To simulate alignments with realistic phylogenies and realistic gaps, we used the COG alignments. In each simulation, we selected the desired number of sequences from a COG alignment, we removed positions that were over 25% gaps, we estimated a topology and branch lengths with PhyML (Guindon and Gascuel 2003 (link)), we estimated evolutionary rates across sites with PHYLIP's proml (
Family Member
This term encompasses immediate relatives such as parents, siblings, and children, as well as more distant kin like grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins.
Family members play a crucial role in an individual's social, emotional, and often financial support systems.
Understanding the dynamics and interactions within a family can provide valuable insights into a person's health, behavior, and overall well-being.
Reseachers studying family structures, relationships, and their impact on various aspects of life can utilize this term to facilitate more comprehensive and accurate analyses.
Most cited protocols related to «Family Member»
To simulate alignments with realistic phylogenies and realistic gaps, we used the COG alignments. In each simulation, we selected the desired number of sequences from a COG alignment, we removed positions that were over 25% gaps, we estimated a topology and branch lengths with PhyML (Guindon and Gascuel 2003 (link)), we estimated evolutionary rates across sites with PHYLIP's proml (
For each predicted target, the CWCS estimated the total repression expected from multiple sites to the same miRNA. This score was calculated using the 3′-UTR profiles to weight the marginal effect of each additional site to the miRNA while also taking into account the predicted mRNA depletion resulting from any downstream sites to the same miRNA. This approach was improved over that we used previously to calculate total wContext+ scores (Nam et al., 2014 (link)), in that it did not over-estimate the aggregate effect of multiple sites in distal isoforms. For each miRNA family, 8mer, 7mer-m8, 7mer-A1, and 6mer sites were first filtered to remove overlapping sites, and for each reference 3′ UTR, nonoverlapping sites to the same miRNA were numbered from 1 to n, starting at the distal end of the 3′ UTR. For each site i, from 1 to n, the cumulative predicted repression at that site (Ci) was calculated as Ci = C(i − 1) + (1 − 2CSi)(AIRi − C(i − 1)), in which CSi and AIRi were the context++ score and AIR of site i, and the (1 − 2CSi)(AIRi − C(i − 1)) term predicted the marginal repression of site i, in which the predicted repression at the site (1 − 2CSi) was modified based on the fraction of mRNAs containing that site (AIRi) as reduced by the mRNA depletion predicted to occur from the action of any more distal sites (C(i − 1), assigning C0 as 0). The CWCS was then calculated as log2(1 − Cn), in which Cn was the Ci at the most proximal site of the reference 3′ UTR. For each reference 3′ UTR, CWCSs were calculated for each member of a miRNA family, and the score from the member with the greatest predicted repression was chosen to represent that family, and the reference 3′ UTR with the most 3P-seq tags was chosen to represent the gene.
When scoring features that can vary with 3′-UTR length (Min_dist, Len_3UTR, and Off6m), a weighted score was used that accounted for the abundance of each 3′-UTR tandem isoform in which the site existed, as estimated from a compendium of 3P-seq datasets from the same species (Nam et al., 2014 (link)). Although 6mer sites are used to calculate cumulative weighted context++ scores, and 6mer sites are tallied in the tables, the locations of these 6mer sites are not displayed, and targets with only 6mer sites are not listed. When calculating PCT scores, the most abundant 3′-UTR isoform as defined by 3P-seq was used to determine the conservation bin to which the 3′ UTR belonged. Sites corresponding to poorly conserved and mammalian-conserved miRNA seed families or sites overlapping annotated ORF regions were assigned PCT scores of zero. For TargetScanFish, genome-wide alignment quality in zebrafish 3′ UTRs was not of sufficient quality to compute PCT scores, so a PCT value of zero was assigned to all sites when computing context++ scores. All PCT parameters and parameters for tree branch lengths and regression models, along with pre-computed context++ scores for human, mouse, zebrafish, and other vertebrate species are available for download (
To further investigate the effect of using a distance-based tree for comparison rather than the fully optimised ML tree of each model, we obtained three real datasets from each of the Domains of life. The first dataset consists of 2135 gene families obtained from 25 complete proteobacteria genomes. The homologs were identified by performing all-against-all blast searches [48 ] of the 25 fully completed genomes with an e-value cutoff of 10-7. The sequences were aligned using ClustalW 1.81 [49 (link)] with the parameters unchanged from their default settings. The alignments were manually edited to remove badly aligned areas and large gapped areas. The second dataset consisted of amino acid sequences of 16 archaeal genomes retrieved from the COGENT database [50 (link)] and one (Haloarcula marismortui) from the NCBI. We identified gene families where all members of the family were capable of identifying all other members of the family during database searches (with an e-value cutoff of 10-7). Each of these families consisted of between 4 and 16 taxa and were aligned using ClustalW 1.81 using the default settings [49 (link)]. The final dataset is a previously published set of 118 vertebrate gene families which included representatives of all the major vertebrate groups obtained from the HOVERGEN database [51 (link)] with each alignment consisting of between 4 and 58 taxa [52 (link)]. For each dataset, we took a subset of 100 alignments and used Phyml [53 (link)] to construct fully optimised ML phylogenies with each of the available protein models and recorded the final likelihood of each individual phylogeny. We limited the ML analysis to 100 randomly-chosen alignments from each dataset due to excessive execution times for the full ML analyses. We took the final likelihood values produced by Phyml and determined the best-fit model and then compared the selected models with those produced by the NJ-JTT model selection procedure.
Sociodemographic data were collected on gender, age, education, residential location in the past 14 days, marital status, employment status, monthly income, parental status, and household size. Physical symptom variables in the past 14 days included fever, chills, headache, myalgia, cough, difficulty in breathing, dizziness, coryza, sore throat, and persistent fever, as well as persistent fever and cough or difficulty breathing. Respondents were asked to rate their physical health status and state any history of chronic medical illness. Health service utilization variables in the past 14 days included consultation with a doctor in the clinic, admission to the hospital, being quarantined by a health authority, and being tested for COVID-19. Contact history variables included close contact with an individual with confirmed COVID-19, indirect contact with an individual with confirmed COVID-19, and contact with an individual with suspected COVID-19 or infected materials.
Knowledge about COVID-19 variables included knowledge about the routes of transmission, level of confidence in diagnosis, level of satisfaction of health information about COVID-19, the trend of new cases and death, and potential treatment for COVID-19 infection. Respondents were asked to indicate their source of information. The actual number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 and deaths in the city on the day of the survey were collected. Concern about COVID-19 variables included self and other family members contracting COVID-19 and the chance of surviving if infected.
Precautionary measures against COVID-19 variables included avoidance of sharing of utensils (e.g., chopsticks) during meals, covering mouth when coughing and sneezing, washing hands with soap, washing hands immediately after coughing, sneezing, or rubbing the nose, washing hands after touching contaminated objects, and wearing a mask regardless of the presence or absence of symptoms. The respondents were asked the average number of hours staying at home per day to avoid COVID-19. Respondents were also asked whether they felt too much -unnecessary worry had been made about the COVID-19 epidemic. Additional health information about COVID-19 needed by respondents included more information about symptoms after contraction of COVID-19, routes of transmission, treatment, prevention of the spread of COVID-19, local outbreaks, travel advice, and other measures imposed by other countries.
The psychological impact of COVID-19 was measured using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). The IES-R is a self-administered questionnaire that has been well-validated in the Chinese population for determining the extent of psychological impact after exposure to a public health crisis within one week of exposure [25 (link)]. This 22-item questionnaire is composed of three subscales and aims to measure the mean avoidance, intrusion, and hyperarousal [26 (link)]. The total IES-R score was divided into 0–23 (normal), 24–32 (mild psychological impact), 33–36 (moderate psychological impact), and >37 (severe psychological impact) [27 (link)].
Mental health status was measured using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and calculations of scores were based on the previous study [28 (link)]. Questions 3, 5, 10, 13, 16, 17 and 21formed the depression subscale. The total depression subscale score was divided into normal (0–9), mild depression (10–12), moderate depression (13–20), severe depression (21–27), and extremely severe depression (28–42). Questions 2, 4, 7, 9, 15, 19, and 20 formed the anxiety subscale. The total anxiety subscale score was divided into normal (0–6), mild anxiety (7–9), moderate anxiety (10–14), severe anxiety (15–19), and extremely severe anxiety (20–42). Questions 1, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, and 18 formed the stress subscale. The total stress subscale score was divided into normal (0–10), mild stress (11–18), moderate stress (19–26), severe stress (27–34), and extremely severe stress (35–42). The DASS has been demonstrated to be a reliable and valid measure in assessing mental health in the Chinese population [29 (link),30 (link)]. The DASS was previously used in research related to SARS [31 (link)].
Most recents protocols related to «Family Member»
Example 1
As a general procedure, shikonin or a composition comprising shikonin or a derivative thereof is formulated in capsules, optionally in combination with lecithin (phospholipids, comprising primarily phosphatidylcholine) (e.g., at a shikonin-to-lecithin weight ratio of about 1:1). The shikonin or derivative thereof may be substantially pure (from a synthetic or natural source) or a part of an extract of a plant, such as Lithospermum erythrorhizon, Arnebia euchroma or another member of the borage family.
Using the above general procedure, an extract of purple gromwell (Lithospermum erythrorhizon) root (zicao) was prepared using an appropriate solvent, followed by spray drying and sieving, to obtain a purple powder. 175 mg of the powdered purple gromwell extract, containing about 30% shikonin and/or derivatives thereof, was placed with an equal weight of lecithin (Lipoid® PS P 20×, obtained from Lipoid GmbH) in Capsugel® delayed release (DR) capsules.
As an alternative to capsules, a syrup was prepared comprising lecithin and shikonin (95% purity) at a 5:1 lecithin:shikonin ratio, 44% alcohol as solvent, and honey.
Based on literature reports, toxicity of shikonin is not expected at dosages of less than 8 grams per day.
Example 4
Aim
The aim of the study was to evaluate the ability of selected CD40 and CEACAM5 targeting RUBY™ bsAbs to bind both their targets simultaneously as well as their potential cross-reactivity with additional members of the CEA protein family was evaluated by ELISA.
Materials and Methods
96-well plates were coated with 0.5 μg/mL antigen, hCEACAM-1 (2244-CM-050, R&D Systems), hCEACAM-5 (4128-CM-050, R&D Systems), hCEACAM-6 (3934-CM-050, R&D Systems) or CEACAM-8 (9639-CM-050, R&D Systems) in PBS over night at 4° C. After washing in PBS/0.05% Tween 20 (PBST), the plates were blocked with PBST, 2% BSA for at least 30 minutes at room temperature before a second round of washing. RUBY bsAbs, diluted in PBST, 0.5% BSA, were then added and allowed to bind for at least 1 hour at room temperature. After washing, plates were incubated with either 50 μl detection antibody (0.5 μg/ml HRP conjugated goat anti human-kappa light chain, #STAR127P, AbD Serotec) for analysis of binding to CEACAM protein family proteins or 0.5 μg/ml biotinylated hCD40-muIg (504-030, Ancell) followed by HRP conjugated streptavidin (21126, Pierce) for confirmation of dual antigen binding. Finally, a final round of washing was performed and bound complexes detected using SuperSignal Pico Luminescent as substrate and luminescence signals were measured using Fluostar Optima.
Results and Conclusions
All evaluated RUBY™ bsAbs was indeed able to bind to both CD40 and human CEACAM5 simultaneously (
As can be seen in
All in all, it can be concluded that all evaluated RUBY™ bsAbs have the ability to bind CD40 and CEACAM5 simultaneously and a majority of the set was specific for CEACAM5, with no or little detectable binding to other evaluated members of the CEA protein family.
Participants registered in the CICW database sequentially during the study period were retrospectively screened. The database was developed for a registry study that focused to clarify the association between frailty and home admission. The database contained information of participants with informed consent and those who were not planned to be discharged from the CICW within 2 weeks, were not in the terminal stage of life, or did not have a pacemaker. The CICW database included the information regarding skeletal muscle mass by using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). We excluded patients having a pacemaker because BIA can cause interference with the pacemakers.
The exclusion criteria of this research were visualized in Figure
Flowchart of inclusion and exclusion for this study
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More about "Family Member"
This includes immediate relatives like parents, siblings, and children, as well as more distant kin such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins.
These family connections play a crucial role in a person's social, emotional, and often financial support systems.
Understanding the dynamics and interactions within a family can provide valuable insights into an individual's health, behavior, and overall well-being.
Researchers studying family structures, relationships, and their impact on various aspects of life can utilize terms like 'relatives,' 'kindred,' 'kin,' and 'household members' to facilitate more comprehensive and accurate analyses.
The HiSeq 2000, HiSeq 2500, and NovaSeq 6000 platforms are commonly used in genetic and genomic research, often in conjunction with tools like the QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit, QIAamp DNA Mini Kit, and RNeasy Mini Kit for nucleic acid extraction.
The BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit and SAS 9.4 software are also valuable resources for researchers investigating family-related topics.
By incorporating these technologies and techniques, scientists can gain deeper insights into the complex interplay between family dynamics and individual outcomes.