To search for transcripts encoding putative neuropeptide or peptide hormone precursor proteins in A. rubens, the sequences of neuropeptide or peptide hormone precursors previously identified in the sea urchin S. purpuratus [5 (link),6 (link),11 (link),16 (link),17 (link),37 (link),38 (link)], the sea cucumber A. japonicus [10 (link)] and the starfish species Asterina pectinifera [39 (link)] were submitted individually as queries in tBLASTn searches of the contig database with the BLAST parameter e-value set to 1000. Contigs identified as encoding putative precursors were analysed after translation of their full-length DNA sequence into protein sequence using the ExPASy Translate tool (http://web.expasy.org/translate/ ). Proteins were assessed as potential precursors of secreted bioactive peptides by investigating: (i) the presence of a putative N-terminal signal peptide sequence, using the Signal P v. 3.0 online server [40 (link)], (ii) the presence of putative monobasic or dibasic cleavage sites N-terminal and C-terminal to the putative bioactive peptide(s), with reference to known consensus cleavage motifs [41 (link)–43 (link)], and (iii) the presence, in some cases, of a C-terminal glycine residue that is a potential substrate for amidation.
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Living Beings
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Eukaryote
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Starfish
Starfish
Starfish, also known as sea stars, are a diverse group of echinoderms found in marine environments worldwide.
These invertebrate animals are characterized by their radially symmetrical bodies, typically with five arms or rays.
Starfish play important roles in their ecosystems, acting as predators, scavengers, and prey.
They are often studied for their remarkable regenerative capabilities, ability to reproduce asexually, and unique behaviors.
Starfish research provides insights into evolutionary biology, developmental biology, and the complexities of marine ecosystems.
Utilizing cutting-edge tools like PubCompare.ai can enhance starfish studies by identifying optimized research protocols and enabling data-driven decision making to improve reproducibility and accuaracy.
These invertebrate animals are characterized by their radially symmetrical bodies, typically with five arms or rays.
Starfish play important roles in their ecosystems, acting as predators, scavengers, and prey.
They are often studied for their remarkable regenerative capabilities, ability to reproduce asexually, and unique behaviors.
Starfish research provides insights into evolutionary biology, developmental biology, and the complexities of marine ecosystems.
Utilizing cutting-edge tools like PubCompare.ai can enhance starfish studies by identifying optimized research protocols and enabling data-driven decision making to improve reproducibility and accuaracy.
Most cited protocols related to «Starfish»
Amino Acid Sequence
Asterina pectinifera
Cytokinesis
DNA Sequence
Glycine
Neuropeptides
Peptide Hormone
Peptides
polypeptide C
Protein Precursors
Proteins
Ruthenium Ben
Sea Cucumbers
Sea Urchin
Signal Peptides
Starfish
All research was performed under annual research permits issued by the French Polynesian Ministry of Research to the Moorea Coral Reef LTER, and in accordance with University of California Santa Barbara's Institutional Animal Care and Use (IACUC) Protocol # 639. The Moorea Coral Reef Long-Term Ecological Research site (MCR LTER) has collected time series data annually in three habitat types (the forereef, backreef, and fringing reef,) at six sites around the island of Moorea, French Polynesia since 2005 (see Fig. 1 ). Fixed transects were established at each site using a stratified random design, and data on benthic cover, mobile invertebrates, and fishes are collected by SCUBA divers. On the forereef, benthic cover and mobile invertebrates are sampled at two depths (10 m and 17 m), while fishes are sampled at a single depth (∼12 m); analyses of benthic data presented here are from the 10 m depth which is directly adjacent to the fish transects. At each site-habitat-depth combination, benthic cover is assessed in fixed 0.5 m×0.5 m quadrats located randomly along five 10 m transects (n = 40). Quadrats are photographed and the cover of the major benthic components (i.e., scleractinian corals (usually to genus), macroalgae, turf algae) quantified using 200 random point contacts per quadrat (generated with CPCe software [57] ). Mobile invertebrates are counted in fixed 1 m×1 m quadrats located randomly along five 10 m transects (n = 20), and fish and crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS, Acanthaster planci) are counted on four 50 m transects. Fish transects extend from the sea floor to the surface of the water column and consist of two swaths surveyed sequentially. Divers first count mobile fish on a 5 m wide swath before counting cryptic benthic fishes on a 1 m wide swath; total lengths (TL) of fish are estimated to 0.5 cm. Additional details on sampling protocols can be viewed at: http://mcr.lternet.edu/data/ .
To test for island-wide changes in the densities of COTS in each of the three habitat types, we used generalized linear models with a quasipoisson distribution (to account for overdispersion) and log link function. Changes in the percent cover of coral and algae and in the density and biomass of herbivorous fishes and sea urchins were evaluated using mixed-effects ANOVA (fixed effect = year, random effect = site). Fishes were categorized as herbivorous if they fed primarily on algae (filamentous or fleshy) and/or detritus (mainly surgeonfishes and parrotfishes). Biomass of herbivorous fishes was estimated using published length/weight relationships [58] . In contrast to fish, the body sizes of sea urchins are not estimated in our surveys. To compare the biomass of herbivorous sea urchins and fish on the forereef, the biomass of each sea urchin species was estimated using representative size distributions from forereef populations in Moorea and published length-weight relationships. For both fish and sea urchins we focused on species likely to be important in controlling the establishment and growth of macroalgae. As such, the sea urchin Echinostrephus aciculatus, which feeds primarily on drift algae, was excluded from calculations of herbivore abundance and biomass, as were small, territorial herbivorous fishes (mainly small damselfishes, angelfishes and blennies). Additional methodological details are presented inText S1 .
To test for island-wide changes in the densities of COTS in each of the three habitat types, we used generalized linear models with a quasipoisson distribution (to account for overdispersion) and log link function. Changes in the percent cover of coral and algae and in the density and biomass of herbivorous fishes and sea urchins were evaluated using mixed-effects ANOVA (fixed effect = year, random effect = site). Fishes were categorized as herbivorous if they fed primarily on algae (filamentous or fleshy) and/or detritus (mainly surgeonfishes and parrotfishes). Biomass of herbivorous fishes was estimated using published length/weight relationships [58] . In contrast to fish, the body sizes of sea urchins are not estimated in our surveys. To compare the biomass of herbivorous sea urchins and fish on the forereef, the biomass of each sea urchin species was estimated using representative size distributions from forereef populations in Moorea and published length-weight relationships. For both fish and sea urchins we focused on species likely to be important in controlling the establishment and growth of macroalgae. As such, the sea urchin Echinostrephus aciculatus, which feeds primarily on drift algae, was excluded from calculations of herbivore abundance and biomass, as were small, territorial herbivorous fishes (mainly small damselfishes, angelfishes and blennies). Additional methodological details are presented in
Animals
Body Size
CFC1 protein, human
Coral
Coral Reefs
Cytoskeletal Filaments
Fishes
Herbivory
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees
Invertebrates
neuro-oncological ventral antigen 2, human
Polynesians
Sea Urchin
Seaweed
Starfish
Wheeled Stretchers
The taxonomic assignment pipeline is summarized in Supplementary Figure S1 (Appendix 2). Briefly, all protein coding genes were aligned by ‘megablast’ to a mitochondrial protein coding gene reference database containing 886 010 sequences downloaded from GenBank on Feb. 25th, 2014, including all arthropods, starfish and the zebrafish. For a given protein coding gene, the best blast match (top hit) was selected for subsequent taxonomic assignment: if the best-matched species was listed in our input taxa table, a species-level assignment was made for the protein coding gene; otherwise the associated higher taxonomic hierarchy of the best-matched species (i.e. Genus, Subfamily, Family, Order) were used to compare against the input taxon list until a match was achieved. Unassigned CO1 sequences were also compared with the Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD, http://boldsystems.org ) for further taxonomic assignments. Taxonomic assignment of scaffolds was made primarily based on CO1 (when available) and confirmed by other protein coding genes assembled on the same scaffold on a majority consensus basis (section S2 in Appendix 2).
Finally, the remaining unassigned scaffolds were made subject to Sanger sequence verification. Consulting results from missing taxa (i.e. species without any associated mito-scaffolds after the above protein coding gene and scaffold taxon assignments) and missing protein coding genes, we amplified and Sanger sequenced three sets of markers: CO1, ND1 and ND5. These optional genes were selected to obtain an even coverage for the mitochondrial genomes revealed in general arthropod mitochondrial structure. Primers used in this study are listed in Supplementary Table S2 (Appendix 3). These Sanger sequences were then used to identify mito-scaffolds missed from previous taxonomic assignment procedures. Finally, all mito-scaffolds that were assigned to the input taxa were used to construct the super-scaffold for each of the pooled species.
Finally, the remaining unassigned scaffolds were made subject to Sanger sequence verification. Consulting results from missing taxa (i.e. species without any associated mito-scaffolds after the above protein coding gene and scaffold taxon assignments) and missing protein coding genes, we amplified and Sanger sequenced three sets of markers: CO1, ND1 and ND5. These optional genes were selected to obtain an even coverage for the mitochondrial genomes revealed in general arthropod mitochondrial structure. Primers used in this study are listed in Supplementary Table S2 (Appendix 3). These Sanger sequences were then used to identify mito-scaffolds missed from previous taxonomic assignment procedures. Finally, all mito-scaffolds that were assigned to the input taxa were used to construct the super-scaffold for each of the pooled species.
Arthropods
Gene Products, Protein
Genes
Genome, Mitochondrial
Mitochondria
Mitomycin
Oligonucleotide Primers
Starfish
Zebrafish
There are two main methods of loading data for Xenbase and Echinobase: one is bulk loads through scripts, that read the data from remote sites or local files (e.g. GFF3) and save them in the database following various quality checks; the other method is adding data through the curation interface. Echinobase, like Xenbase, has been using these scripts to consume data from sites such as NCBI (Entrez), UniProt, Disease Ontology, the GO consortium and others. The various data curation interfaces have also been activated for Echinobase, and manual data entry initiated for features such as publications and experimental reagents (e.g. antisense-morpholino-oligonucleotide sequences, antibodies and guide RNA sequences).
The new expanded JBrowse resource contains a large amount of novel content, including all echinoderm genomes currently annotated by the NCBI data processing systems. This includes genome sequence and gene/CDS and protein sequences from two sea urchin species; S. purpuratus and Lytechinus variegatus, three sea stars Acanthaster planci, Patiria miniata and Asterias rubens and a feather star, Anneissia japonica. Where previous genome builds were available in the legacy resource, we have generated liftover tracks so users can compare the old gene models to the new versions. Various additional datasets have also been mapped to the new genome builds such as various RNA-seq and ATAC-seq data and enhancer RNAs (eRNAs). We also map NCBI gene model names to genomes so users have useful gene identifiers within the browser. Some genomes also have in-house generated transcription factor binding sites, created using Xenbase protocols. Echinobase plans to support most new echinoderm genomes with both genome browser and BLAST support. Full support, where gene models are integrated into the database and linked to genes in other echinoderms on Gene Pages, will be provided for species that are widely used in developmental biology or systems biology- the core focus of the Echinobase resource. Currently these are three species; S. purpuratus (both genome version 3 and version 5), Acanthaster planci and Patiria miniata. We include additional genomes either into BLAST and JBrowse functions or as fully integrated datasets through consultation with the echinoderm researchers.
The new expanded JBrowse resource contains a large amount of novel content, including all echinoderm genomes currently annotated by the NCBI data processing systems. This includes genome sequence and gene/CDS and protein sequences from two sea urchin species; S. purpuratus and Lytechinus variegatus, three sea stars Acanthaster planci, Patiria miniata and Asterias rubens and a feather star, Anneissia japonica. Where previous genome builds were available in the legacy resource, we have generated liftover tracks so users can compare the old gene models to the new versions. Various additional datasets have also been mapped to the new genome builds such as various RNA-seq and ATAC-seq data and enhancer RNAs (eRNAs). We also map NCBI gene model names to genomes so users have useful gene identifiers within the browser. Some genomes also have in-house generated transcription factor binding sites, created using Xenbase protocols. Echinobase plans to support most new echinoderm genomes with both genome browser and BLAST support. Full support, where gene models are integrated into the database and linked to genes in other echinoderms on Gene Pages, will be provided for species that are widely used in developmental biology or systems biology- the core focus of the Echinobase resource. Currently these are three species; S. purpuratus (both genome version 3 and version 5), Acanthaster planci and Patiria miniata. We include additional genomes either into BLAST and JBrowse functions or as fully integrated datasets through consultation with the echinoderm researchers.
Amino Acid Sequence
Antibodies
Antisense Oligonucleotides
Asterias
ATAC-Seq
Binding Sites
Dietary Fiber
Echinodermata
Feathers
Genes
Genome
Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy
Lytechinus variegatus
Morpholinos
RNA
RNA-Seq
RNA Sequence
Ruthenium Ben
Sea Urchin
Starfish
Transcription Factor
Starting in 2002, unusually elevated densities of Acanthaster were progressively reported from the different high volcanic islands of the Society Archipelago (Tahiti, Moorea, Huahine, Raiatea, Tahaa, Bora Bora, Maupiti) and then from the Australes (Rurutu) in French Polynesia. These islands are scattered over a broad geographical scale spreading 675 km north-south and 330 km east-west. Our study was conducted in Moorea (17°30′ S, 149°50′ W, see Figure 3 ), where long-term reef monitoring sites have been sampled for ∼40 years, and where the first Acanthaster aggregation was observed in 2003. Two complementary sampling approaches were used to quantify the dynamics of this outbreak and its consequences on reef communities. The first sampling approach was a periodic survey of various key functional assemblages among benthic and fish communities. These surveys were conducted at a small scale covering few hundred square meters of reef at nine reference reef locations, consisting of three water depths (6, 12, 18 m) at each of three sites (Vaipahu, Tiahura, Haapiti). The second sampling approach consisted of a yearly survey of seastar aggregations conducted at a large scale all around Moorea and its ∼100 km perimeter of reefs. The small-scale surveys were initiated between 2003 and 2005 depending on the different assemblages sampled (see Sampling section below), whereas the large-scale survey of seastars started in 2006, once Acanthaster aggregations were observed to spread to multiple sides of the island. Surveys were conducted until 2010, as long as remaining aggregations were observed. All the sampling was conducted using SCUBA on the outer reef slopes where, in Moorea as in other islands in French Polynesia, the highest coral biomass and the most diverse reef communities are concentrated [28] . This is also where Acanthaster aggregations were systematically first observed (refer to results of this study). Around Moorea, the outer reef habitat typically extends from the water surface at the crest of the barrier-reef where oceanic waves break, down to a depth of ∼35 m where sand plains begin. A peak in diversity and coral coverage is typically observed at the 10–20 m depth range [28] , [29] . These outer reef habitats are exposed to the open ocean, undergo relatively little direct human pressure, and experience maximum exposure to natural disturbances [27] . By the end of the Acanthaster outbreak, Moorean reefs underwent the additional impacts of the tropical cyclone Oli (Lison de Loma et al. unpublished data) whose immediate effects were partially captured by the present study.
Coral
Crista Ampullaris
Cyclonic Storms
Fishes
Homo sapiens
Loma
Perimetry
Pressure
Starfish
Most recents protocols related to «Starfish»
24 Healthy sand sifting sea star adults (24.41±1.50gm) were procured from a certified animal vendor (Gulf Specimen Marine Lab, Panacea, Florida, USA). Upon arrival, the species were maintained in optimal water conditions (temperature: 68–70°F, salinity: 28±1ppt, ammonia: 0–0.25mg/L, pH:7.8–8.0) in the invertebrate lab. The specimens were thoroughly cleaned with de-ionized water to remove any adherent sediments and contaminants before dissection. 24 sea stars were dissected to collect the body wall, and gonad. The different components were then pooled separately. Due to their fragility, the gonads were homogenized using a tissue homogenizer, while the body wall tissues were finely ground using a coffee grinder (Hamilton Beach® Fresh Grind™).
Adult
Ammonia
Animals
Coffee
Dissection
Gonads
Human Body
Invertebrates
Marines
Salinity
Starfish
Tissues
Specimens of starfish (Asterias rubens) with a diameter > 4 cm were collected at low tide from the Thanet Coast (Kent, UK) or were obtained from a fisherman based at Whitstable (Kent, UK). The starfish were maintained in an aquarium with circulating seawater (salinity of 32 ‰) under a 12 h–12 h light–dark cycle (lights on at 8 a.m.) at a temperature of ~12 °C, located in the School of Biological & Behavioural Sciences at Queen Mary University of London. Animals were fed on mussels (Mytilus edulis) that were collected at low tide near Margate (Kent, UK). Additionally, juvenile specimens of A. rubens (diameter 0.5–1.5 cm) were collected from the University of Gothenburg Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Infrastructure (Kristineberg, Sweden).
Animals
Asterias
Biopharmaceuticals
Light
Marines
Mussels
Mytilus edulis
Ruthenium Ben
Salinity
Starfish
Specimens of A. rubens were fixed by immersion in seawater Bouin’s fluid (75% saturated picric acid [Sigma-Aldrich, Gillingham, UK] in seawater, 25% formaldehyde, 5% acetic acid) for 3–4 days at 4 °C and then were decalcified for a week using a 2% ascorbic acid/0.3 M sodium chloride solution. Following dehydration and embedding in paraffin wax, sections of arms and the central disk region (8–10 μm; transverse or horizontal) were cut using a microtome (RM 2145, Leica Microsystems [UK], Milton Keynes, UK) and mounted on chrome alum/gelatin-coated microscope slides. Paraffin wax was removed by immersion of slides in xylene, and then slides were immersed in 100% ethanol. Endogenous peroxidase activity was quenched using a 0.3% hydrogen peroxide (VWT Chemicals, Leicestershire, UK)/methanol solution for 30 min. Subsequently, the slides were rehydrated through a graded ethanol series (90%, 70%, and 50%) and distilled water, blocked in 5% NGS made up in PBST.
Following preliminary tests in which antisera were tested at a range of concentrations, the specificity of immunostaining was assessed by testing antisera alongside antisera pre-absorbed with the corresponding antigen peptide. For these experiments, the ArASTP, ArCRZP and ArLQP antisera were tested at dilutions of 1:4000, 1:1000 and 1:4000 in PBS, respectively. For pre-absorption, the ArASTP, ArCRZP and ArLQP antisera were first prepared at dilutions of 1:400, 1:100 and 1:400 in PBS, respectively, and then were incubated with the corresponding antigen peptide at a concentration of 200 µM for 2 h at room temperature. Then, the pre-absorbed antisera were further diluted 1:10 in 5% NGS/PBST so that they were tested on starfish sections at the same final concentrations as the antisera without pre-absorption. After overnight incubation of slides with antisera or pre-absorbed antisera followed by a series of washes in PBST, indirect immunohistochemical detection was carried out using Peroxidase-AffiniPure Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H + L) conjugated to Horseradish Peroxidase (RRID: AB_2313567; Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA) diluted 1:1000 in 2% NGS/PBST. Bound antibodies were revealed using a solution containing 0.015% hydrogen peroxide, 0.05% diaminobenzidine (VWR Chemicals, Leicestershire, UK) and 0.05% nickel chloride (Sigma-Aldrich, Gillingham, UK) in PBS. When strong staining was observed, sections were washed in distilled water, dehydrated through a graded ethanol series (50%, 70%, 90% and 100%) and washed in xylene before being mounted with coverslips on DPX mounting medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA).
Having investigated the specificity of immunostaining with antisera, a more extensive immunohistochemical analysis was performed using the same methods as described above, but employing the use of affinity-purified antibodies to ArASTP, ArLQP and ArCRZP (TEA fraction diluted 1:20, 1:15 and 1:15, respectively, in 5% NGS/PBST). For experiments with ArASTP antibodies, adjacent sections were incubated with affinity-purified rabbit antibodies to asterotocin (TEA fraction diluted 1:15 in 5% NGS/PBST), which have been reported previously (Odekunle et al. 2019 (link)).
Following preliminary tests in which antisera were tested at a range of concentrations, the specificity of immunostaining was assessed by testing antisera alongside antisera pre-absorbed with the corresponding antigen peptide. For these experiments, the ArASTP, ArCRZP and ArLQP antisera were tested at dilutions of 1:4000, 1:1000 and 1:4000 in PBS, respectively. For pre-absorption, the ArASTP, ArCRZP and ArLQP antisera were first prepared at dilutions of 1:400, 1:100 and 1:400 in PBS, respectively, and then were incubated with the corresponding antigen peptide at a concentration of 200 µM for 2 h at room temperature. Then, the pre-absorbed antisera were further diluted 1:10 in 5% NGS/PBST so that they were tested on starfish sections at the same final concentrations as the antisera without pre-absorption. After overnight incubation of slides with antisera or pre-absorbed antisera followed by a series of washes in PBST, indirect immunohistochemical detection was carried out using Peroxidase-AffiniPure Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H + L) conjugated to Horseradish Peroxidase (RRID: AB_2313567; Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA) diluted 1:1000 in 2% NGS/PBST. Bound antibodies were revealed using a solution containing 0.015% hydrogen peroxide, 0.05% diaminobenzidine (VWR Chemicals, Leicestershire, UK) and 0.05% nickel chloride (Sigma-Aldrich, Gillingham, UK) in PBS. When strong staining was observed, sections were washed in distilled water, dehydrated through a graded ethanol series (50%, 70%, 90% and 100%) and washed in xylene before being mounted with coverslips on DPX mounting medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA).
Having investigated the specificity of immunostaining with antisera, a more extensive immunohistochemical analysis was performed using the same methods as described above, but employing the use of affinity-purified antibodies to ArASTP, ArLQP and ArCRZP (TEA fraction diluted 1:20, 1:15 and 1:15, respectively, in 5% NGS/PBST). For experiments with ArASTP antibodies, adjacent sections were incubated with affinity-purified rabbit antibodies to asterotocin (TEA fraction diluted 1:15 in 5% NGS/PBST), which have been reported previously (Odekunle et al. 2019 (link)).
Acetic Acid
Acids
anti-IgG
Antibodies
Antibody Affinity
Antigens
Arm, Upper
chrome alum
Dehydration
Ethanol
Formaldehyde
Gelatins
Goat
Horseradish Peroxidase
Immune Sera
Methanol
Microscopy
Microtomy
nickel chloride
Paraffin
Peptides
Peroxidase
Peroxide, Hydrogen
picric acid
Rabbits
Ruthenium Ben
Saline Solution
Starfish
Submersion
Technique, Dilution
Xylene
Photographs of sections processed for immunohistochemistry were captured using a INFINITY5-5C Color Camera (Teledyne Lumenera, Ontario, CA) linked to a DMRA2 light microscope (Leica), utilising INFINITY ANALYZE v.7.0.2.920 image analysis software (Teledyne Lumenera, Ontario, CA) running on an iMac computer (27-inch, Late 2013 model with OS X Yosemite, version 10.10). Montages of photographs were prepared using Adobe Photoshop CC (version 19.1.4, × 64) and Adobe Illustrator CC (version 22.1, × 64) running on a MacBook Pro computer (13-inch, early 2015 model with OS Monterrey version 12.2.1). Interpretation of the patterns of immunostaining reported here can be made with reference to Fig. 2 , which shows a graphic representation of starfish anatomy.![]()
Graphical representation of starfish anatomy showing a vertical section of the central disk and the proximal region of an adjoining arm. Colour key: body wall skeleton, green; digestive system, orange; hemal system, brown; muscles, purple; nervous system, pink; perihemal system, yellow; reproductive system, grey; water vascular system, blue. Abbreviations: a, anus; amp, ampulla; am, apical muscle; cs, cardiac stomach; conr, circumoral nerve ring; gcc, general coelomic cavity; gon, gonad; m, mouth; ma, madreporite; oa, organ axial; os, ossicle; pa, papullae; pm, peristomial membrane; pc, pyloric caecum; pd, pyloric duct; ps, pyloric stomach; rc, rectal caecum; rnc, radial nerve cord; rw, radial water vascular canal; sa, sinus of axial organ; sc, stone canal; tm, tourniquet muscle; tb, Tiedemann’s body; tf, tube foot. Diagram was modified from Yañez-Guerra et al. (2018 (link))
Anus
Blood Vessel
Calculi
Cecum
Cone-Rod Dystrophy 2
Dental Caries
Digestive System
Foot
Genitalia
Gonads
Heart
Hemic System
Human Body
imidazole-4-acetic acid
Immunohistochemistry
Light Microscopy
Muscle Tissue
Nervousness
Oral Cavity
Pulp Canals
Pylorus
Radial Nerve
Rectum
Sinuses, Nasal
Skeleton
Starfish
Stomach
Systems, Nervous
Tissue, Membrane
Tourniquets
Adult (> 30 cm) and juvenile COTS (< 2 cm) (Fig. 1 A) were collected by the Association of Marine Park Tourism Operators Pty Ltd (AMPTO) from the Great Barrier Reef in Far North Queensland, Australia (permit G17/38,293.1). Adults of unknown sex were housed at Sea Life Aquarium, Mooloolaba, for 1–2 weeks before arms were dissected to isolate the ambulacrum (which contains the RNC) or the RNC only. An adult of A. brevispinus (Fig. 1 B), also of unknown sex, was collected by trawler off Townsville, Australia (Permit G17/38,293.1), housed at the Australian Institute of Marine Science and was similarly dissected. Whole animal images of COTS and A. brevispinus were taken using an Apple iPhone 6.![]()
Images of crown-of-thorns species. (
Adult
Animals
Arm, Upper
Marines
Starfish
Wheeled Stretchers
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More about "Starfish"
Starfish, also known as sea stars, are a diverse group of echinoderms found in marine environments worldwide.
These invertebrate animals are characterised by their radially symmetrical bodies, typically with five arms or rays.
Starfish play important roles in their ecosystems, acting as predators, scavengers, and prey.
They are often studied for their remarkable regenerative capabilities, ability to reproduce asexually, and unique behaviors.
Starfish research provides insights into evolutionary biology, developmental biology, and the complexities of marine ecosystems.
Researchers utilize a variety of tools and techniques to study these fascinating creatures, including the use of 1-methyladenine (1-MA), Meclofenamate, Hexatriacontane-d74, Penicillin-streptomycin solution, and the LSM 510 confocal laser scanning microscope.
The MMessage mMachine kit and Roscovitine are also used to investigate the molecular processes involved in starfish development and regeneration.
The Microvue Complement C3a Plus assay is employed to measure the levels of the complement protein C3a, which plays a role in the immune response of starfish.
Additionally, Xenopus Ect2, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, has been studied in the context of starfish cytokinesis and cell division.
Utilizing cutting-edge tools like PubCompare.ai can further enhance starfish studies by identifying optimized research protocols and enabling data-driven decision making to improve reproducibility and accuaracy.
With PubCompare.ai, researchers can locate the best protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, ensuring their experiments are more efficient and accurate.
These invertebrate animals are characterised by their radially symmetrical bodies, typically with five arms or rays.
Starfish play important roles in their ecosystems, acting as predators, scavengers, and prey.
They are often studied for their remarkable regenerative capabilities, ability to reproduce asexually, and unique behaviors.
Starfish research provides insights into evolutionary biology, developmental biology, and the complexities of marine ecosystems.
Researchers utilize a variety of tools and techniques to study these fascinating creatures, including the use of 1-methyladenine (1-MA), Meclofenamate, Hexatriacontane-d74, Penicillin-streptomycin solution, and the LSM 510 confocal laser scanning microscope.
The MMessage mMachine kit and Roscovitine are also used to investigate the molecular processes involved in starfish development and regeneration.
The Microvue Complement C3a Plus assay is employed to measure the levels of the complement protein C3a, which plays a role in the immune response of starfish.
Additionally, Xenopus Ect2, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, has been studied in the context of starfish cytokinesis and cell division.
Utilizing cutting-edge tools like PubCompare.ai can further enhance starfish studies by identifying optimized research protocols and enabling data-driven decision making to improve reproducibility and accuaracy.
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