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> Living Beings > Eukaryote > Culicidae

Culicidae

Culicidae, also known as mosquitoes, are a family of small, midge-like flies that are important vectors for various diseases.
This family includes over 3,500 species found worldwide, many of which are vectors for pathogens that cause malaria, dengue, Zika, and other potentially deadly illnesses.
Understanding the biology, behavior, and ecology of Culicidae is crucial for developing effective control strategies and preventing the spread of these diseases.
PubCompare.ai can revolutionize Culicidae research by helping scientists locate the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, while providing accurate comparisons to enhance reproducibility and accuracy.
Explore the power of PubCompare.ai and take your Culicidae research to new hieghts.

Most cited protocols related to «Culicidae»

1
Detecting SINE200 Insertions Across Anopheles Genome
Cited 139 times
Genomic DNA was extracted with various standard procedures, and specimens were identified to species and molecular forms by PCR-RFLP [38 (link),39 (link)]. SINE200 elements were located in silico by BLASTN searches on the genome sequence of the A. gambiae PEST genome using the obtained SINE200 consensus sequence as a query. Thirteen SINE200 insertions lying within the A. gambiae molecular form speciation islands (sensu Turner [11 (link)]) on X, 2L and 2R chromosomes, and characterized by the presence of 500 bp flanking regions showing a single hit in the genome, were selected. Primers were designed to amplify across the element using Primer 3 software [40 (link)]. The selected loci were named 'S200' followed by the abbreviation of the chromosomal arm (2L, 2R, X), by a number/letter corresponding to the chromosomal location on the cytogenetic map [4 (link)] and by an additional number aimed to distinguish primer sets positioned on the same chromosome division. Genes annotated within a 20 Kb genome sequence including SINE200 insertions for each locus were retrieved from the PEST genome ver. Agam P3 Feb. 2006 (Table 2).
PCR reactions were carried out in a 25 μl reaction which contained 1 pmol of each primer, 0.2 mM of each dNTP, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 2.5 U Taq polymerase, and 0.5 μl of template DNA extracted from a single mosquito. Thermocycler conditions were 94°C for 10 min followed by thirty-five cycles of 94°C for 30 s, 54°C for 30 s and 72°C for 1 min., with a final elongation at 72°C for 10 min, and a 4°C hold. The resulting products were analysed on 1.5% agarose gels stained with ethidium bromide, with low and high molecular weight bands corresponding to fragments containing or lacking the targeted SINE200, respectively.
PCR products representing 'filled' and 'empty' sites of S200 X6.1 locus on X chromosome were sequenced on both strands using ABI Big Dye Terminator v.2 chemistry and an ABI Prism 3700 DNA Analyser. Multiple alignments were performed using ClustalX [37 (link)]. All sequences were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers EU881868–EU881887.
Indices of polymorphism (i.e. SINE200 insertion frequency and heterozygosity) and differentiation (Fst) at polymorphic loci were computed using Fstat 2.9.3.2 [41 ]. Significance was tested with Bonferroni-adjusted P-values, using the randomization approach implemented in Fstat.
Santolamazza F., Mancini E., Simard F., Qi Y., Tu Z, & della Torre A. (2008). Insertion polymorphisms of SINE200 retrotransposons within speciation islands of Anopheles gambiae molecular forms. Malaria Journal, 7, 163.
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Publication 2008
2-(2-(2-chloro-3-(2-(3,3-dimethyl-5-sulfo-1-(4-sulfo-butyl)-3H-indol-2-yl)-vinyl)-cyclohex-2-enylidene)-ethylidene)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(4-sulfo-butyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid Chromosomes Chromosome Segregation Consensus Sequence Culicidae Ethidium Bromide Gels Genes Genetic Polymorphism Genome Heterozygote Magnesium Chloride Neutrophil Oligonucleotide Primers Plague prisma Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Sepharose Taq Polymerase X Chromosome
2
Comparative Mosquito Aspiration Techniques
Cited 113 times
We aimed to have a motor with the same aspirating power of the CDC-BP because blowers that have more suction generally injure or kill mosquitoes (Clark et al. 1994 (link)). We measured the aspiration power of a brand-new CDC-BP (John W.Hook, Gainesville, FL) and of the Prokopack at 0, 5, and 10 cm from end of collection cup by using a hand-held digital wind gauge (Kestrel 4000; Kestrel Meters, Sylvan Lake, MI). For each aspiration device and distance, we recorded the average wind speed over a 1-min interval for a total of 10 repetitions.
From 24 November 2008 to 11 March 2009, two combined sewer overflow (CSO) tunnels (Greensferry and Tanyard Creek) in Atlanta, GA, were visited to collect overwintering mosquitoes by using one Prokopack in the upper walls (above 1.5 m) and ceiling and one CDC-BP in the lower walls (<1.5 m). Seven 10-m sections of the tunnels (three in Greensferry and four in Tanyard) were carefully aspirated by three field technicians with the aid of flashlights to spot overwintering mosquitoes. Collection effort was fixed (≈20 min per tunnel section) for each aspirator. We aimed to assess how our collections could be improved by aspirating on the upper wall and ceiling. The tunnel concrete surface walls were uneven and required maneuvering around pipes and drains, the ceilings were high (up to 5 m), and some surfaces were partially wet. Collected mosquitoes were kept alive in glass breeding chambers (30×30×30 cm) containing a 10% sucrose solution and then identified by species and individually stored at −80°C for further virus testing.
During 7–22 May 2009, a paired trial between the Prokopack and the CDC-BP was performed in 71 houses in Iquitos, Peru. Randomly selected houses were visited by two field technicians who tested the performance of each mosquito aspirator in indoor collections. At each house, a collection sequence alternating the use of the CDC-BP and the Prokopack in the lower (<1.5 m) walls and furniture was followed. After using one of the aspirators (e.g., Prokopack), the same technician was in charge of repeating the collection with the alternative aspirator (e.g., CDC-BP), making sure to cover a similar area as in the initial collection. Concurrently with the lower wall collections, a Prokopack with an extension pole was used to collect the mosquitoes resting on the higher (>1.5 m) walls and the ceiling. Collection effort in each house was fixed (≈10 min) for each aspirator. Aspiration was performed in all rooms and hallways of each house as described by Scott et al. (2000) (link) and collected mosquitoes were processed as described above. In a first assessment, we found several damaged mosquitoes, because the collection cups were too close to the aspirator fan. We fixed this problem by adding a rigid wire transversally at 2.5 cm from the end of the rubber coupler (see 2b in Fig. 1A).
Vazquez-Prokopec G.M., Galvin W.A., Kelly R, & Kitron U. (2009). A New, Cost-Effective, Battery-Powered Aspirator for Adult Mosquito Collections. Journal of medical entomology, 46(6), 1256-1259.
Publication 2009
ARID1A protein, human Culicidae Fingers Medical Devices Muscle Rigidity piperazine-N,N'-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid) Rubber Silvan Sucrose Suction Drainage Virus Wind
3
Multi-Assay Evaluation of Mosquito Insecticide Resistance
Cited 98 times
For the initial optimisation of each assay mosquitoes were either obtained from two laboratory colonies, Kisumu (susceptible line from Kenya) and RSP (homozygous for the East African kdr mutation), or were field-caught samples from Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya and Cameroon. Genotypes of individuals were confirmed by sequencing of the relevant region of the para-type sodium channel gene as described previously [12 (link)].
All detection assays were performed on a standard 96 well test plate. The 96 sample test plate was comprised of genomic DNA of representative mosquito individuals of all the known kdr genotypes including three individuals heterozygous for both the east and west kdr alleles. The plate included DNA from An. gambiae s.s (both S and M forms) An. arabiensis, Anopheles quadriannulatus, Anopheles melas, Anopheles merus and Anopheles funestus. The amount of DNA was variable between samples to test the sensitivity of each assay. DNA concentration was determined by absorption at 260 nm using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (NanoDrop Technologies). The plate also included a number of Plasmodium falciparum DNA samples and water blanks as negative controls. The details of each of the 96 samples (including species, molecular form, collection location, DNA concentration and kdr genotype) is given in Additional file 1. This information was withheld from the persons who carried out the testing of each assay to ensure no bias occurred in the scoring of results. For all samples DNA was extracted from single mosquitoes using either the Livak or Ballinger Crabtree methods [26 (link),27 (link)] or DNAzol reagent (Molecular Research Center, Inc) at one-fifth the recommended reagent volume for each extraction. The DNAs were resuspended in either TE buffer or sterile water at volumes between 100 and 200 μl. Species identification was carried out using an established PCR assay [28 (link)] and specimens had been assigned a putative kdr genotype by AS-PCR [11 (link),12 (link)], HOLA [22 (link)] or DNA sequencing. After the blind genotyping trials any samples of ambiguous kdr genotype were sequenced.
Bass C., Nikou D., Donnelly M.J., Williamson M.S., Ranson H., Ball A., Vontas J, & Field L.M. (2007). Detection of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in Anopheles gambiae: a comparison of two new high-throughput assays with existing methods. Malaria Journal, 6, 111.
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Publication 2007
Alleles Anopheles Biological Assay Buffers Culicidae DNA DNA, A-Form East African People Genes Genome Genotype Heterozygote Homozygote Hypersensitivity MELAS Syndrome Mutation Plasmodium falciparum Sodium Channel Sterility, Reproductive Visually Impaired Persons
4
Zika Virus Genome Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis
Cited 83 times
RNA was extracted from patient samples that demonstrated the highest concentration of ZIKV RNA determined by the real-time assay, and for which sufficient sample volume was available (patients 824, 037, 830a, and 958). Briefly, RNA was extracted from 150 μL of serum by using the QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN), and RNA was eluted with 75 μL of RNase-free water. A series of RT-PCRs was performed with each RNA preparation by using primer pairs designed to generate overlapping DNA fragments that spanned the entire polyprotein coding region of the virus. Primers were designed by using the ZIKV MR 766 prototype virus coding region sequence (GenBank accession no. AY632535) and the PrimerSelect software module of the LaserGene package (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, WI, USA). Several primers initially failed to amplify because of sequence mismatches between ZIKV MR 766 and ZIKV Yap 2007. Therefore, primers were redesigned by using newly generated DNA sequence data, and a “genome walking” approach was used to derive complete coding region sequence data. The complete list of amplification and sequencing primers is available upon request.
All RT-PCRs were performed with 10 μL of RNA by using the OneStep RT-PCR Kit (QIAGEN) following the manufacturer’s protocol. DNAs were analyzed by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis, and bands of the predicted size were excised from the gel and purified by using the QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (QIAGEN). Purified DNAs were subjected to nucleic acid sequence analysis with sequencing primers spaced ≈500 bases apart on both strands of the DNA fragments by using the ABI BigDye Terminator V3.1 Ready Reaction Cycle Sequencing Mixture (Applied Biosystems). Nucleotide sequence was determined by capillary electrophoresis by using the ABI 3130 genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystems) following the manufacturer’s protcol. Raw sequence data were aligned and edited by using the SeqMan module of LaserGene (DNASTAR Inc.). Because of insufficient sample volume, no patient RNA was sufficient to generate DNA that included the entire coding region. Therefore, DNA data obtained from 4 patients was combined to generate a consensus sequence heretofore designated the ZIKV 2007 epidemic consensus (EC) sequence (GenBank accession no. EU545988).
The complete coding region of ZIKV 2007 EC or the nonstructural protein 5 (NS5) gene subregion was aligned with all available flavivirus sequences in GenBank by using the Clustal W algorithm within the MEGA version 4 software package (www.megasoftware.net). Phylogenetic trees were constructed by using either the complete coding region or the NS5 region because a large number of NS5 sequences were available in GenBank and trees for the NS5 region have been constructed (16 (link)). Additional ZIKV strains from the CDC/World Health Organization reference collection (strains 41662, 41524, and 41525) isolated from Aedes spp. mosquitoes collected in Senegal in 1984 were also amplified by RT-PCR in the NS5 region and subjected to nucleic acid sequencing as described above and included in the NS5 region analysis. Trees were constructed from coding region data or from NS5 data by MEGA 4 from aligned nucleotide sequences. We used maximum parsimony, neighbor-joining, or minimum evolution algorithms with 2,000 replicates for bootstrap support of tree groupings. All trees generated nearly identical topology; only the neighbor-joining NS5 tree is shown (Figure 1).
Lanciotti R.S., Kosoy O.L., Laven J.J., Velez J.O., Lambert A.J., Johnson A.J., Stanfield S.M, & Duffy M.R. (2008). Genetic and Serologic Properties of Zika Virus Associated with an Epidemic, Yap State, Micronesia, 2007. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(8), 1232-1239.
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Publication 2008
ABI1 protein, human Aedes Base Sequence Biological Assay Biological Evolution Consensus Sequence Culicidae Electrophoresis, Agar Gel Electrophoresis, Capillary Endoribonucleases Epidemics Flavivirus Genes Genome Oligonucleotide Primers Patients Polyproteins Proteins Reproduction Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA, Viral Serum Strains Trees Virus Zika Virus
5
Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of Human and Mouse Lung Cells
Cited 67 times
mRNA from single cells sorted from human and mouse lungs and human blood into lysis plates was reverse transcribed to complementary DNA (cDNA) and amplified as previously described2 (link). Illumina sequencing libraries for cDNA from single cells were prepared as previously described2 (link). Briefly, cDNA libraries were prepared using the Nextera XT Library Sample Preparation kit (Illumina, FC-131–1096). Nextera tagmentation DNA buffer (Illumina) and Tn5 enzyme (Illumina) were added, and the sample was incubated at 55°C for 10 minutes. The reaction was neutralized by adding “Neutralize Tagment Buffer” (Illumina) and centrifuging at room temperature at 3,220 x g for 5 minutes. Mouse samples were then indexed via PCR by adding i5 indexing primer, i7 indexing primer, and Nextera NPM mix (Illumina). Human samples were similarly indexed via PCR using custom, dual-unique indexing primers (IDT)2 (link).
Following library preparation, wells of each library plate were pooled using a Mosquito liquid handler (TTP Labtech), then purified twice using 0.7x AMPure beads (Fisher A63881). Library pool quality was assessed by capillary electrophoresis on a Tapestation system (Agilent) with either a high sensitivity or normal D5000 ScreenTape assay kit (Agilent) or Fragment analyzer (AATI), and library cDNA concentrations were quantified by qPCR (Kapa Biosystems KK4923) on a CFX96 Touch Real-Time PCR Detection System (Biorad). Plate pools were normalized and combined equally to make each sequencing sample pool. A PhiX control library was spiked in at 1% before sequencing. Human libraries were sequenced on a NovaSeq 6000 (Illumina) and mouse libraries on a NextSeq 500 (Illumina).
Cells isolated from each compartment (“immune and endothelial enriched”, “epithelial enriched”, “stromal”) and subject blood were captured in droplet emulsions using a Chromium Single-Cell instrument (10x Genomics) and libraries were prepared using the 10x Genomics 3’ Single Cell V2 protocol as previously described2 (link). All 10x libraries were pooled and sequenced on a NovaSeq 6000 (Illumina).
Travaglini K.J., Nabhan A.N., Penland L., Sinha R., Gillich A., Sit R.V., Chang S., Conley S.D., Mori Y., Seita J., Berry G.J., Shrager J.B., Metzger R.J., Kuo C.S., Neff N., Weissman I.L., Quake S.R, & Krasnow M.A. (2020). A molecular cell atlas of the human lung from single cell RNA sequencing. Nature, 587(7835), 619-625.
Publication 2020
Biological Assay BLOOD Buffers cDNA Library Cells Chromium Culicidae cyclo(D-tyrosyl-arginyl-arginyl-3-(2-naphthyl)alanyl-glycyl) DNA, Complementary Electrophoresis, Capillary Emulsions Endothelium Enzymes Homo sapiens Hypersensitivity Lung Mus Oligonucleotide Primers RNA, Messenger Touch

Most recents protocols related to «Culicidae»

1
Artemisinin Inhibits Malaria Transmission
Not available on PMC !

Example 5

The effects of AST on P. falciparum transmission to Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes was analyzed. AST was added to 15-day cultured P. falciparum-infected blood at concentrations from 0.1 to 3 μM and fed to An. gambiae using a standard membrane feeding assay (SMFA). The number of oocysts in mosquito midguts was counted on day 7 post-infection. AST completely inhibited malaria transmission at 3 μM (FIG. 4A) suggesting that AST effectively blocks transmission. Most of currently available antimalarial drugs and candidate drugs in clinical development require 5 μM or higher for complete inhibition of P. falciparum transmission in SMFAs. These results demonstrate that AST is at least as effective as current drugs. In contrast, no dead mosquitoes were observed, suggesting that AST has no or little insecticidal activity. The EC50 of AST in blocking the transmission of the sexual-stage P. falciparum to mosquitos, defined as the concentration of a compound that inhibits 50% of infection intensity (the number of oocysts per mosquito) compared to that of the compound-free control, was 0.34 μM.

Advantageously, AST significantly inhibits Plasmodium falciparum transmission to Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes compared to that of PT and MSO (FIG. 4B).

US11877996B1. Arsinothricin as a multi-stage antimalarial (2024-01-23). None [US], None [US], None [US], None [US]. Inventors: Masafumi Yoshinaga [US], Barry P. Rosen [US], Jun Li [US], Guodong Niu [US].
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Patent 2024
Anopheles gambiae Antimalarials Biological Assay BLOOD Cardiac Arrest Culicidae Infection Insecticides Malaria Oocysts Pharmaceutical Preparations Plasmodium falciparum Psychological Inhibition Tissue, Membrane Transmission, Communicable Disease
2
Synergistic Insecticidal Effects of Etofenprox and β-Caryophyllene
Not available on PMC !

Example 32

Etofenprox and β-caryophyllene were tested for efficacy against 3- to 5-day old adult Aedes aegypti. For the following concentrations 3% β-caryophyllene, 0.002 μg/mosquito of etofenprox, and 0.002 μg/mosquito of etofenprox with 3% β-caryophyllene, at 1 hour we obtained 13%, 83%, and 87% knockdown respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 3%, 53%, and 77% mortality respectively. The CO2 control and acetone standard both had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mortality at 24 hours. Results are shown in Table 22.

TABLE 22
Efficacy of β-caryophyllene, etofenprox, and a combination of
both against adult, virgin, female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.
% MORTALITY
ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS
β-CARYOPHYLLENE3%77
ETOFENPROX0.002 μg53
OBS.*CALC.**
β-CARYOPHYLLENE + 3% + 0.002 μg93‡89.19
ETOFENPROX
*Obs. = observed efficacy
**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula
‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present.

US11856957B2. Insecticidal compositions and methods of using the same (2024-01-02). CLARKE MOSQUITO CONTROL PRODUCTS, INC. [US]. Inventors: Michael Dean Willis [US], Marie Elizabeth Saunders [US], Darryl Ramoutar [US], Joanna Maria Tyszko [US], Frances Nita Krenick [US], Andrea Rohrbacher [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Acetone Adult Aedes beta-caryophyllene Culicidae ethofenprox Females Insecticides
3
Evaluating Insecticidal Efficacy of Etofenprox and Farnesene
Not available on PMC !

Example 31

Etofenprox and farnesene were tested for efficacy against 3- to 5-day old adult Aedes aegypti. For the following concentrations 3% farnesene, 0.002 μg/mosquito of etofenprox, and 0.002 μg/mosquito of etofenprox with 3% farnesene, at 1 hour we obtained 7%, 83%, and 60% knockdown respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 13%, 53%, and 50% mortality respectively. The CO2 control and acetone standard both had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mortality at 24 hours. Results are shown in Table 21.

TABLE 21
Efficacy of farnesene, etofenprox, and a combination of both
against adult, virgin, female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.
% MORTALITY
ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS
FARNESENE3%13
ETOFENPROX0.002 μg53
OBS.*CALC.**
FARNESENE + 3% + 0.002 μg50‡59.11
ETOFENPROX
*Obs. = observed efficacy
**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula
‡Since the calculated insecticidal kill rate exceeds the observed value, then the action of the combination is antagonistic.

US11856957B2. Insecticidal compositions and methods of using the same (2024-01-02). CLARKE MOSQUITO CONTROL PRODUCTS, INC. [US]. Inventors: Michael Dean Willis [US], Marie Elizabeth Saunders [US], Darryl Ramoutar [US], Joanna Maria Tyszko [US], Frances Nita Krenick [US], Andrea Rohrbacher [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Acetone Adult Aedes antagonists Culicidae ethofenprox Farnesenes Females Insecticides
4
Tick Repellent Composition Efficacy
Not available on PMC !

Example 5

At day 28, group 2 treated with a composition according to the present invention has further been infested with ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). The dead ticks have been counted at day 28+24 hours after infestation and 48 hours after infestation.

TABLE 9
D29D30
Group 2 (AM)90.489.1
Group 2 (GM)96.195.9
Group 1 (AM)00
Group 1 (GM)00

It can be concluded that the composition according to the present invention is efficient enough to kill more than 90% of ticks at day 29, and still more than 89% of ticks at day 30.

All these results indicate the composition according to the present invention is efficient enough to repel, knock-down and kill mosquitoes, ticks and fleas during more than one month.

US11872208B2. Composition for treating parasites infestations (2024-01-16). CEVA SANTE ANIMALE [FR]. Inventors: Florence Guimberteau [FR], Sandrine Lacoste [FR], Romain Delcombel [FR], Hamadi Karembe [FR].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Culicidae Flea Infestation Lanugo Parasitic Diseases Rhipicephalus sanguineus Ticks
5
Synergistic Insecticidal Efficacy of Dinotefuran and β-caryophyllene against Aedes aegypti
Not available on PMC !

Example 18

Dinotefuran and β-caryophyllene were tested for efficacy against 4- to 6-day old adult Aedes aegypti. For the following concentrations 3% β-caryophyllene, 0.06 μg/mosquito of dinotefuran, and 0.06 μg/mosquito of dinotefuran with 3% β-caryophyllene, at 1 hour we obtained 3%, 50%, and 100% knockdown respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 3%, 47%, and 100% mortality respectively. The CO2 control and acetone standard both had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mortality at 24 hours. Results are shown in Table 9.

TABLE 9
Efficacy of β-caryophyllene, dinotefuran, and a combination of
both against adult, virgin, female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.
% MORTALITY
ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS
β-CARYOPHYLLENE3%3
DINOTEFURAN0.06 μg47
OBS.*CALC.**
β-CARYOPHYLLENE + 3% + 0.06 μg100‡48.59
DINOTEFURAN
*Obs.= observed efficacy
**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula
‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present.

US11856957B2. Insecticidal compositions and methods of using the same (2024-01-02). CLARKE MOSQUITO CONTROL PRODUCTS, INC. [US]. Inventors: Michael Dean Willis [US], Marie Elizabeth Saunders [US], Darryl Ramoutar [US], Joanna Maria Tyszko [US], Frances Nita Krenick [US], Andrea Rohrbacher [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Acetone Adult Aedes beta-caryophyllene Culicidae dinotefuran Females Insecticides

Top products related to «Culicidae»

1
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TRIzol reagent is a monophasic solution of phenol, guanidine isothiocyanate, and other proprietary components designed for the isolation of total RNA, DNA, and proteins from a variety of biological samples. The reagent maintains the integrity of the RNA while disrupting cells and dissolving cell components.
2
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DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium) is a cell culture medium formulated to support the growth and maintenance of a variety of cell types, including mammalian cells. It provides essential nutrients, amino acids, vitamins, and other components necessary for cell proliferation and survival in an in vitro environment.
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