Classification performance was also slightly modified from a standard machine-learning scenario as the classifiers in this study are able to refuse classification if they are not confident above a taxonomic level for a given sample. This also accommodates the taxonomy truncation that we performed for this test. The methodology was consistent with that used below for novel taxon evaluations, so we defer its description to the next section.
Lacticaseibacillus casei
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Most cited protocols related to «Lacticaseibacillus casei»
Classification performance was also slightly modified from a standard machine-learning scenario as the classifiers in this study are able to refuse classification if they are not confident above a taxonomic level for a given sample. This also accommodates the taxonomy truncation that we performed for this test. The methodology was consistent with that used below for novel taxon evaluations, so we defer its description to the next section.
e.g. metabolites and enzymes). Relationships can then be inferred only between different object types (resulting in a bipartite network) or only within the same object type. CoNet's treatment of two input matrices is built upon this feature.
Furthermore, CoNet can handle row metadata, which allows for instance to infer links between objects at different hierarchical levels (
e.g. between order Lactobacillales and genus Ureaplasma) while preventing links between different levels of the same hierarchy (e.g. Lactobacillales and Lactobacillaceae). CoNet can also read in sample metadata such as temperature or oxygen concentration. When sample metadata are provided, associations among metadata items and between taxa and metadata items are inferred in addition to the taxon associations. Metadata are then represented as additional nodes in the resulting network. In addition, CoNet recognizes abundance tables generated from biom files (
et al., 2012
Ladau ). Taxonomic lineages in biom files or biom-derived tables are automatically parsed and displayed as node attributes of the resulting network. For instance, the lineage "k__Bacteria; p__Firmicutes; c__Bacilli; o__Lactobacillales; f__Lactobacillaceae; g__Lactobacillus; s_Lactobacillus acidophilus" of an operating taxonomic unit with identifier 12 would create a kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species attribute in the node property table for node OTU-12, filled with the corresponding values from the lineage. CoNet also computes a node's total edge number as well as the number of positive and negative edges, the total row sum and the number of samples in which the object was observed (e.g. was different from zero or a missing value).
To ease the selection of suitable preprocessing steps, CoNet can display input matrix properties and recommendations based on them. Importantly, CoNet can also handle missing values, by omitting sample pairs with missing values from the association strength calculation. Finally, CoNet supports a few input and output network formats absent in Cytoscape, including adjacency matrices (import), dot (the format of GraphViz (
et al., 2013
The raw data from the MiSeq instrument in the FASTQ format were directly uploaded to the TrueBac ID cloud system (
The main section of the TrueBac ID-Genome system consists of (1) the proprietary reference database, named the TrueBac database, which is curated to hold up-to-date nomenclature, 16S rRNA gene, and genome sequences of type/reference strains, and (2) the optimized bioinformatics pipeline that provides the identification of a query genome sequence using the average nucleotide identity (ANI) [4 (link)8 (link)15 (link)]. We used TrueBac database version 2018-08, which contains 10,439 genomes representing 10,152 species and 287 subspecies (7,702 with valid names, 261 with invalid names, 138 with Candidatus names [16 (link)], and 2,338 genomospecies). Genomospecies is defined as a hitherto unknown species that is supported by its genome sequences [17 (link)18 19 (link)]. The database also contains 18,476 16S rRNA gene sequences representing each species/subspecies.
The algorithmic identification scheme using WGS was slightly modified from that of Yoon, et al. [5 (link)]. First, the most phylogenetically closely related pool of taxa was identified using a search of three genes—16S rRNA, recA, and rplC—which were extracted from the whole genome assembly [5 (link)]. The latter two genes were a part of the 92 recently defined bacterial core genes [20 (link)]. The taxonomically meaningful similarity of 16S rRNA gene sequences was calculated as previously described [21 (link)]. In addition to the gene-based searches, we used the Mash tool (
The algorithmic cut-off for species-level identification was set at 95% ANI [8 (link)15 (link)]. If the closely related taxa in a 16S rRNA gene comparison did not have the corresponding genome sequences in the database, the species assignment was made when the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the best hit taxon was ≥99% with >0.8% separation between species [23 ]. Using these criteria, a genome sequence could be assigned to a species held in the TrueBac database, identified to the genus level (e.g. Bacillus sp.), identified as a novel species (e.g., Chryseobacterium sp. nov.), or regarded as unidentifiable.
In some cases, two or more species belonging to the same species were not yet formally reclassified. For isolates assigned to these species, the TrueBac ID system generated the final decision as a “species group” instead of individual species.
Most recents protocols related to «Lacticaseibacillus casei»
Example 3
3.1 Sequence Analysis and Phylogenetic Tree Identification of MG4272 and MG4288 Strains
16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed using universal rRNA gene primers (27F, 1492R) of MG4272 and MG4288 strains. Each process was performed through Sol-gent (Daejeon, Korea). The analyzed sequences were compared and identified with the Genebank database using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (Blast) of the National Center for Biotechnology Institute (NCBI). The phylogenetic tree was created using the neighbor joining method of MEGA 7.0 software. The 16s rRNA sequence of the analyzed MG4272 strain was shown as SEQ ID NO: 1, and 16s rRNA base sequence of the MG4288 strain was shown in SEQ ID NO: 2. The phylogenetic tree of the MG4272 and MG4288 strains was shown in
As shown in
3.2 Identification of Morphological Characteristics of MG4272 and MG4288 Strains
To identify the morphological characteristics of MG4272 and MG4288 strains, the MG4272 and MG4288 strains were immobilized in 1% glutaraldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louise, USA) solution at 4° C. for 24 hours, and were dehydrated with ethanol and observed using a scanning electron microscope (Field emission scanning electron microscope, 54300, Hitach, Tokyo, Japan). The observed results are shown in
As shown in
The MG4272 and MG4288 strains selected in accordance with the present disclosure were Lactobacillus paracasei or Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains, respectively. Both Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains are listed in the standards and specifications of the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety and functional foods and are safe.
Individual CRISPRi plasmids were then electroporated into Mtb. Electrocompetent cells were obtained as described in Murphy et al., 2015 (link). Briefly, a WT Mtb culture was expanded to an OD600 = 0.8–1.0 and pelleted (4000 × g for 10 min). The cell pellet was washed three times in sterile 10% glycerol. The washed bacilli were then resuspended in 10% glycerol in a final volume of 5% of the original culture volume. For each transformation, 100 ng plasmid DNA and 100 μL of electrocompetent mycobacteria were mixed and transferred to a 2 mm electroporation cuvette (Bio-Rad #1652082). Where necessary, 100 ng of plasmid plRL19 (Addgene plasmid #163634) was also added. Electroporation was performed using the Gene Pulser X cell electroporation system (Bio-Rad #1652660) set at 2500 V, 700 Ω, and 25 μF. Bacteria were recovered in 7H9 for 24 hr. After the recovery incubation, cells were plated on 7H10 agar supplemented with the appropriate antibiotic to select for transformants.
To complement CRISPRi-mediated gene knockdown, synonymous mutations were introduced into the complementing allele at both the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) and seed sequence (the 8–10 most PAM-proximal bases at the 3’ end of the sgRNA targeting sequence) to prevent sgRNA targeting, as described here (Wong and Rock, 2021 (link)). Silent mutations were introduced into Gibson assembly oligos to generate these ‘CRISPRi resistant’ (CR) alleles. Complementation alleles were expressed from hsp60 promoters in a Tweety integrating plasmid backbone, as indicated in each figure legend and/or the relevant plasmid maps (
The full list of sgRNA targeting sequences and complementation plasmids can be found in
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More about "Lacticaseibacillus casei"
This hardy microorganism is found in a variety of fermented dairy products, such as cheese and yogurt, as well as in the human gut.
Lacticaseibacillus casei is known for its ability to produce lactic acid, which helps to create the tangy flavor and preserve the quality of fermented foods.
It is also a popular probiotic supplement due to its potential health benefits, including supporting digestive and immune function.
When studying Lacticaseibacillus casei, researchers may utilize various growth media and culturing techniques.
For example, Tween 80 is often added to growth media like Middlebrook 7H9 broth or MRS broth to enhance the growth and survival of this bacterial species.
The Xpert MTB/RIF assay and GeneXpert MTB/RIF systems may also be used to detect and identify Lacticaseibacillus casei in clinical or environmental samples.
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