many men?,” and follow-up prompts were used to elicit detailed accounts of the participants’ experiences. The digitally recorded Zoom interviews were transcribed verbatim and checked for accuracy. Pseudonyms were assigned by the researchers to protect the identity of participants.
Sharp P., Coroiu A., Rice S.M., Seidler Z.E., Kealy D., Ogrodniczuk J.S, & Oliffe J.L. (2023). Engaging Men in Intimate Partner Relationship Programs: Service Provider and Stakeholder Perspectives. American Journal of Men's Health, 17(2), 15579883231161023.
Publication 2023
Boys
3
Hermaphrodite Brood Size Quantification
To quantify brood sizes, male self-progeny, and embryonic viability, L4 hermaphrodites were picked onto individual seeded plates and transferred to new plates daily over 4 days. Eggs were counted daily. Viable progeny and males were scored when they reached the L4 or adult stages.
Zhang L., Stauffer W.T., Wang J.S., Wu F., Yu Z., Liu C., Kim H.J, & Dernburg A.F. (2023). Recruitment of Polo-like kinase couples synapsis to meiotic progression via inactivation of CHK-2. eLife, 12, e84492.
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Publication 2023
Adult Boys Eggs Embryo Hermaphroditism Males
4
Herbal Interventions for Idiopathic Short Stature
This study did not calculate the ICER or the incremental cost-utility ratio. This was because that there were no proper control groups for comparisons and outcomes related to quality of life were not measured. Instead, the ACERs of 5 herbal medicines were calculated with respect to height (cm) and height percentile for children with ISS. The ACER was calculated separately for boys and girls for each herbal medicine. Height standard deviation score and the cost before and after treatment are also presented.
Jang S., Lee S.H., Kim Y.J, & Lee B. (2023). Cost-effectiveness analysis of herbal medicines in children with idiopathic short stature. Medicine, 102(10), e33193.
Publication 2023
Acer Aftercare Boys Child Medicinal Herbs Woman
5
Genetic Manipulation of Drosophila Stocks
All stocks were maintained at 18°C on standard media, and crosses were cultured at 29°C unless otherwise indicated. Stocks used were: drm-Gal4, UAS-GFP (drm > GFP) (Green et al. 2002 (link)), smg132AP; btl-Gal4, UAS-Moesin::GFP (btl > MoeGFP, smg132AP is an allele of smg1 [courtesy of M.Metzstein]; male progeny of crosses using virgins from this stock show enhanced expression of UAS constructs due to interference with nonsense mediated decay (Metzstein and Krasnow 2006 (link)). btl > MoeGFP crosses were incubated at 25°C and high GFP progeny were assessed), UAS-trc RNAi (41591, Bloomington), UAS-luciferase RNAi (31603, Bloomington), UAS-Ccm3 RNAi (109453, VDRC), UAS-coracle RNAi (51845, TRiP), UAS-furry RNAi (60103, Bloomington), UAS-Mob2 RNAi (107327, VDRC), UAS-Mo25 RNAi (55681, Bloomington), UAS-PyK RNAi 1 and 2 (49533 & 35165, VDRC), UAS-HexA RNAi 1 and 2 (104680, VDRC and 35155, Bloomington), UAS-Pfk RNAi 1 and 2 (105666, VDRC and 36782, Bloomington), UAS-blw RNAi (28059, Bloomington), UAS-ATPsyn-beta RNAi (28056, Bloomington), and UAS-ND75 RNAi 1 and 2 (33911 and 27739, Bloomington). Refer to Supplementary Table 2 and 3 for transgenic flies used in this study.
Hudson J., Paul S., Veraksa A., Ghabrial A., Harvey K.F, & Poon C. (2023). NDR kinase tricornered genetically interacts with Ccm3 and metabolic enzymes in Drosophila melanogaster tracheal development. G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics, 13(3), jkad013.
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Publication 2023
Alleles Animals, Transgenic Boys Cerebral Cavernous Malformations 3 Diptera Hexosaminidase A Luciferases MSN protein, human Nonsense Mediated mRNA Decay RNA Interference

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More about "Boys"

Boys, a term encompassing the physical, mental, and emotional characteristics of male individuals from birth through adolescence, are a crucial subject of study in various fields.
Researchers can leverage powerful AI-driven platforms like PubCompare.ai to streamline their research on boys, easily accessing relevant protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents.
These platforms offer advanced comparison tools to identify the optimal research methods and products, enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of boys-focused studies.
When conducting research on boys, researchers may utilize a range of statistical software, including SAS 9.4, SPSS Statistics, Stata 13, and Stata 14.
These tools provide a wide array of analytical capabilities, allowing researchers to delve into the nuances of boys' development and well-being.
Additionally, the use of physical measurement devices, such as the Harpenden stadiometer, can provide valuable insights into the physical growth and characteristics of boys.
By harnessing the power of AI-driven platforms and leveraging the capabilities of statistical software, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of the multifaceted aspects of boyhood, from physical growth to emotional and mental development.
This knowledge can inform interventions, policies, and programs aimed at supporting the holistic well-being of boys throughout their formative years.