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Earthworms

Earthworms are segmented invertebrate organisms that live in soil and contribute to its fertility.
They play a vital role in decomposing organic matter and aerating the earth, making them an important component of healthy ecosystems.
Earthworms come in a variety of species, each with unique characteristics and behaviors.
Reserach on earthworms can provide insights into soil ecology, environmental pollution, and agricultural practices.
Understanding the biology and ecology of earthworms is crucial for optimizing their benefits and developing effective conservation strategies.

Most cited protocols related to «Earthworms»

1
Global Biomass Estimation Uncertainty
Cited 7 times
Global estimates such as those we use in the present work are largely based on sampling from the distribution of biomass worldwide and then extrapolating for areas in which samples are missing. The sampling of biomass in each location can be based on direct biomass measurements or conversion to biomass from other types of measurement, such as number of individuals and their characteristic weight. Some of the main sources of uncertainty for the estimates we present are the result of using such geographical extrapolations and conversion from number of individuals to overall biomass. The certainty of the estimate is linked to the amount of sampling on which the estimate is based. Notable locations in which sampling is scarce are the deep ocean (usually deeper than 200 m) and deep layers of soil (usually deeper than 1 m). For some organisms, such as annelids and marine protists and arthropods, most estimates neglect these environments, thus underestimating the actual biomass. Sampling can be biased toward places that have high abundance and diversity of wildlife. Relying on data with such sampling bias can cause overestimation of the actual biomass of a taxon.
Another source of uncertainty comes from conversion to biomass. Conversion from counts of individuals to biomass is based on either known average weights per individual (e.g., 50 kg of wet weight for a human, which averages over adults and children, or 10 mg of dry weight for a “characteristic” earthworm) or empirical allometric equations that are organism-specific, such as conversion from animal length to biomass. When using such conversion methods, there is a risk of introducing biases and noise into the final estimate. Nevertheless, there is often no way around using such conversions. As such, we must be aware that the data may contain such biases.
In addition to describing the procedures leading to the estimate of each taxon, we quantitatively survey the main sources of uncertainty associated with each estimate and calculate an uncertainty range for each of our biomass estimates. We choose to report uncertainties as representing, to the best of our ability given the many constraints, what is equivalent to a 95% confidence interval for the estimate of the mean. Uncertainties reported in our analysis are multiplicative (fold change from the mean) and not additive (± change of the estimate). We chose to use multiplicative uncertainty as it is more robust to large fluctuations in estimates, and because it is in accord with the way we generate our best estimates, which is usually by using a geometric mean of different independent estimates. Our uncertainty projections are focused on the main kingdoms of life: plants, bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, and animals.
The general framework for constructing our uncertainties (described in detail for each taxon in the SI Appendix and in the online notebooks) takes into account both intrastudy uncertainty and interstudy uncertainty. Intrastudy uncertainty refers to uncertainty estimates reported within a specific study, whereas interstudy uncertainty refers to variation in estimates of a certain quantity between different papers. In many cases, we use several independent methodologies to estimate the same quantity. In these cases, we can also use the variation between estimates from each methodology as a measure of the uncertainty of our final estimate. We refer to this type of uncertainty as intermethod uncertainty. The way we usually calculate uncertainties is by taking the logarithm of the values reported either within studies or from different studies. Taking the logarithm moves the values to log-space, where the SE is calculated (by dividing the SD by the square root of the number of values). We then multiply the SE by a factor of 1.96 (which would give the 95% confidence interval if the transformed data were normally distributed). Finally, we exponentiate the result to get the multiplicative factor in linear space that represents the confidence interval (akin to a 95% confidence interval if the data were log-normally distributed).
Most of our estimates are constructed by combining several different estimates (e.g., combining total number of individuals and characteristic carbon content of a single organism). In these cases, we use intrastudy, interstudy, or intermethod variation associated with each parameter that is used to derive the final estimate and propagate these uncertainties to the final estimate of biomass. The uncertainty analysis for each specific biomass estimate incorporates different components of this general scheme, depending on the amount of information that is available, as detailed on a case-by-case basis in the SI Appendix.
In cases where information is ample, the procedure described above yields several different uncertainty estimates for each parameter that we use to derive the final estimate (e.g., intrastudy uncertainty, interstudy uncertainty). We integrate these different uncertainties, usually by taking the highest value as the best projection of uncertainty. In some cases, for example, when information is scarce or some sources of uncertainty are hard to quantify, we base our estimates on the uncertainty in analogous taxa and consultation with relevant experts. We tend to round up our uncertainty projections when data are especially limited.
Bar-On Y.M., Phillips R, & Milo R. (2018). The biomass distribution on Earth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(25), 6506-6511.
Publication 2018
Adult Animals Annelida Archaea Arthropods Bacteria Carbon Child Earthworms factor A Fungi Homo sapiens M-200 Marines Plant Roots Plants
2
Earthworm DNA Extraction Optimization
Cited 5 times

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Publication 2013
Buffers Cetrimonium Bromide Chelex 100 Chloroform Earthworms Endopeptidase K Nucleic Acids Silicon Dioxide Sodium Chloride sodium phosphate Tissues
3
Vermicomposting of Grape Marc Waste
Cited 3 times
Vermicomposting was performed in a rectangular metal pilot-scale vermireactor (4 m long × 1.5 m wide × 1 m high). The vermireactor was housed in a greenhouse with no temperature control. A 12 cm layer of vermicompost was used as a bed for the earthworms (Eisenia andrei) before adding the grape marc. The initial earthworm population density in the vermireactor was 297 ± 20 individuals m−2, including 19 ± 3 mature earthworms m−2, 215 ± 37 immatures m−2 and 63 ± 18 cocoons m−2, with a mean biomass of 58.4 ± 15 g m−2. Fresh grape marc (158 kg fresh weight) was added to the bed in a 12 cm layer. A plastic mesh (5 mm mesh size) was used to divide the vermicompost bedding from the fresh grape, allowing for earthworm migration and facilitating sampling of the grape marc, but preventing the mixing of processed grape marc and vermicompost bedding. The density and biomass of the earthworm population were determined every 14 days during the trial (91 days) by collecting 10 samples (five from above and five from below the plastic mesh) of the material in the vermireactor. The samples were collected with a core sampler (7.5 cm diameter and 12 cm height).
For sampling of microbial activity and composition, the grape marc layer was divided into 5 sections, and two samples (10 g) were taken at random from each section at the beginning of the experiment and after 7, 14, 28, 42 and 91 days of vermicomposting. The two samples from each section were combined and stored in plastic bags at −80 °C until analysis.
Kolbe A.R., Aira M., Gómez-Brandón M., Pérez-Losada M, & Domínguez J. (2019). Bacterial succession and functional diversity during vermicomposting of the white grape marc Vitis vinifera v. Albariño. Scientific Reports, 9, 7472.
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Publication 2019
CCL7 protein, human Earthworms Grapes Metals
4
Crocodile Lizard Gut Microbiome Analysis
Cited 3 times
All samples were collected from Guangdong Luokeng S. crocodilurus National Nature Reserve (referred to as “Luokeng Nature Reserve” in the following sections) and Guangxi Daguishan Crocodile Lizard National Nature Reserve (referred to as “Daguishan Nature Reserve” in the following sections). Thirty crocodile lizards were separated into six groups, namely, the wild group from Luokeng Nature Reserve (WLK, n = 7), the healthy earthworm-fed group (NLK, n = 4), the sick earthworm-fed group with disease A (SLK, n = 5), the wild group from Daguishan Nature Reserve (WDG, n = 8), the healthy loach-fed group (NDG, n = 3), and the sick loach-fed group with disease B (SDG, n = 3). In addition, because of the highly similarity, the sick and healthy groups that fed the same diet were merged and recalculated. The sick and healthy individuals that fed earthworm were merged as earthworm-fed group (CLK), and the sick and healthy individuals that fed loach were merged as loach-fed group (CDG). Detailed sample information is shown in Table 1. Cloacal swabs were used for nondestructive sampling of the gut microbiota (Colston et al., 2015 (link)). The cloacal swabs were collected and stored in absolute ethyl alcohol or liquid nitrogen and then transported to the lab for DNA extraction within 24 h.
All experimental animal procedures were approved by the Committee on the Ethics of Animal Experiments of the Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources following basic principles.
Jiang H.Y., Ma J.E., Li J., Zhang X.J., Li L.M., He N., Liu H.Y., Luo S.Y., Wu Z.J., Han R.C, & Chen J.P. (2017). Diets Alter the Gut Microbiome of Crocodile Lizards. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8, 2073.
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Publication 2017
Absolute Alcohol Animals, Laboratory Biopharmaceuticals Cloaca Crocodiles Diet Earthworms Gastrointestinal Microbiome H-DNA Lizards Nitrogen
5
Breeding Ecology of Red-capped Larks in Central Kenya
Cited 3 times
Red-capped Larks are small grassland birds that are widely distributed across Africa. They prefer habitats dominated by short grasses or almost bare ground, including fallow and cultivated agricultural fields. Red-capped Larks feed mostly on invertebrates (including beetles, wasps, caterpillars, butterflies and moths, earthworms, and grasshoppers) and occasionally on grass seeds (pers. obs.). Pairs build ground-level open-cup nests that are placed next to a scrub or grass tuft. They typically lay two eggs per clutch (mean 1.89 ± 0.33 (SD) eggs, n = 279, range 1–3 eggs; pers. obs.). During breeding, birds defend the area around the nest but neighboring nests can be as close as 10 m; outside breeding they occur in flocks (pers. obs.). Before our study, nothing had been documented about timing, number of breeding attempts and other breeding parameters at the individual or population level.
From January 2011 to March 2014, we worked simultaneously in multiple plots in South Kinangop, North Kinangop and Kedong (see Table 1 for details per plot), three locations in central Kenya with distinct climates. Distances between locations are 19 km (South Kinangop—North Kinangop), 29 km (South Kinangop—Kedong) and 34 km (North Kinangop–Kedong). Accessible plots within locations were chosen based on observations of Red-capped Larks made by local bird watchers and by us (H.K.N., B.I.T.). We set up a weather station (Alecto WS-3500, Den Bosch, Netherlands) at each location (Table 1) to measure daily rainfall (mm) and minimum (Tmin) and maximum (Tmax) temperatures (°C). Using these measurements from three full calendar years (March 2011 –February 2014), we calculated annual and monthly rainfall, and annual and monthly Tmin and Tmax.
South and North Kinangop lie on a plateau of montane grassland along the Aberdare mountain ranges. Study plots in South and North Kinangop flood periodically during rains and standing water remains after rains have stopped (pers. obs. 2010–2014). In South Kinangop, birds bred only in Seminis, despite initially observing them also in the other two plots (Table 1). Flooding made Seminis unavailable for breeding from April–December 2012 and April 2013. Flooding in North Kinangop affected nests located in parts of Joshua and Ndarashaini in October 2011 and October 2012; these plots also received heavy rainfall in April 2013 that affected nesting activities. Kedong, a privately owned ranch in the Rift Valley in Naivasha, consists of large grassland patches that did not flood (pers. obs. 2010–2014).
The study species involved is not and endangered or protected species. The National Museums of Kenya approved this research and owners of the land gave permission to conduct the study on their respective sites.
Ndithia H.K., Matson K.D., Versteegh M.A., Muchai M, & Tieleman B.I. (2017). Year-round breeding equatorial Larks from three climatically-distinct populations do not use rainfall, temperature or invertebrate biomass to time reproduction. PLoS ONE, 12(4), e0175275.
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Publication 2017
Aves Beetles Butterflies Climate Earthworms Eggs Floods Grasshoppers Invertebrates Lepidoptera Plant Embryos Poaceae Rain Wasps

Most recents protocols related to «Earthworms»

1
Ex-situ Headstarting of Blanding's Turtles
Since 2012, the Toronto Zoo team and partners have collected Blanding’s Turtle eggs from wild populations across Ontario. Each year, approximately 10–150 eggs are collected and incubated ex-situ using standard protocols (available upon request). Blanding’s Turtles have temperature-dependent sex determination, and males are produced when the eggs are incubated at or below 28°C and females are produced at incubation temperatures above 30°C [37 , 38 ]. At the Toronto Zoo, eggs are incubated at 27.5°C and 29.5°C to yield a 1:1.5 male:female sex ratio. Annual hatching success at the Toronto Zoo has ranged from 72% to 100%.
Hatchlings are reared in groups for two years prior to release. A maximum of 15 hatchlings are housed in each Waterland black plastic tub (91 cm x 45 cm x 40 cm), with shallow water (20 cm) and artificial vegetation for one year. After a year, a maximum of 7 hatchlings are housed in each tub. The water temperature is maintained at 25–27˚C in the first year and 23–24˚C in the second year. A 180 L sump filter with a heater located below the tanks is used for water circulation. The filter is cleaned once a week and the water is changed three times a week. One end of the tub is elevated and lined with rocks and pebbles, and a 50W bulb provides a basking area with 28–35˚C. A ramp is placed to facilitate easy access to the basking area by hatchlings. Two fluorescent UVB bulbs with full-spectrum lighting are provided for proper bone growth. The headstarted turtles are fed three times a week at roughly 5% of the average body mass of the cohort. One-year old hatchlings are fed turtle gel and beef heart gel (gel diets are gelatine-based foods for aquatic species formulated by the Toronto Zoo), earthworms, and romaine lettuce. After a year, all turtles are supplemented with fish (smelt) and live crickets. As part of enrichment and to promote better foraging ability in the wild, turtles are given varied food sizes, live worms, and natural tree bark for cover.
A maximum of 60 turtles are reared in human care for two years at the Toronto Zoo and released in June each year. A month before their release, headstarted turtles are relocated to large outdoor tubs (173 cm x 120 cm x 58 cm) with shallow water (25 cm) and artificial vegetation. Each outdoor tub holds a maximum of 25 turtles, and the number of tubs used varies annually. The water temperature in outdoor tanks is maintained at 28°C. Each tub is equipped with a filter and a water pump to create a current. The outdoor holding area is secured using mesh and roof fencing. All headstarted turtles are weighed using an Ohaus CS-series scale to the nearest 0.1 g and measured monthly for two years using Belt-Art calipers to the nearest 0.1 mm. Standard body measurements are recorded including midline carapace length and width, midline plastron length and width, shell height, and body mass. Prior to release, turtles are individually marked with notches on the marginal scutes [39 ] and a subcutaneous PIT (passive integrated transponder) tag is inserted into the left hind leg.
Wijewardena T., Keevil M.G., Mandrak N.E., Lentini A.M, & Litzgus J.D. (2023). Evaluation of headstarting as a conservation tool to recover Blanding’s Turtles (Emydoidea blandingii) in a highly fragmented urban landscape. PLOS ONE, 18(3), e0279833.
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Publication 2023
Animal Shells Beef Bone Growth Diet Earthworms Eggs Females Fishes Food Gelatins Gryllidae Heart Helminths Homo sapiens Human Body Lactuca sativa Males Measure, Body Osmeridae Plant Bulb Sex Determination Analysis Tree Bark Turtle Woman
2
Earthworm Burrow Dynamics Quantification
Data and descriptions taken from an older study (Evans 1947 (link)) of three earthworm species kept in captivity, Lumbricus rubellus, Lumbricus terrestris and Allolobophora (Aporrectodea) caliginosa, were used to calculate how burrowed areas—either absolute area, where reference measurements were given, or relative area compared to the maximum burrow extent—changed over time. Evans (1947 (link)) illustrated, with diagrams of burrow areas shaded in black, how burrow systems progressed over periods spanning weeks. ImageJ was used to calculate areas and graph the total extent covered by burrows over Evans’ (1947 (link)) study period. Changes were then compared with descriptions of particular events in Evans’ study (e.g. food depletion).
Hsieh S., Łaska W, & Uchman A. (2023). Intermittent and temporally variable bioturbation by some terrestrial invertebrates: implications for ichnology. Die Naturwissenschaften, 110(2), 11.
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Publication 2023
Earthworms Food Lumbricus Lumbricus terrestris
3
Earthworm Growth and Reproduction Assessment
Two earthworm species (Eudrilus eugeniae and Eisenia foetida) were used. The initial individual live weight of earthworms was determined with electronic scale prior stocking into vermibeds. This was done to monitor the growth of the earthworms. The earthworms’ growth and cocoon production in each treatment unit were observed at the end of the study. Newly hatched cocoons (<255 mg) were counted as cocoon production. The earthworms and the cocoons were separated from the composted material by hand sorting and washed in tap water to remove adhering material before weighing. The washed earthworms were weighed on a live weight basis in a water filled weighing basin to prevent the worms from desiccating which could have affected their weight. All measured earthworms were returned to their respective containers and the cocoons were counted and introduced into separate bedding. Earthworm biomass in the form of growth rate (mg day-1) and individual reproduction rate (cocoonworm-1 day-1) were estimated using Eqs 2 and 3:
Growth rate (GW) was estimated using Eq 1 GW=EarthwormgrowthNumberofdays
Individual reproduction rate (IRP) was estimated using Eq 3 IRP=Numberofcooncoonstoatalnumberofearthworms×Numberofdays
Nsiah-Gyambibi R., Acheampong E., Von-Kiti E, & Larbi Ayisi C. (2023). Performance evaluation of developed macrophyte-assisted vermifiltration system designed with varied macrophytes and earthworm species for domestic wastewater treatment. PLOS ONE, 18(3), e0281953.
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Publication 2023
Earthworms Eisenia foetida Helminths
4
Macrophyte-Assisted Vermifiltration for Wastewater Treatment
Fresh domestic wastewater was obtained from a household septic tank within the Oforikrom sub-metro in Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly (KMA) located in Ghana. Three different macrophytes and two different earthworm species (based on their availability) were used in the study. The macrophytes consisted of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassopes), Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) and Duckweed (Spirodela sp.) while the earthworm species consisted of Eudrilus eugeniae and Eisenia foetida. Six different MAV experimental treatment setups were then constructed. The setups were labelled HE, LE, DE, HF, LF and DF. Thus, HE had Water Hyacinth and Eudrilus eugeniae, LE had Water Lettuce and Eudrilus eugeniae, DE had Duckweed and Eudrilus eugeniae, HF had Water Hyacinth and Eisenia foetida, LF had Water Lettuce and Eisenia foetida and DF had Duckweed and Eisenia foetida. A setup consisting of an empty barrel, which only contained the wastewater to mimic the conditions in septic tanks, was labelled as the control. The macrophytes used were obtained from a stream and cultured in tap water for 24 hours following the procedure used in [22 (link)]. About 0.25m2 patches of cultured macrophytes were stocked in the macrophyte chamber of the experimental treatment units following the stocking density described in [23 (link)]. The earthworm species used for the vermiculture were obtained from a breeding stock cultured in the laboratory at a temperature of 25°C. The macrophyte chamber and the vermifilter bed of each setup were constructed with 60.0 cm3 polyethylene terephthalate barrels following design specifications described in [17 (link)]. Schematic diagram of the setup is presented in Fig 1. The vermifilter bed had three layers. The top layer (50 cm thick) was made up of coconut coir (6–8 mm) as a bulking material with an empty space of 5 cm at the top for aeration purpose. The middle layer (55 cm thick) consisted of sand (1–2 mm, 10 cm thick), gravels (6–8 mm) and matured vermicompost as a substrate. This middle layer housed the earthworm packing bed where four hundred and fifty (live weight ~255–275 mg) clitellated earthworms species were added, following the stocking density used by [24 (link)]. The bottom was the supporting layer and consisted of coarse layer of lateritic hardpan gravels (12–14 mm, 15 cm thick). The experimental setups were allowed to acclimatize for seven days before the start of the experiments. The wastewater was pumped into the macrophyte chamber using a 0.5HP single stage laboratory vacuum pump at a hydraulic loading rate (HLR) of 0.339 m3 m-2 d-1. HRL is critical for the optimal treatment performance of MAVs and this HRL used was suitable to prevent clogging in the treatment setups. Infiltration of effluents from the macrophyte chamber through the vermibed occurs by gravitational flow in a vertical flow system (VFS) through a showerhead of 1–2mm perforations for its uniform distribution. Following the sampling procedures in [1 ,17 (link)], effluent samples after macrophyte chamber and vermifiltration were collected every 48hours for two weeks for physico-chemical, pathogen and helminth analysis.
Nsiah-Gyambibi R., Acheampong E., Von-Kiti E, & Larbi Ayisi C. (2023). Performance evaluation of developed macrophyte-assisted vermifiltration system designed with varied macrophytes and earthworm species for domestic wastewater treatment. PLOS ONE, 18(3), e0281953.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Coconut coir Earthworms Eichhornia Eisenia foetida Gravitation Helminths Households MAVS protein, human pathogenesis Pistia stratiotes Polyethylene Terephthalates Septicemia Therapies, Investigational Vacuum
5
Earthworm Ecology in Tropical Forest
The study was carried out at the Environmental Engineering Laboratory located in Kumasi. Kumasi is a city in the Ashanti region of Ghana with a tropical forest belt between latitude 6.400 and 6.350 N and longitude 1.30 and 1.35 W. Kumasi is at 250-399m above sea level with an average ambient temperature of 25–28°C which is the optimum temperature range for earthworm species [21 (link)]. The experiments were performed during the months of April–May.
Nsiah-Gyambibi R., Acheampong E., Von-Kiti E, & Larbi Ayisi C. (2023). Performance evaluation of developed macrophyte-assisted vermifiltration system designed with varied macrophytes and earthworm species for domestic wastewater treatment. PLOS ONE, 18(3), e0281953.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Earthworms Forests Super C resin

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More about "Earthworms"

Earthworms are segmented invertebrates that thrive in soil, playing a vital role in ecosystem health.
These remarkable creatures contribute to soil fertility by decomposing organic matter and aerating the earth.
Researchers studying earthworms can gain insights into soil ecology, environmental pollution, and agricultural practices.
Earthworms come in a variety of species, each with unique characteristics and behaviors.
Understanding their biology and ecology is crucial for optimizing the benefits they provide and developing effective conservation strategies.
Researchers may utilize various techniques and tools to study earthworms, such as the Bradford assay for protein quantification, TRIzol reagent for RNA extraction, and EPO ELISA kits for analyzing erythropoietin levels.
Bovine serum albumin is often used as a standard, while the FastDNA SPIN Kit for Soil can be employed for DNA extraction from soil samples containing earthworms.
The Bradford method is a common approach for determining protein concentrations, and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) may be examined to understand immune responses in these organisms.
Whatman No. 1 filter paper is a widely used tool for filtration, and piperazine citrate can be utilized as an anthelmintic (deworming) agent.
Flow cytometry, such as the FACSCanto II system, may be employed to analyze various cellular and molecular parameters in earthworm-related research.
Optimizing your earthworm research with PubCompare.ai can enhance accuracy and reproducibility.
This AI-driven tool helps you locate the best protocols by comparing literature, pre-prints, and patents, ensuring you utilize the most effective and reliable methods for your studies.