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Synechococcus

Q: What are the main applications of Synechococcus?

Synechococcus has been the subject of extensive research due to its importance as a primary producer in aquatic ecosystems and its potential applications in biotechnology and renewable energy production. These cyanobacteria play a crucial role in the global carbon and nitrogen cycles, making them valuable for studying evolutionary and ecological processes.

Synechococcus is a genus of cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, that are widely distributed in marine and freshwater environments.
These unicellular organisms are important primary producers in aquatic ecosystems, contributing to the global carbon and nitrogen cycles.
Synechococcus species are distinguished by their small size, typically ranging from 0.8 to 2.0 micrometers in diameter, and their ability to perform oxygenic photosynthesis.
They are known for their adaptability to diverse environmental conditions, including variations in temperature, light, and nutrient availability.
Synechococcus has been the subject of extensive research, as these organisms offer insights into evolutionary and ecological processes, as well as potential applications in biotechnology and renewable energy production.
Reseachers can leverag the power of PubCompare.ai to optimize their Synechococcus studies, identifying the most reproducible and accurate protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, and improving their research efficiency and confidence.

Most cited protocols related to «Synechococcus»

Cyanorak v2.1 Information System Development

The development of Cyanorak v2.1 was done in two steps. The first version (v2.0) of this information system included a history feature to keep track of every change and allowing to readily revert any change at a very granular level as well as enabling curators to check the journal of changes undergone by every gene or CLOG. This private version of the information system is still currently used for the manual curation of the database. However, in order to give the general public access to the curated data with the best possible response times, especially now that the number of genomes and MAG’s in the database has risen to 97, a completely new version (v2.1) of the Cyanorak information system, devoid of the history feature, was recently developed and proved to be two to three times faster than v2.0. Two instances of the Cyanorak information system therefore co-exist on our server: (i) the restricted access, editable Cyanorak v2.0 version allowing expert curators to edit most fields of the ‘CLOG’ and ‘gene’ pages and (ii) the publicly accessible, non-editable Cyanorak v2.1 version, the latter corresponding to the state of the Cyanorak database at the time of publication of a comparative genomics study of the 81 non-redundant, high quality genomes of the database (9 (link)) and of an extensive transcriptomic analysis of the response of the Synechococcus sp. WH7803 strain to various environmental stresses (34 (link)). This public version will be regularly updated in the future, with concomitant changes in version number, when new whole genome sequences (WGS), single amplified- and metagenome assembled- genomes (SAGs, MAGs) and/or transcriptomes either retrieved from public databases (e.g. Genbank) or generated by our group will be added to the Cyanorak database and described in the frame of forthcoming publications. A restricted access, editable instance based on the v2.1 implementation is currently being developed and should replace the current v2.0 instance in the near future for expert curation purposes.
On a technical level, the bulk of Cyanorak v2.1 has been implemented using the Java programming language, with an extensive use of the Spring framework. The data itself is stored in a relational database (PostgreSQL), and the link between the application and the database is done through an object relational mapper (Hibernate). A small set of Python auxiliary tools has also been developed, mostly to prepare the data for import, to post-process exported data or to perform specific batch updates.

Garczarek L., Guyet U., Doré H., Farrant G.K., Hoebeke M., Brillet-Guéguen L., Bisch A., Ferrieux M., Siltanen J., Corre E., Le Corguillé G., Ratin M., Pitt F.D., Ostrowski M., Conan M., Siegel A., Labadie K., Aury J.M., Wincker P., Scanlan D.J, & Partensky F. (2020). Cyanorak v2.1: a scalable information system dedicated to the visualization and expert curation of marine and brackish picocyanobacteria genomes. Nucleic Acids Research, 49(D1), D667-D676.

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Publication 2020

Dietary Fiber DMBT1 protein, human Gene Expression Profiling Genes Genome MAG protein, human Metagenome Python Reading Frames Strains Synechococcus Transcriptome

Growth and RNA Analysis of Synechococcus 7002

Synechococcus 7002 was grown in 20-mm culture tubes containing medium A (25 mL) supplemented with 1 mg of NaNO₃ mL⁻¹ as nitrogen source (designated as medium A⁺; Stevens and Porter, 1980 (link)). Medium A is a Tris-buffered (pH 8.2) medium containing 0.3 M NaCl and 20 mM magnesium-sulfate; the exact composition of medium A is 18 g L⁻¹ NaCl, 0.6 g L⁻¹ KCl, 1.0 g L⁻¹ NaNO₃, 5.0 g L⁻¹ MgSO₄·7H₂O, 50 mg L⁻¹ KH₂PO₄, 266 mg L⁻¹ CaCl₂, 30 mg L⁻¹ Na₂ EDTA·2H₂O, 3.89 mg L⁻¹ FeCl₃·6H₂O, 1 g L⁻¹ Tris/HCl (pH 8.2), 1 mL L⁻¹ P1 trace metal solution, 4 μg L⁻¹ vitamin B₁₂. P1 trace metal solution (1000×) contains the following substances: 34.26 g L⁻¹ H₃BO₃, 4.32 g L⁻¹ MnCl₂·4H₂O, 0.315 g L⁻¹ ZnCl₂, 0.03 g L⁻¹ MoO₃ (85%), 0.003 g L⁻¹ CuSO₄·5H₂O, 0.01215 g L⁻¹ CoCl₂·6H₂O. Unless otherwise specified, cultures were grown at 38°C with continuous illumination at 250 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹ and were sparged with 1% (v/v) CO₂ in air (these optimal growth conditions are here defined as “standard conditions”). Pre-cultures were grown under these “standard conditions” under continuous illumination. Cultures for RNA analyses were inoculated at an OD_730 nm between 0.05 and 0.1; and cells were subsequently grown under these conditions to OD_730 nm = 0.7 (see Figure 1). For high-light-intensity treatment or for incubation in darkness, cells were grown to OD_730 nm = 0.7 under the specified standard conditions and immediately prior to harvest were illuminated at ∼900 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹ or incubated in the dark for 1 h. For the latter treatment, cells were incubated in the dark while sparging with 1% (v/v) CO₂ in N₂ for 1 h. Photolithoautotrophic growth under micro-oxic conditions was performed by growing cells in the light while sparging with 1% (v/v) CO₂ in N₂ under otherwise standard conditions. To identify transcription changes during the growth of a batch culture, cells were harvested at OD_730 nm = 0.4, 0.7, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 (see Figure 1). Cells were rapidly chilled and centrifuged (5 min, 5000 × g, 4°C), and the cell pellets were quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C until required for further processing.

Ludwig M, & Bryant D.A. (2011). Transcription Profiling of the Model Cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. Strain PCC 7002 by Next-Gen (SOLiD™) Sequencing of cDNA. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2, 41.

Publication 2011

Batch Cell Culture Techniques Cells Cobalamins Darkness Edetic Acid Freezing Growth Disorders Light Lighting manganese chloride Metals molybdenum trioxide Nitrogen Pellets, Drug Sodium Chloride Sulfate, Magnesium Synechococcus Transcription, Genetic Tromethamine

Curating Phage Genome Sequences Database

A set of public phage Whole Genome Sequences (WGS) was collected in August 2014: First, lists of phage WGS IDs were obtained from Phages.ids–VBI mirrors page [40 ], the NCBI viral Genome Resource [41 ], the EMBL EBI phage genomes list [42 ], and the phagesdb databases for Mycobacteriophages [43 ], Arthrobacter [44 ], Bacillus [45 ], and Streptomyces [46 ]. The resulting unique list of IDs was uploaded to the Batch Entrez service of NCBI to retrieve the corresponding WGS. Furthermore genome sequences were downloaded from the PhAnToMe genomes database and from NCBI searching for “(phage [Title]) AND complete genome”.
Only entries indicating "complete genome" in the DEFINITION field of the GeneBank file and which host taxonomy was specified at least at the genus level were included. Entries annotated as "prophage" in the DEFINITION were removed. Hosts annotated as Salmonella Typhimurium were re-annotated as Salmonella enterica according to current nomenclature [47 (link)]. Finally, only the genus was taken into account for hosts with species specified as "sp." followed by an alphanumeric code; for example Synechococcus sp. WH7803 was re-annotated as Synechococcus. 2196 phages had annotated host genus, here called

{phages}_{genus}

dataset, and of these, 1871 had annotated species as well,

{phages}_{species}

. A total of 209 different host species and 129 different genera were represented among the phages (this data is available in HostPhinder’s repository [48 ]). Figure 1 shows the distribution of hosts in the dataset.

Villarroel J., Kleinheinz K.A., Jurtz V.I., Zschach H., Lund O., Nielsen M, & Larsen M.V. (2016). HostPhinder: A Phage Host Prediction Tool. Viruses, 8(5), 116.

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Publication 2016

Arthrobacter Bacillus Bacteriophages Genome Host Specificity Mycobacteriophages Prophages Salmonella enterica Salmonella typhimurium Streptomyces Synechococcus Viral Genome

Cpf1-based Genetic Editing Plasmids

The plasmid containing cpf1 and the native Francisella novicida CRISPR array, pY002 (pFnCpf1_min)16 (link), was obtained as a kind gift from Feng Zhang (Addgene plasmid # 69975). The cpf1 gene was amplified from pY002 with the cpf1 lac-L/cpf1-R primers (Supplementary Table 2) which also fuse a lac promoter onto cpf1. The resulting fragment was cloned into the ApaLI/EcoRI sites on pVZ32138 to replace the Cm^R cassette to generate pSL2668. Next, overlap extension PCR was used to introduce a pair of AarI sites into the first spacer in the CRISPR array of pY002 by amplifying the left and right halves using the J23119ecoL/directrepeat aarI-2 or directrepeat aarI-1/directrepeat-R primers followed by amplification using the J23119ecoL/directrepeat-R primers. The resulting PCR fragment was cloned into the EcoRI/SalI sites on pSL2668 to generate pSL2683. LacZ was amplified from the pCrispomyces-239 (link) plasmid using the lacZaarI-L/lacZaarI-R primers. The resulting fragment was then cloned into the AarI sites on pSL2683 to generate pSL2680, which served as the base plasmid for construction of editing plasmids expressing a full length pre-crRNA. Editing plasmids were constructed by cloning annealed oligos into the AarI sites on pSL2680. The following annealed oligos were ligated into the AarI sites on pSL2680: 7942nblAKOgRNAL/7942nblAKOgRNAR to yield pSL2682; 7942s264agRNAL/7942s264agRNAR to yield pSL2723; NS1gRNAL/NS1gRNAR to yield pSL2724; 6803nblAKOgRNAL/6803nblAKOgRNAR to yield pSL2726; 7120nifHgRNAL/7120nifHgRNAR to yield pSL2728; 7120nifDgRNAL/7120nifDgRNAR to yield pSL2833; and 6803isiAgRNAL/6803gRNAR to yield pSL2834. Next, PCR was used to synthesize the homology regions which were then cloned into the KpnI site on the plasmids containing the matching crRNA. The Synechococcus 7942 nblA homology region containing the deletion of nblA was synthesized from pSL247015 (link) using nblAdelRkpnI/nblAdelLkpnI and cloned into the KpnI sites on pSL2682 and pSL2684 to yield pSL2691 and pSL2689 respectively. The homology region containing the Synechococcus 7942 psbA S264A mutation was synthesized using fusion PCR with the 7942psbAL1/7942psbAR2 and 7942psbAL2/7942psbAR1 primers followed by PCR with the 7942psbAL1/7942psbAR1 primers. The resulting PCR fragment was cloned into pSL2723 to yield pSL2796. The homology region targeting eYFP to NS1 was synthesized using fusion PCR with the pAM1303NS1L1/pAM1303NS1R2, pAM1303NS1L2/pAM1303NS1R3 and pAM1303NS1L3/pAM1303NS1R1 primers followed by PCR with the pAM1303NS1L1/ pAM1303NS1R1 primers. The resulting PCR fragment was cloned into pSL2724 to yield pSL2801. The Synechocystis 6803 nblA homology region containing the deletion of nblA1A2 was synthesized using fusion PCR with the 6803nblAdelL1/6803nblAdelR2 and 6803nblAdelL2/6803nblAdel R1 primers followed by PCR with the 6803nblAdelL1/6803nblAdelR1primers. The resulting PCR fragment was cloned into pSL2726 to yield pSL2773. The Anabaena 7120 nifH homology region containing the deletion of nifH was synthesized using fusion PCR with the 7120nifHL1a/7120nifH R2 and 7120nifHL2/7120nifHR1 primers followed by PCR with the 7120nifHL1a/7120nifHR1 primers. The resulting PCR fragment was cloned into pSL2728 to yield pSL2739. The Anabaena 7120 nifD point mutation homology region was constructed in two pieced using nifDL/nifDMR or nifDML/nifDR primers. The homology template was then assembled into pSL2833 linearized with kpnI using Gibson assembly to generate pSL2839. The Synechocystis 6803 isiA point mutation homology region was constructed in two pieces using 6803isiAL/6803isiAMR or 6803isiAML/6803isiAR primers. The homology template was then assembled into pSL2834 linearized with KpnI using Gibson assembly to generate pSL2834. The homologous repair template to insert eYFP into nifH of Anabaena 7120 was synthesized as three fragments using the primers 7120eYfplgibs/7120eYFPR1 or 7120eYFPL1/7120eYFPR2 or 7120eYFPL2/7120eYFPRgibs. The three fragments were assembled into pSL2728 linearized with KpnI using Gibson assembly to generate pSL2840. The homologous repair template to insert eYFP into nblA of 6803 was synthesized as three fragments using the primers 6803eYfplgibs/6803eYFPR1 or 6803eYFPL1/6803eYFPR2 or 6803eYFPL2/6803eYFPRgibs. The three fragments were assembled into pSL2726 linearized with KpnI using Gibson assembly to generate pSL2841.

Ungerer J, & Pakrasi H.B. (2016). Cpf1 Is A Versatile Tool for CRISPR Genome Editing Across Diverse Species of Cyanobacteria. Scientific Reports, 6, 39681.

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Publication 2016

2',5'-oligoadenylate Anabaena CRISPR Loci CRISPR Spacers Deletion Mutation Deoxyribonuclease EcoRI Francisella tularensis subsp. novicida Genes LacZ Genes Mutation Oligonucleotide Primers Plasmids Point Mutation RNA, CRISPR Guide Synechococcus Synechocystis

Uniform Genome Annotation of Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus

We re-annotated 12 sequenced Prochlorococcus and four finished marine Synechococcus genomes by a uniform method for the purpose of this study. We used the gene prediction programs CRITICA [68 (link)] and GLIMMER [69 (link)]. The results from both programs were combined into a preliminary set of unique ORFs. Overlapping gene models from the two programs are considered the same gene if sharing the same stop position and in the same reading frame, in which case the gene start site of the CRITICA model is preferred. Coding genes that are shorter than 50 aa long are excluded unless they are conserved in more than one genome. Orthologous genes between two given genomes are assigned automatically using MicrobesOnline's [70 (link)] (http://www.microbesonline.org) genome annotation pipeline. The new annotations are also available at that site.
Two genes are considered orthologs if they are reciprocal best BLASTp hits and the alignment covers at least 75% of the length of each gene. An orthologous group includes all genes that are orthologous to any other gene in the group. The most common challenge of clustering orthologous genes is the risk of merging paralogous genes into one group. However, our method yields only 127 paralog-containing groups. In those cases, gene neighborhoods were also compared. Because a single missing ortholog effectively removes a gene from the core genome, the clusters that are absent in only one or two genomes were verified by BLAST search.
While the COG categories alone provide enough information to draw these conclusions about the membrane synthesis enzymes, there are some shortcomings. Some Prochlorococcus orthologous groups can be annotated with a gene name but not a COG (for example the LPS synthesis gene wcaK, or many photosystem genes like psbA), where literature searches show that they are likely involved in LPS synthesis. Other categories are hampered by the arrangement of the COG categories, which were not chosen with any particular focus on this system. For example, the category “Amino acid transport and metabolism” includes transporters and intracellular enzymes. When we found that transporters are among the most recently gained genes, we desired a way to group all of them by themselves. We decided the best approach was to group genes into five broad categories on the basis of keyword searches: membrane or cell wall synthesis, transporters, photosynthesis, DNA repair or modification, and other. HLI proteins were identified by their possession of six out of ten conserved residues in the motif AExxNGRxAMIGF, and lengths under 120 amino acids [32 (link)].

Kettler G.C., Martiny A.C., Huang K., Zucker J., Coleman M.L., Rodrigue S., Chen F., Lapidus A., Ferriera S., Johnson J., Steglich C., Church G.M., Richardson P, & Chisholm S.W. (2007). Patterns and Implications of Gene Gain and Loss in the Evolution of Prochlorococcus. PLoS Genetics, 3(12), e231.

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Publication 2007

Amino Acids Anabolism Cell Wall DNA Repair Enzymes Genes Genes, Overlapping Genes, vif Genome Marines Membrane Transport Proteins Metabolism Open Reading Frames Photosynthesis Prochlorococcus Proteins Protoplasm Reading Frames Synechococcus Synthetic Genes Tissue, Membrane

Most recents protocols related to «Synechococcus»

Evaluating Mutation Rates in Synechococcus

For pre-cultivation, Synechococcus cells were inoculated in BG11 medium at an initial OD₇₃₀ of 0.2–0.3 in column photobioreactors and cultivated under 150 μmol photons/m²/s white fluorescent light at 30 °C, bubbled with air for 3 d. The pre-cultivation broth was re-inoculated into fresh BG11 medium and cultivated under the same conditions until the mid-exponential phase. Especially for MMS-treating cells, before evaluation, they were inoculated in BG11 medium at an initial OD₇₃₀ of 0.2 in a flask under 50 μmol photons/m²/s white fluorescent light at 30 °C or in column photobioreactors and cultivated in MC1000 under 42 °C and 800 μmol photons/m²/s to calculate the non-lethal mutation rates. The cell numbers were calculated using an automated cell counter (Countstar, Shanghai, China), and approximately 1 × 10⁹–4 × 10⁹ cells were collected and plated onto a solid BG11 medium containing 15 μg/mL rifampicin. The rifampin-resistant colonies were counted after 2 weeks of cultivation (ImageJ 1.52a software was used to count the rifampicin-tolerant colonies), and the frequencies of the resistant cells in the original culture broth were calculated to evaluate the mutation rates of Synechococcus genome replication. The relative mutation rate of the recombinant strains was calculated by comparing it with that of the WT. For the hypermutation evolution process, cultivation was performed in MC1000 with the temperature and light intensity set as required.

Sun H., Luan G., Ma Y., Lou W., Chen R., Feng D., Zhang S., Sun J, & Lu X. (2023). Engineered hypermutation adapts cyanobacterial photosynthesis to combined high light and high temperature stress. Nature Communications, 14, 1238.

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Publication 2023

Biological Evolution DNA Replication Light Photobioreactors Rifampin Strains Synechococcus

Synechococcus Growth and Stress Response

Synechococcus cells were inoculated in BG11 medium at an initial OD₇₃₀ of 0.2–0.3 in column photobioreactors and cultivated under 150 μmol photons/m²/s white fluorescent light at 30 °C, bubbled with air for 3 days. Then, the pre-cultivation broth was re-inoculated into fresh BG11 medium and cultivated under the same conditions until the mid-exponential phase. WT with 10⁸ cells/mL was incubated with 2 v% MMS for 1 minute. Cells were then washed with fresh BG11 twice. And cells (HS84, WT, and WT treated with MMS) were inoculated in BG11 medium at an initial OD₇₃₀ of 0.2 in column photobioreactors and cultivated in MC1000 under 42 °C and 800 μmol photons/m²/s. Then, cells cultured in the mid-log phase were inoculated in BG11 medium at an initial OD₇₃₀ of 0.05 in column photobioreactors and cultivated in MC1000 under 42 °C and 1500 μmol photons/m²/s. After that, cells cultured in the mid-log phase were inoculated in BG11 medium at an initial OD₇₃₀ of 0.05 in column photobioreactors and cultivated in MC1000 under 42 °C and 2000 μmol photons/m²/s and 45 °C and 2000 μmol photons/m²/s.

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Publication 2023

Cells Light Photobioreactors Synechococcus

Evaluation of Cyanobacterial Photosynthetic Activity

For evaluation of CEF activity, P700⁺ re-reduction and the redox kinetics of P700 were determined according to previously described methods^{65 (link),66 (link)} with some modifications. Briefly, Synechococcus cells were cultured in BG11 medium at an initial OD₇₃₀ of 0.05 in column photobioreactors and cultivated in MC1000 under 30 °C and 50 μmol photons/m²/s bubbled with air. Cells in the mid-log phase were harvested and adjusted to approximately 6 × 10⁹ cells in 3 mL and were dark-acclimated for 20 min at room temperature (23 °C). P700 redox was monitored after the termination of AL illumination (2800 μE/m²/s for 35 s) under a background of FR light (Intensity level 20) using Dual-PAM 100 (Heinz Walz) (Dual PAM v1.19 software). The P700 levels were normalized by equating the absorbance minimum after the termination of AL illumination to 0 and equating the absorbance maximum of 3 s before the termination of AL illumination to one. The re-reduction of P700⁺ in darkness was measured by monitoring absorbance changes at 830 nm and using 875 nm as a reference. After dark-acclimated for 20 min, 20 μM DCMU was added to the cultures before the measurement. The P700 was oxidized by FR light (Intensity level 20) for 40 s, and the subsequent re-reduction of P700⁺ in the dark was monitored. The curves were normalized by equating the absorbance maximum of 1 s before termination of FR light to one. The initial rate of P700⁺ re-reduction was acquired from normalized curves by calculating the slope of the initial values after FR was turned off and the R² was more than 0.99.

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Publication 2023

Cells Culture Media Darkness Diuron Kinetics Light Lighting Oxidation-Reduction Photobioreactors Synechococcus

Cyanobacterial Genetic Manipulation Protocols

Information regarding the plasmids constructed and used in this study is listed in Supplementary Data 2. All the plasmids were constructed using Gibson Assembly by ClonExpress® Ultra One Step Cloning Kit (Vazyme, Nanjing, China) utilizing E. coli DH5α (TransGen, Beijing, China). Homologous recombination strategy was routinely adopted for gene knockouts, overexpression, or point-mutation manipulations of the cyanobacterial chromosomes, and the respective plasmids carrying the upstream and downstream homologous fragments as well as the inserted cassettes were assembled into recombinant plasmids and transformed into S. elongatus PCC 7942 and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 cells, following previously described protocols^{23 (link)} with some modifications. Briefly, 1 mL cells with an OD₇₃₀ of 1.0 to 2.0 were centrifuged at 5000 × g for 5 min and then resuspended in 250 μL fresh BG11 medium. Next, 200 ng of each plasmid was added, and the mixture was incubated in the dark at 30 °C overnight. Then the cells were applied to BG11 plates supplemented with the corresponding antibiotics. Plasmids pUC19, pBR322, and pEASY-Blunt were used as backbones for recombinant plasmid construction; to overexpress the genes of interest, the cassettes were integrated on neutral site I (NSI) and neutral site II (NSII) in Synechococcus and slr0168 site in Synechocystis. Most of the endogenous fragments were amplified from the genomic DNA of the WT or evolved strains. Primers used for plasmid construction in this study are listed in Supplementary Data 13.
To identify the functional mutations that induce improved HLHT tolerance in Synechococcus, fragments containing specific genomic mutations were amplified from the evolved strains and cloned into the pUC19 plasmid. The recombinant strain was transformed into Synechococcus using a previously developed survival-selection procedure^{23 (link)}. Briefly, after being incubated in the dark at 30 °C overnight, the mixture of plasmid and cells during the transformation process were applied to BG11 plates and cultured in an incubator at 500 μmol photons/m²/s (warm white light source) and 44 °C. for 4 days. Then transformants were picked, streaked on BG11 plates, and incubated at 44 °C and 500 μmol photons/m²/s for 3 days. Wild-type Synechococcus and pSS4 carrying 0336 mutation (AtpA-C252Y) were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. Transformants that survived after the two-step screening were considered true HLHT-tolerant colonies. Then, the SNP-containing DNA fragments were amplified from the genomic DNA of these transformants for Sanger sequencing (as shown in strategy I of Fig. 5a). Additionally, in strategy II to identify the functional mutation, antibiotic resistance genes were inserted into the nearby intergenic sequence of the specific mutations (details are shown in Supplementary Fig. 11).

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Publication 2023

Antibiotic Resistance, Microbial Antibiotics, Antitubercular Cells Chromosomes Cyanobacteria Escherichia coli Gene Knockout Techniques Genes Genome Homologous Recombination Immune Tolerance Intergenic Sequence Light Mutation Oligonucleotide Primers Physiology, Cell Plasmids Point Mutation Strains Synechococcus Synechocystis Vertebral Column

Screening Synechococcus Mutant Library

Cells were cultured in MC1000 under 42 °C and 800 μmol photons/m²/s to logarithmic growth phase for hypermutation evolution or treated with 2 v% MMS for MMS mutagenesis as described in the section of “MMS mutagenesis” and “Evaluation of relative mutation rates of Synechococcus genome replication.” Then, 10⁹ cells were harvested and inoculated on BG11 plates for screening in an incubator at 500 μmol photons/m²/s (warm white light source) and 44 °C. After 4 days of cultivation, the surviving colonies were inoculated on fresh BG11 plates for re-screening in the incubator. Finally, the tolerant mutants (that survived the re-screening process) were transformed with pHS81 to restore the coding sequence of mutS and to remove the additional recA.

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Publication 2023

Biological Evolution Cells DNA Replication Light Mutagenesis Open Reading Frames Synechococcus

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What are the key features of Synechococcus?

Synechococcus is a genus of cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, that are widely distributed in marine and freshwater environments. These unicellular organisms are small, typically ranging from 0.8 to 2.0 micrometers in diameter, and have the ability to perform oxygenic photosynthesis. Synechococcus species are known for their adaptability to diverse environmental conditions, including variations in temperature, light, and nutrient availability.

What are the main applications of Synechococcus?

How can PubCompare.ai help with Synechococcus research?

PubCompare.ai allows researchers to screen protocol literature more efficiently and leverage AI to pinpoint critical insights. The platform can help identify the most effective protocols related to Synechococcus for your specific research goals. The AI-driven analysis can highlight key differences in protocol effectiveness, enabling you to choose the best option for reproducibility and accuary.

What are some common challenges in working with Synechococcus?

One of the key challenges in working with Synechococcus is the need to optimize experimental conditions, such as temperature, light, and nutrient availability, to ensure optimal growth and productivity. Additionally, researchers may face difficulties in accurately measuring and comparing the performance of different Synechococcus strains or cultivation methods. PubCompare.ai can assist in this process by providing insights into the most reproducible and effective protocols from the literature, preprints, and patents.

More about "Synechococcus"

Synechococcus, a genus of cyanobacteria also known as blue-green algae, are small, unicellular organisms that play a vital role in aquatic ecosystems.
These primary producers contribute significantly to global carbon and nitrogen cycles through their ability to perform oxygenic photosynthesis.
Synechococcus species typically range in size from 0.8 to 2.0 micrometers in diameter and are distinguished by their adaptability to diverse environmental conditions, including variations in temperature, light, and nutrient availability.
These resilient microbes have been extensively researched, offering insights into evolutionary and ecological processes, as well as potential applications in biotechnology and renewable energy production.
Researchers can leverage advanced tools like the PubCompare.ai platform to optimize their Synechococcus studies.
This AI-driven solution helps identify the most reproducible and accurate protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, enabling researchers to improve their efficiency and confidence.
When studying Synechococcus, researchers may employ various analytical techniques and instruments, such as the FACSCalibur flow cytometer, SYBR Green I nucleic acid stain, BD Accuri C6, Epics Altra II, and MC-1000 multicultivator.
These tools can be used in conjunction with enzymatic treatments like Amyloglucosidase to enhance experimental procedures and data analysis.
By harnessing the power of PubCompare.ai and leveraging the appropriate analytical tools and techniques, researchers can unlock the full potential of Synechococcus research, leading to groundbreaking discoveries and advancements in fields like biotechnology and environmental science.