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Conus

Conus is a genus of venomous marine gastropod mollusks, commonly known as cone snails or cone shells.
These predatory snails are found in tropical and subtropical ocean waters worldwide, particularly in the Indo-Pacific region.
Conus species are known for their intricate, beautifully patterned shells and their potent venom, which they use to capture prey.
The venom of Conus snails contains a complex mixture of peptides, some of which have potential medical applications, such as the development of pain relievers and treatments for neurological disorders.
Researchers studying Conus species face the challenge of navigating a vast body of literature to identify the most relevant protocols and findings.
PubCompare.ai is an innovative tool that leverages AI-driven comparisons to help researchers efficiently locate the best protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, enhancing reproducibility and accuracy in Conus research.

Most cited protocols related to «Conus»

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Publication 2020
Conus Drainage EPOCH protocol Perimetry Wetlands
For each HI, the number of heat wave days was summed annually (warm season) at the NLDAS grid cell scale. To gain insight into regionalized patterns of the HI, CONUS was divided into six regions: Northwest (Washington, Oregon, Idaho), Southwest (California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico and Colorado), Great Plains (North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas), Midwest (Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan), Southeast (Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia) and Northeast (Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, Maryland, West Virginia, Delaware). These regions are depicted in Figure 1 and approximately match the six geographical regions used for regional climate change analysis in the United States Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) report Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States (2009).
For each of the fifteen HI, the total number of annual heat wave days was averaged over the 33-year timespan at the NLDAS grid cell scale. These results were then averaged over the six CONUS regions to arrive at the average number of heat wave days unique for each heat wave index and region.
These heat wave day averages were then assessed for their trends over the 1979–2011 time period using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. As the OLS residuals exhibited non-normality for several indices (as shown by Shapiro-Wilks normality testing), significance tests were performed using the Mann-Kendall tau test. The Mann-Kendall tau test is a nonparametric test that does not assume an underlying probability distribution of the data, and is also robust to outliers (Moberg et al. 2006 ). Because of this, it is valuable when assessing trends in climate data and therefore has been used in previous studies of trends in extreme temperature indices (El Kenawy et al. 2011 ; Efthymiadis et al. 2011 ; Kuglitsch et al. 2010 ). A trend was considered statistically significant if the p-value was smaller than the significance level α of 0.05. Based on the results of the Mann-Kendall testing, all insignificant trends were masked out. The average of the resulting significant trends was computed for each of the six CONUS regions for all fifteen HI. Results are reported for trends calculated over the entire 1979–2011 period of record available at the time the study was performed. The sensitivity of trends to choice of time period was assessed by repeating the trend analysis with the beginning date shifted between 1979 and 1981 and the end date shifted between 2007 and 2012 (provisional data used for 2012). It was found that results were very similar for all analyses that included data through at least 2009. For periods that excluded recent years the geographic pattern and direction of trends was similar, but statistical significance of trends tended to be reduced.
To compliment these trend values, landmass coverage was calculated. These landmass coverage percentages represent the number of cells covered by significant trends (which were averaged) divided by the total number of cells in that region.
Publication 2012
Climate Climate Change Conus Grid Cells Hypersensitivity Infrared Rays
Anthropometric measurements were obtained by trained personnel and were systematically adjusted for clothing, as previously described7 (link), 35 (link). Individuals with self-reported values were excluded. In the main analyses, we used BMI (as an index of general adiposity); ABSI, WC and WHR (as indices of abdominal adiposity); HC and HI (as indices of gluteofemoral adiposity). We additionally examined for comparison alternative WC-based anthropometric indices. The calculation of anthropometric indices is described below, with the relevant reference (ref) cited at the end of each formula:

ABSI (A Body Shape Index) = 1,000*WC*Wt –2/3*Ht5/6 ref22 (link)

AVI (Abdominal Volume Index) = (2*(WC*100)2 + 0.7*(WC*100 − HC*100)2)/1,000 ref11

BMI (Body Mass Index) = Wt/Ht2

BRI (Body Roundness Index) = 364.2–365.5*(1 − ((0.5*WC/π)2/(0.5*Ht)2))0.5 ref14 (link)

ConI (Conicity Index) = WC/(0.109*(Wt/Ht)0.5) ref15 (link)

eTBF (estimated Total Body Fat) = 100 * (–Z + A − B)/C, where A = (4.15*WC*39.3701), B = (0.082*Wt*2.20462), C = (Wt*2.20462), Z = 98.42 (men), Z = 76.76 (women) ref12 (link)

RFM (Relative Fat Mass) = 64 − (20*Ht/WC) + (12*S), where S = 0 (men), S = 1 (women) ref16 (link)

HI (Hip Index) = HC * Wt –0.482*Ht0.310 ref34 (link)

WHR (Waist-to-Hip Ratio) = WC/HC

WHtR (Waist-to-Height Ratio) = WC/Ht

WWI (Weight-adjusted Waist Index) = (WC*100)/(Wt0.5) ref13 (link)

WCadjBMI (WC adjusted for BMI) and WHRadjBMI (WHR adjusted for BMI) were derived as the residuals of sex-specific linear regression models WC (or WHR) ~ BMI + study centre.

HC—hip circumference (m); WC—waist circumference (m); Ht—height (m); Wt—weight (kg). ABSI was multiplied by 1,000 to derive numbers in the order of magnitude of WC, which would be more intuitive to use than the original values, which are < 0.1. The formula for eTBF incorporates factors to convert the measurements into units matching the original formula: 39.3701 for a conversion from m to in and 2.20462 from kg to lbs.
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Publication 2020
Abdomen Adiposity Body Fat Body Shape Conus Human Body Index, Body Mass Retinal Cone Waist-Hip Ratio Waist Circumference Woman
The PC porous membranes with interconnected pores have been fabricated by exposing a 22-μm-thick PC film to a two-step irradiation process. The topology of the membranes was defined by exposing the film to a first irradiation step at two fixed angles of −25° and +25° with respect to the normal axis of the film plane. After rotating the PC film in the plane by 90°, the second irradiation step took place at the same fixed angular irradiation flux to finally form a 3D nanochannel network. The diameter of the latent tracks was enlarged by following a previously reported protocol to obtain membranes with distinct porosities and pores sizes (37 ). The PC membranes with average pore diameters of 80 and 105 nm display low volumetric porosity (3%) and large volumetric porosity (22%), respectively. Next, the PC templates were coated on one side using an e-beam evaporator with a metallic Cr/Au bilayer to serve as cathode during the electrochemical deposition. The thickness of the thin adhesion layer of Cr was 3 nm, while for a uniform and consistent nanopore coverage withstanding the electrodeposition process, the Au film thickness was set to 400 and 750 nm for the 80- and 105-nm-diameter porous membranes, respectively.
The multilayered NW networks have been grown at RT by electrodeposition into the 3D porous PC templates from a single sulfate bath using potentiostatic control and a pulsed electrodeposition technique (38 ). For these experiments, we used an Ag/AgCl reference electrode and a Pt counter electrode. To prepare the CoNi/Cu interconnected NW networks, the composition of the electrolyte was 2.3 M NiSO4 · 6H2O + 0.4 M CoSO4 · 7H2O + 15 mM CuSO4 · 5H2O + 0.5 M H3BO3, and the deposition potential was alternatively switched between −1 V to deposit equiatomic CoNi alloy layer (containing approximately 5% Cu impurity), and −0.4 V to deposit almost pure Cu layers (39 ). Following a procedure described elsewhere (38 ), the deposition rates of each metals were determined from the pore filling time. According to this calibration, the deposition time was adjusted to 300 ms and 12 s for the CoNi and Cu layers, respectively, and the estimated average thickness of the bilayer was ~15 nm, with approximately the same thicknesses for the CoNi and Cu layers. The morphology of the nanostructured interconnected NW networks was characterized using a high-resolution field emission SEM JEOL 7600F equipped with an energy-dispersive x-ray analyzer. For the electron microscopy analysis, we removed the PC template by chemical dissolution using dichloromethane. For conducting magnetotransport measurements, the cathode was locally removed by plasma etching to create a two-probe design suitable for electric measurements, with the flow of current restricted along the NW segments, thus perpendicular to the plane of the layers.
Publication 2019
Alloys Bath Conus Electricity Electrolytes Electron Microscopy Electroplating Epistropheus Metals Methylene Chloride Plasma Radiography Radiotherapy Sulfates, Inorganic Tissue, Membrane

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Publication 2020
A 300 Conus Cyanobacteria Europeans Fluorescence Negroid Races Phycocyanin Satellite Viruses

Most recents protocols related to «Conus»

Based on “Practical guidelines for Rigor and Repeatability in Preclinical and clinical studies of cardiac protection” (Botker et al., 2018 (link)), the study was conducted in adult male SD rats aged 8–12 weeks weighing 250–300 g. The experimental protocols of the animals involved in this study were approved by the Laboratory Animal Research Committee of Soochow University. Rats were kept in pathogen-free, temperature-controlled environments (20°C–25°C) and specific facilities with 12-h light/dark cycles, with a maximum of six per cage and free feeding on conventional laboratory animal feed. The rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 5 per group): Sham group (saline + sham operation), I/R group (saline + I/R); Dapa group (dapagliflozin 10 mg/kg/day + I/R). DAPA or saline was intragastrically administered once daily for 5 days. On the sixth day, the rats underwent myocardial ischemia for 30 min followed by reperfusion for 2 h. Briefly, adult male SD rats were anesthetized with 50 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital and placed in the supine position on a 37°C heating pad. During the experiment, a standard limb II lead electrocardiogram was performed continuously. The tracheal incision was intubated, and mechanical ventilation was connected with a ventilator. After the left thoracic incision, 6-0 silk thread was sutured at the root of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery (LAD), positioned 2 mm below the intersection of the left atrial appendage and arterial conus, and a slip-knot was made. After 30 min of ischemia, the knot was released, and reperfusion was performed for 2 h. In the sham group, the same thoracotomy was performed without ligating the coronary arteries. The animals were then sacrificed for subsequent experiments.
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Publication 2023
Adult Animals Animals, Laboratory Arteries Artery, Coronary Atrium, Left Auricular Appendage Conus dapagliflozin Electrocardiography Environment, Controlled Heart Ischemia Males Mechanical Ventilation Muscle Rigidity Myocardial Ischemia pathogenesis Pentobarbital Sodium Plant Roots Rattus norvegicus Reperfusion Saline Solution Silk Thoracotomy Trachea
Our 12-y study covered the entire United States and adjacent parts of Canada, involving 289 scientists representing 50 states and 3 Canadian provinces. To perform the work, we divided the CONUS study area into nine terrestrial and five coastal study regions, each comprising clusters of TNC ecoregions or coastal zones (57 ). Six study regions were shared with Canada or Mexico, but for this paper, we clipped data at the continental US border to ensure data compatibility (Fig. 1A). Here, we present the terrestrial results for the CONUS, amounting to 48 states and 68 full or partial ecoregions, excluding the 2-m sea-level-rise coastal zone.
In all study regions, we applied a similar systematic method; however, each region was allowed to tailor the methods to reflect the local terrain and ecology. Additionally, as this effort unfolded over a decade, our methods evolved to take advantage of new information and improved computational approaches. Thus, the exact techniques for defining geophysical settings, measuring microclimates, determining thresholds, and applying mathematical weightings varied slightly by study region. Ten of the study region assessments were led by one TNC North America team. Project teams for the CA and Pacific Northwest (PNW) study areas were led by staff from their respective TNC state offices and developed innovations and customizations unique to their regions. Relevant variations in methodology are described where applicable and compared in detail in SI Appendix, Tables S1, S2, and S4.
Within each study region, we convened a steering committee of TNC scientists from each included state, plus additional conservationists from agencies, academia, and other NGOs. Committee composition varied by geography, but, in aggregate, included contributors from 6 federal agencies, 17 state or provincial agencies, 22 NGOs, 17 universities, 8 Natural Heritage Programs (NHPs), and 48 TNC state offices (SI Appendix, Table S10). We used bimonthly virtual meetings to explain the basic methodology, identify relevant datasets, review drafts of results, obtain feedback, iterate, and finalize results. The process took 1 to 3 y per study region, and, for each, we produced a 200- to 300-page report that includes the analytical methods, input datasets, geographic information system (GIS) processing steps, maps of all the components, and a summary for each ecoregion that brings the work together at a decision-relevant scale. The reports were reviewed by steering-committee members and are publicly available for download (SI Appendix, SI Text).
We began the assessment of each study region with a depiction of geophysical diversity, using data on geology, soils, and elevation to identify abiotic settings that could meaningfully represent key drivers of biodiversity patterns within each ecoregion. Next, we developed maps of site resilience, connectivity, and recognized biodiversity value. Here, we describe the base methods used to develop the foundational data layers that were integrated into a national dataset.
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Publication 2023
Body Weight Conus Innovativeness Microclimate Microtubule-Associated Proteins Sea Level Rise
Eight-week-old male C57BL/6J wildtype (WT) mice were purchased from the laboratory animal center of the Xi’an Jiaotong University (Xi’an, China). The Fndc5+/- mice (C57BL/6N-Fndc5em1Cya, S-KO-09897), which were conventional knockout by CRISPR-Cas9, were purchased from Cyagen Biosciences Inc. (Guangzhou, China) and were used to generate the homozygous target mice. The sequence of primers for screening homozygous mice is as follows: F1: 5′-CTGTCTCCAATGTTCCACT TGTCTG-3′; R1: 5′-CTTGCCTTTGTTCTTTGAGGCCATC-3′; R2: 5′-GCTTGAACCAAGGCGAGAGCTAGT-3′. All animals were housed in the Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University (temperature: 23–25 °C and humidity: 40–60%), with four to five animals per cage, who resided under a 12 h light/12 h dark cycle and received ad libitum access to water and standard rodent chow. All experimental protocols were approved by the Ethics Committee of Shaanxi Normal University.
WT and Fndc5-/- mice were used to establish the MI model by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery at the position approximately 2 mm under the junction of the pulmonary conus and left atrial appendage. Surviving WT mice were randomly divided into the sham-operated group (S), MI group, and MI with AE group (ME), n = 6; the surviving Fndc5-/- mice were also divided into the S group (KS), MI group (KMI), and ME group (KME), n = 3.
Mice in ME and KME groups were subjected to six weeks of treadmill AE from the second week after surgery. The exercise training protocol was based on a previous study [64 (link)] and adjusted according to the state of the exercised mice. During the first five days, mice were subjected to adaptive training, in which the speed and duration were gradually increased from 5 m/min for 10 min to 10 m/min for 50 min. The formal training speed was 10 m/min for 60 min per day, five days per week, for six weeks, corresponding to a moderate intensity exercise, and the maximum oxygen uptake was about 65–70% [65 (link),66 (link)]. No mice died during the process.
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Publication 2023
Acclimatization Animals Animals, Laboratory Artery, Coronary Atrium, Left Auricular Appendage Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats Conus Ethics Committees Homozygote Humidity Ligation Lung Males Mice, House Mice, Inbred C57BL Oligonucleotide Primers Operative Surgical Procedures Oxygen Rodent
Two different methods were used to measure the thyroid volumes. ConUS data were evaluated via the ellipsoid model (conUS-EM): V = (4/3) * π * (largest cranial-caudal diameter/2) * (largest anterior-posterior diameter/2) * (orthograde medial-lateral diameter/2) [24 (link)]. Volume determination of the stitched 3D-US data sets were performed by multiple manually drawn segmental contouring applications (MC) in transverse plane in PMOD software according to the organ boarders (3DsnUS-MC, 3DmsUS-MC). The same method was also used to measure the thyroid volumes on I-124-PET/CT scans in Syngo.via software (PET/CT-MC), which defined the reference standard values. To avoid prejudiced biases, determination of the reference was performed only after the measurements of the thyroid volumes on the several US data sets. For further comparative analyses, the CT scans alone were additionally evaluated in Syngo.via software using both the MC and EM methods (CT-EM, CT-MC). ConUS-EM and CT-EM applications are demonstrated in Figure 4.
MC applications on 3D-US (3DsnUS-MC and 3DmsUS-MC), CT (CT-MC), and I-124-PET/CT (PET/CT-MC) are shown in Figure 5.
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Publication 2023
Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Conus Cranium Iodine-124 Radionuclide Imaging Scan, CT PET Thyroid Gland X-Ray Computed Tomography
US was performed on the LOGIQ E9 device (GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI, USA). Separate scans of each thyroid lobe (left and right) were acquired. ConUS was conducted with the linear matrix array ML6-15 according to a local standard operating procedure [7 (link)]. For 3DsnUS, a magnetic field and specific position sensors equipped to the ML6-15 probe were necessary. For 3DmsUS an automated mechanically swept 3D convex probe (RAB4-8) was used. The methodology of these 3D-US applications has been described in several previous publications [14 (link),19 (link),20 (link)]. All 3D-US data sets were transferred to the research software PMOD (Version 4.1, PMOD Technologies Ltd., Zürich, Switzerland). Examination settings and acquired data sets are depictured in Figure 1 and Figure 2.
The parameter settings for the two investigated 3D-US applications are shown in Table 1.
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Publication 2023
Conus Magnetic Fields Medical Devices Radionuclide Imaging Thyroid Gland

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More about "Conus"

Cone snails, cone shells, and the genus Conus are a fascinating topic in the world of marine biology and biomedical research.
These predatory gastropod mollusks, found in tropical and subtropical ocean waters worldwide, are renowned for their intricate, beautifully patterned shells and their potent venom, which they use to capture prey.
The venom of Conus species contains a complex mixture of peptides, some of which have potential medical applications, such as the development of pain relievers and treatments for neurological disorders.
Researchers studying these remarkable creatures face the challenge of navigating a vast body of literature to identify the most relevant protocols and findings.
Fortunately, innovative tools like PubCompare.ai are available to help researchers efficiently locate the best protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents.
By leveraging AI-driven comparisons, PubCompare.ai enhances reproducibility and accuracy in Conus research, empowering scientists to make more informed decisions.
Beyond the study of Conus, researchers may also utilize other specialized equipment and techniques, such as Pentobarbital sodium for anesthesia, RNAlater for RNA preservation, Heidelberg Retina Tomograph III for ocular imaging, TRIzol for RNA extraction, Powershot SX50 for high-resolution photography, Quanta 200F for electron microscopy, 6-channel phased array surface coils for MRI, Co(NO3)2·6H2O for chemical synthesis, AnaSed for sedation, and SPSS software version 19.0 for data analysis.
By combining the insights from the MeSH term description and the Metadescription, researchers can gain a comprehensive understanding of the fascinating world of Conus and the tools available to enhance their studies.
With the help of innovative platforms like PubCompare.ai, scientists can navigate the literature more efficiently and advance their research in this captivating field.