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Sister

Sister refers to a female sibling, often used in the context of biological relationships or social connections within a community.
This term may be used to describe the relationship between two or more female siblings, or to denote a sense of kinship, solidarity or support among women who share a common experience or identity.
The term is frequently encountered in various fields, such as social sciences, family studies, and religious or cultural contexts.
Sisterhood can represent a strong bond of affection, mutual understanding and shared purpose among women.

Most cited protocols related to «Sister»

1
Religious Orders Study: Neurobiology of Aging
The Religious Orders Study enrolls Catholic nuns, priests and brothers, from more than 40 groups across the United States (Figure 1). Participants are without known dementia and agree to annual clinical evaluation and brain donation (some in the Chicago area also agree to donate, spinal cord, nerve, and muscle). Each subject signs a consent form and an Anatomical Gift Act. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Rush University Medical Center.
The study primarily recruits persons living communally, including employed (e.g., Teaching Orders) and retired (e.g., Missionary Orders) persons. The study includes three predominantly African American communities in New York, Baltimore, and New Orleans, and enrolls Hispanic sisters primarily from communities in and around San Antonio. All data collection forms have been translated into Spanish. Working with religious communities offers a number of advantages. First, they are altruistic and have a history of participating in research projects from which they may derive little to no personal benefit. Second, they live communally and loss of contact with participants is rare, facilitating the high follow-up and autopsy rates required to ensure internal study validity. Third, their wishes for organ donation are likely to be honored by the Superior and biological family members are unlikely to interfere with the participants’ written preference. Finally, the participants have similar education, socioeconomic and life experiences for most of their adult lives. This allows for tighter control of these potentially confounding variables in analyses of incident AD and cognitive decline.
The study design (Figure 2) supports the following analyses in a single dataset: 1) the association of neurobiologic indices with AD, MCI, and cognition proximate to death and over multiple years prior to death; 2) the association of risk factors for incident AD, incident MCI, and cognitive decline; and 3) the modeling of neurobiologic pathways linking risk factors to clinical phenotypes. The collection of parkinsonian signs and other measures of motor function allow for similar analyses to be conducted with motor function and decline, and disability.
Bennett D.A., Schneider J.A., Arvanitakis Z, & Wilson R.S. (2012). OVERVIEW AND FINDINGS FROM THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS STUDY. Current Alzheimer research, 9(6), 628-645.
Publication 2012
Adult African American Autopsy Biopharmaceuticals Brain Brothers Cognition Dementia Disabled Persons Disorders, Cognitive Ethics Committees, Research Family Member Hispanic or Latino Hispanics Life Experiences Missionaries Muscle Tissue Nervousness Nuns Organ Transplantation Phenotype Priests Roman Catholics Spinal Cord
2
Development of the Treatment Satisfaction Measure
The design of test items for the new instrument was based on a generalized conceptual framework of treatment satisfaction. The initial formation of the conceptual framework was grounded in a thorough review of the scientific literature that dealt with the core TS-M domains across a diversity of therapeutic areas. Subsequently, the draft conceptual framework was more fully elaborated using qualitative data from patient focus group interviews. Focus group participants (n = 30) were recruited to take part in one of three, two-hour sessions conducted in Los Angeles, Chicago, and Boston. Participants consisted of patients with at least one the following illness conditions: asthma, arthritis, cancer, cardiovascular disease, depression/anxiety, diabetes, infectious disease, migraine, and psoriasis. The focus group discussions were guided by a trained interviewer who, in accordance with established qualitative research procedures [61 ], focused on aspects of the treatment satisfaction framework, outlined in a discussion guide [62 ,63 ].
Over the course of the three focus group sessions, the discussion guide and conceptual framework on which it was based, were evolved through integration of the patients' perspectives from each preceding group. In this way the guide was iteratively refined to reflect the participants' perspectives. Once the framework was fully elaborated, the domains of TS-M included; (1) side effects, (2) symptom relief, (3) convenience, (4) effectiveness, (5) impact on daily life, and (6) tolerability/acceptability. Fifty-five draft TS-M items were designed to measure aspects of the conceptual framework and its domains. Further details of the qualitative methods and results can be found in a sister manuscript describing the development of the TS-M conceptual framework.
Atkinson M.J., Sinha A., Hass S.L., Colman S.S., Kumar R.N., Brod M, & Rowland C.R. (2004). Validation of a general measure of treatment satisfaction, the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM), using a national panel study of chronic disease. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 2, 12.
Publication 2004
Anxiety Arthritis Asthma Cardiovascular Diseases Communicable Diseases Diabetes Mellitus Interviewers Malignant Neoplasms Migraine Disorders Patients Psoriasis Satisfaction
3
Introgression Detection for Complex Phylogenies
The number of possible gene flow donor-recipient combinations increases rapidly with the number of populations or species. A unified test for introgression has been developed for a five taxon symmetric phylogeny, implemented in the DFOIL package (Pease & Hahn 2015 (link)). However, no such framework currently exists for datasets with six or more taxa. A common approach is to perform the D and ƒ4-ratio analyses on all four taxon subsamples from the dataset [e.g. (Green et al. 2010 ; Martin et al. 2013 (link); vonHoldt et al. 2016 (link); Kozak et al. 2018 ; Malinsky et al. 2018 )]. However, the number of analyses that need to be performed grows very quickly. Even with a fixed outgroup, the number of combinations is (n3) , i.e. n choose 3, where n is the number of taxa. For example, there are 1,140 different combinations of ((P1, P2), P3) in a dataset of 20 taxa, growing to 161,700 combinations in a dataset with 100 taxa. Interpreting the results of such a system of four taxon tests is not straightforward; the different subsets are not independent as soon as the taxa share drift (that is, they share branches on the phylogeny) and, therefore, a single gene flow event can be responsible for many elevated D and ƒ4-ratio results. At the same time, the correlations, especially of the ƒ4-ratio scores, can be informative about the timing of introgression events and about the specific donor-recipient combinations.
The ƒ-branch or ƒb metric was introduced in Malinsky et al. (2018) to disentangle correlated ƒ4-ratio results and assign gene flow evidence to specific, possibly internal, branches on a phylogeny by building upon the logic developed by Martin et al. (2013) (link), as illustrated in Fig. 1. Given a specific tree (with known or hypothesised relationships), the ƒb(P3) statistic reflects excess sharing of alleles between the population or species P3 and the descendants of the branch labelled b, relative to allele sharing between P3 and the descendants of the sister branch of b.
Formally: fb(P3)=medianA[minB[f4ratio(A,B;P3,O)]] where B refers to the populations or taxa descending from the branch b, and A refers to descendants from the sister branch of b. The calculation is over all positive ƒ4-ratio results which had A in the P1 and B in the P2 positions.
Malinsky M., Matschiner M, & Svardal H. (2020). Dsuite - fast D-statistics and related admixture evidence from VCF files. Molecular ecology resources, 21(2), 584-595.
Publication 2020
Alleles Gene Flow Population Group Tissue Donors Trees
4
Phylogeny-Guided Barcoding of Marine Mollusks
We sequenced 2,026 cowries for 614 bp of COI mtDNA, the traditional Folmer primer region proposed for barcoding most metazoans. Two or more individuals were sequenced from 82% (216) of ESUs, ≥5 from 54% (143), and ≥10 from 23% (60). To maximize recovery of the greatest intraspecific variation and test for geographical structuring, sequences were generated from the most geographically distant populations available. Molecular methods followed standard procedures and are reviewed in Meyer [25 ,26 ], Kirkendale and Meyer [27 (link)], and Meyer et al. [28 (link)].
We used standard, tree-based methods to address accuracy of identification in a thoroughly sampled phylogeny using both a species-level and ESU approach. One exemplar from each recognized species (the nominal subspecies if the species included multiple subspecies) or each identified ESU was used as the reference “barcode” exemplar in topological comparisons. We randomly selected 1,000 sequences from the cowrie COI dataset, excluding barcode exemplars, and limiting representation of each species or ESU to 15 or ten sequences, respectively, to minimize bias toward well-sampled taxa. Hybrid individuals (see above) were excluded. These 1,000 sequences were tested one at a time, and their placement relative to the barcoding exemplars evaluated in both neighbor-joining (K2P) and parsimony phylogenies. Identification was considered correct if the sister taxon of the test sequence was the exemplar sequence of its corresponding species or ESU. Identification was considered incorrect if the sister taxon was wrong. If the random sequence fell below a node linking two recognized sister taxa including the corresponding species, the identification was considered ambiguous, as assignment to one or the other is equivocal, as the unknown could also represent a novel taxon. Similar analyses were performed with the turbinid (n = 200 from 278) and limpet (n = 100 from 125) datasets.
Pairwise K2P distances, theta, and coalescent depth were used to characterize intraspecific variation. Genetic distance between terminal taxa and their closest sister was used to characterize interspecific divergence. While the phylogenies used are based upon sequence data from two mtDNA markers (16S and COI: [26 –28 (link)]), only COI was used for these analyses. The two most genetically distant individuals within each ESU (based on pairwise comparisons) were chosen to bookend genetic diversity and recover coalescent depth (maximum intra-ESU variability). These two individuals replaced the exemplar taxon used to construct the overall phylogeny (Figure 3). A likelihood ratio test (GTR + G with and without a clock enforced) was used to test for clock-like behavior (using only COI) in the resulting tree. A clock could not be falsified for turbinids and limpets (p > 0.05); but was falsified (p = 0.007) for cowries. Coalescent depths and interspecific divergence estimates throughout are based on topologies with a molecular clock enforced, although the overall cowrie data marginally rejected rate constancy. We estimated theta by calculating the average intraspecific difference using K2P distances. All analyses were conducted using PAUP* version 4.0b10 [43 ]. A listing of ESUs, number of individuals examined, interspecific divergence, and intraspecific metrics can be found in the supporting information for cowries (Table S1), turbinids (Table S2), and limpets (Table S3).
Meyer C.P, & Paulay G. (2005). DNA Barcoding: Error Rates Based on Comprehensive Sampling. PLoS Biology, 3(12), e422.
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Publication 2005
Base Sequence Behavior Test DNA, Mitochondrial Genetic Diversity Hybrids Oligonucleotide Primers Population Group Reproduction Trees
5
Long-Term Breast Cancer Risk Cohort
The Sister Study is a long-term prospective cohort of women residing in the United States (including Puerto Rico) who have had a sister diagnosed with breast cancer but did not have breast cancer themselves at enrollment. Interest in risk factors for breast cancer drove design decisions, but the cohort is also appropriate for studies of other cancer and noncancer health outcomes and, through extended follow-up of all participants, for studies of cancer survivors.
The institutional review board (IRB) of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and the Copernicus Group IRB approved the study. All participants provided written consent. Data included in this report come from Sister Study Data Release 5.0.1 (August 2015), unless otherwise noted.
Sandler D.P., Hodgson M.E., Deming-Halverson S.L., Juras P.S., D’Aloisio A.A., Suarez L.M., Kleeberger C.A., Shore D.L., DeRoo L.A., Taylor J.A, & Weinberg C.R. (2017). The Sister Study Cohort: Baseline Methods and Participant Characteristics. Environmental Health Perspectives, 125(12), 127003.
Publication 2017
Cancer Survivors Ethics Committees, Research Malignant Neoplasm of Breast Malignant Neoplasms Woman

Most recents protocols related to «Sister»

1
Disrupted Childhoods and Lasting Trauma
Fragmented, often abusive early settings characterised by poor relationships with one or both parents characterised participants sense of their place in the world. The family home was frequently associated with experiences of physical, emotional and sexual abuse. With the disruption of formative networks and bonds with caregivers, this culminated for many within institutional care or the care of relatives. Reported experiences of care were mixed, with many women describing “getting in with the wrong crowd” and taking drugs for the first time but also feelings of relief during a respite from abuse at home:

Me mam was a severe alcoholic. I used to get beat up daily. The school didn’t do anything until I was 12-year old, after me nanna died. And basically, I got put with the person who was actually raping me. So I was there for 3 months and the trauma of that, I just couldn’t cope with. So I rebelled at school, and that’s when I got put into […] children’s home. Things started to calm down a little bit there, but I just wanted to be – it sounds stupid – but I wanted to be where my safety net was, where my mam was (Rosie).

Women described the home environment being one where substance misuse and interpersonal conflict were normalized. Trauma was widely experienced, with multiple adverse experiences throughout the life course. Leaving home often occurred as a result of crisis, either the death of a main caregiver or family breakdown. Women described getting into relationships with older men, which provided both a means of escape and in many cases a trap. For Michelle, a relationship initially provided a refuge from her homelife and though the relationship quickly turned sour her mother did not allow her to return home: “I moved out when I was 15 year old I rang me mam crying cos I was miles away from [home …] and she went “you’ve made your bed you lie in it” (Michelle).
Early experiences of abusive family life set future expectations of relationships, where physical violence was normalized and associated with love. Tracy described how unremarkable experiences of violence were, which foreshadowed later relationships:

I was beaten as a child by my father. My mother beat my sister. Never ever hit me. Sides get picked, you get her I get her. And I thought it was how someone showed that they loved you, you know? … I had my nose broken. First my dad. And then boyfriends. There was a competition going on. It becomes a way of life I guess (Tracy).

Early experiences of lack of informal support of parents and extended family; resources that are normative and critical to healthy child development and achievement even into early adulthood [64 (link)] impact these women throughout their lives. Experiencing early trauma, including emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, neglect, parental mental ill-health and/or substance abuse, are all particular risk factors associated with unresolved trauma and long-term homelessness in adulthood [65 (link)].
McGrath J., Crossley S., Lhussier M, & Forster N. (2023). Social capital and women’s narratives of homelessness and multiple exclusion in northern England. International Journal for Equity in Health, 22, 41.
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Publication 2023
Abuse, Physical Alcoholics Catabolism Child Child Development Children's Health Drug Abuse Emotions Extended Family Feelings Life Experiences Mental Health Mothers Nose Parent Pharmaceutical Preparations Physical Examination Safety Sexual Abuse Sound Substance Abuse Woman Wounds and Injuries
2
Collecting Honey Bee Worker Samples
A single healthy and well-established honey bee colony, headed by a Carniolan Apis mellifera carnica queen, was used as a source for all worker samples of this study. Using sister bees originating from a single colony helps minimize variability in hive conditions and the genetic make-up of the workers. A total of eight capped worker brood frames ready to hatch were removed from this hive and placed in an incubator at 35 °C with 50–60% relative humidity. The following day, several thousand one-day-old sister bees were collected into a sterile plastic box for further use.
Alburaki M., Madella S, & Cook S.C. (2023). Non-optimal ambient temperatures aggravate insecticide toxicity and affect honey bees Apis mellifera L. gene regulation. Scientific Reports, 13, 3931.
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Publication 2023
Apis Bees Honey Humidity Reading Frames Reproduction Sterility, Reproductive Urticaria Workers
3
Building Community Partnerships with Latino Leaders
As suggested in CBPR literature (Israel et al., 2010 (link)), our first step in preparation for this project was to identify and meet with Latino opinion leaders in the city. The principal investigator (PI) of the pilot and the PI for the PRC research project, both Latinos, led this phase of the work. Typically, in CBPR studies, we would have sought out and partnered with local organizations. As the Latino community was still relatively new, there were no such organizations to work with; thus, we sought out individual leaders. Our first contact was with Sister Irma, a bilingual Latina nun at the local Catholic Church, who has lived in the town for decades (names have been changed to maintain confidentiality). We met with her several times before starting, during, and after the project. Our second contact was also a longtime area resident (Henry), which led the Iowa State Extension (https://www.extension.iastate.edu/) program in the area. Henry is a bilingual/bicultural Latino who served on the PRC Community Advisory Board. Sister Irma and Henry introduced our team to several other local leaders, including a Latino couple that ran the local Spanish language radio show and two Latinos working for Iowa workforce specifically with the Latino community. Finally, they introduced our research team to Ella who worked with Latino children and families for the school district.
Daniel-Ulloa J., Reyes J.A., Morales-Campos D.Y., Villareal E., López Cevallos D.F., Hernandez H, & Baquero B. (2023). Rural Latino Men’s Experiences and Attitudes Toward Health: A Pilot Photovoice Study. American Journal of Men's Health, 17(2), 15579883231158525.
Publication 2023
Child Hispanic or Latino Latinas Latinos Manpower
4
Phylogenetic Analysis of Transposases Across Endosymbionts
For the phylogenetic analysis of shared transposases we first clustered all genes annotated as transposases by prokka [57 (link)] into gene families using SiLiX (v1.2.11) [65 (link)]. For each gene family that was shared by two or more endosymbionts we searched for homologous sequences using the blastp function of ISfinder [73 (link)] and created a multiple sequence alignment with MAFFT (v7.453; ‘--maxiterate 1000’) [50 (link)]. Afterwards, the alignments were manually checked and sequences showing clear signs of degradation either on the 3′ or 5′ end were removed. We took care to only remove transposase sequences that seemed degraded (i.e. pseudogenized) in comparison to otherwise highly identical genes in order to keep the dataset clear of sequences that might be under different selective pressures. Finally, the alignments were trimmed using BMGE (v1.12) [74 (link)] and used for phylogenetic reconstruction using iqtree2 (v2.1.2; ‘-bnni’ ‘-alrt 1000’ ‘-m TESTNEW’ ‘-bb 1000’ ‘-mset LG’ ‘-madd LG+C10,LG+C20,LG+C30,LG+C40,LG+C50,LG+C60’ ‘-keep-ident’ ‘-wbtl’) [55 (link)]. For transposase sequences showing a clear sister-clade relationship in the de novo trees and belonging to the same eggNOG gene family, we reconstructed phylogenetic trees using gene families based on the eggNOG database (v5.0) [60 (link)] and EggNOG-mapper (v2.1.0) [61 (link)]. For this, we added the protein sequences from the respective gene families from the eggNOG database (v5.0) [60 (link)] to the endosymbiont gene families. For each gene family we then calculated multiple sequence alignments, curated them and reconstructed phylogenies as described above.
Halter T., Köstlbacher S., Rattei T., Hendrickx F., Manzano-Marín A, & Horn M. (2023). One to host them all: genomics of the diverse bacterial endosymbionts of the spider Oedothorax gibbosus. Microbial Genomics, 9(2), mgen000943.
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Publication 2023
Amino Acid Sequence Gene Order Gene Products, Protein Genes Homologous Sequences MADD protein, human Sequence Alignment Transposase Trees
5
Evaluating Conversational Competence in Peer Texting
Texting content included the use of greetings at the beginning and end of the conversation, appropriate language, staying on topic, appropriate length of texts, and both asking and responding to peer questions. The text conversations were scored by examining whether the conversation as a whole was contextually appropriate. A summary of the operational definitions for the dependent variables and examples is presented in Table 2.

Dependent variables

Dependent measuresOperational definitionExample
The participant sent at least one textThe participant completed the text1. Opened the text app. 2. Touched the new message or previous message buttons. 3. Typed in name. Clicked on name. 4. Clicked on message box. 5. Typed in a message. 6. Sent the message
Appropriate beginning to the conversationThe participant said some form of the word hello at the beginning of the conversation“Hi,” “Hi _____,” “Hello,” “Hey,” etc.
Appropriate languageThe participant did not talk about inappropriate topicsParticipant does not send a text to his or her peer about their bathroom habits
Length of the conversation and individual textsThe participant sent at least five texts per conversation and no single text was more than 4 lines. No one word single texts three times in a row and no repeated texts.Five different texts bubbles in a single color and 1–4 lines of text per each bubble. There were not text bubbles in a row that contained only single words (e.g., “yes,” “cool,” or “fine”). No participant sent two texts that were the same (e.g., “I like candy,” “I like candy”).
Staying on topicThe text message the participant sent was related or in some way referenced the texts preceding itText from peer: “My favorite sport is baseball!,” response from participant: “That’s cool! I like soccer!”
Asking questionsThe participant asked his/her peer at least one question per conversation“What’s your favorite sport?,” “Do you have any siblings?”
Responding to questionsThe participant responded to at least one question of his or her peers per conversation“I like basketball,” “I have three sisters”
Novel responseThe participant’s texts differed from the texts presented in the sample conversations“I really love science class,” “It was fun chatting”
Appropriate end to the conversationThe participant said some form of the word goodbye at the end of the conversation.“Bye,” “See ya,” “See you later,” etc.
Gilder J, & Charlop M.H. (2023). Increasing Social Communication by Teaching Texting to Autistic Children. Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders.
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Publication 2023
Candy LINE-1 Elements Love Sibling Speech

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More about "Sister"

Exploring the Multifaceted Concept of Sisterhood: From Biological Bonds to Solidarity among Women Sisterhood, a term that evokes a deep sense of kinship and solidarity among women, encompasses a wide range of relationships and identities.
Whether referring to the biological bond between female siblings or the strong connections forged within a community, this concept holds significant meaning across various fields, including social sciences, family studies, and cultural contexts.
The term 'sister' can be used to describe the relationship between two or more female siblings, often in the context of familial and genetic ties.
This relationship can be further explored through the lens of C57BL/6J, a widely used mouse strain that serves as a crucial model for understanding genetic and biological similarities among siblings.
Beyond the biological realm, sisterhood can also represent a sense of kinship and shared purpose among women who may not be related by blood.
This notion of sisterhood is frequently encountered in religious or cultural contexts, where women come together to support one another, share experiences, and cultivate a sense of community.
The use of tools like MATLAB, HiSeq 2500, and HiSeq 2000 can aid in the quantitative analysis of these social connections and the impact of sisterhood on various aspects of women's lives.
In the realm of research, the concept of sisterhood has also been explored through the analysis of DNA samples using kits like the QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit and the DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit.
These tools, along with the Qubit 2.0 Fluorometer, allow researchers to gain insights into the genetic and biological similarities that may underlie the bonds of sisterhood.
Additionally, the term 'sisterhood' can be used to describe a sense of solidarity and mutual support among women who share a common experience or identity.
This could include women in the same field, facing similar challenges, or those united by a shared cause or movement.
The use of statistical software like SAS version 9.4 and imaging tools like NIS-Elements can aid in the exploration and quantification of these social and cultural aspects of sisterhood.
Ultimately, the concept of sisterhood is a multifaceted and complex notion that extends beyond the biological realm, encompassing social, cultural, and emotional dimensions.
By exploring the various facets of this term, researchers and scholars can gain a deeper understanding of the powerful bonds and connections that exist among women, contributing to our knowledge of human relationships and social dynamics.