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Sons

Sons: A term referring to the male offspring of a parent.
Sons play a crucial role in family lineage and inheritance.
They may inherit physical, emotional, and social characteristics from their fathers, contributing to the continuation and evolution of the family.
Understanding the significance of sons in various cultural and societal contexts can provide insights into family dynamics, gender roles, and intergenerational relationships.
Researching the impact of sons on familial and societal structures can enhance our comprehension of human development and social interactions. (Note: Typo - 'Sons' instead of 'Son')

Most cited protocols related to «Sons»

1
Overcoming Pseudoreplication in Ecological Research
We were keen to ensure that it wasn't just us getting frustrated by the peer review process or, even more worryingly, trying to pass off poor quality research that could have been designed better! We therefore used a survey of ecologists to gain an idea of the extent to which other researchers encountered the problem and faced issues when trying to publish.
The online survey was disseminated through our professional network and advertised on the Ecolog‐l mailing list and Twitter. There was much interest in the topic, and 103 responses were collected which revealed the following key findings:

Fifty‐eight percent of respondents had faced a research question where they felt pseudoreplication was an unavoidable issue (Table 2).

Categories of pseudoreplication problem identified in the questionnaire and the frequency with which respondents described them

Landscape‐scale treatments/monitoring (including manipulations of forest stand structure)10
Nested designs with insufficient replication at site level9
Wildlife behavior/physiology (including repeated measures on a small number of individuals)9
Confounded site/stand and treatment (including multisite vegetation chronosequences)8
Demography and disease and – what is the appropriate analysis level site, plot, or individual?8
Exclosures at a single site (including grazing and irrigation studies)6
Aquatic ecology + hydrology ‐ unreplicated ponds/lakes/watersheds5
Fire behavior and effects (including studies of individual wildfires)5
Single‐site case studies or phenomena limited to one location5
Spatial autocorrelation3
Repeated measures of vegetation change (including studies on a single relevé)2
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Of those who'd faced the problem, 85% were aware of the concept before they started their research although most (89%) were not discouraged by it.

Nearly 70% of respondents had read Hurlbert (1984).

Two‐thirds of respondents tried to deal with the issue during their statistical analysis or by acknowledging the limits of statistical inference possible given their design. A third dealt with the issue during hypothesis formation by clearly defining their population, and a fifth framed their conclusions as new hypotheses. Only four respondents admitted they just hoped no one would notice (which is honest but naughty!).

Half of the respondents admitted they'd had difficulties getting their research published, and 17% were never able to get their studies published at all. Of those who experienced publication difficulties, 41% received major corrections but 55% had their paper rejected (with less than half of those being given the option to resubmit). A quarter of the respondents had ended up in prolonged arguments with reviewers and/or editors.

When completing peer reviews, reviewers who had not encountered pseudoreplication issues in their own research, though a relatively small proportion of all reviewers (25%), appeared to be considerably more likely to reject or ask for resubmission of papers with pseudoreplication (59%) than those who'd had to deal with the issue themselves (36%).

The survey revealed that we aren't the only ecologists who are frustrated by their experiences during peer review, and it was clear a number of respondents had particularly strong views (Box 1). All but one of the respondents who provided comments expressed frustration with the way pseudoreplication was dealt with during review. The sample of respondents was probably self‐selecting (Olsen 2008), but it does indicate that there is a proportion of scientists genuinely concerned about the issue. This is also evidenced by the continuing and ongoing debate (Hargrove and Pickering 1992; Oksanen 2001; Cottenie and De Meester 2003; Feeberg and Lucas 2009; Schank and Koehnle 2009; Ramage et al. 2013). Most views expressed in the survey could be categorized as feeling that:

pseudoreplication was inevitable in many types of research due to cost, scale, and other “real‐world” environmental issues such as a wildfire, drought, or flood only occurring once;

many kinds of pseudoreplication can be dealt with statistically using appropriate nesting or random effects.

Davies G.M, & Gray A. (2015). Don't let spurious accusations of pseudoreplication limit our ability to learn from natural experiments (and other messy kinds of ecological monitoring). Ecology and Evolution, 5(22), 5295-5304.
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Publication 2015
DNA Replication Droughts Floods Forests Frustration Peer Review Pemphigus and fogo selvagem physiology Sons
2
Genome-wide association study of dairy traits in Holstein and Jersey cattle
One thousand and two hundred Holstein bulls and 400 Jersey bulls were genotyped with the Illumina Bovine50K array, which includes 54,001 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. The phenotypes used were de-regressed Australian breeding values (ABV) for protein yield, protein percentage, fat yield, fat percentage and milk yield. The breeding values were de-regressed to remove the contribution from relatives other than daughters [2 (link)]. All bulls had at least 80 daughters.
The following criteria and checks were applied to the bull's genotypes. Mendelian consistency checks revealed a small number of either sons discordant with their sires at many (>1000) SNP or sires with many discordant sons. These animals (17) were removed from the data set. In addition, we omitted bulls for which more than 20% of the genotypes were missing. One thousand, one hundred and eighty one Holstein and 364 Jersey bulls passed these criteria.
Criteria for selecting SNP were: less than 5% pedigree discordants (e.g. cases where a sire was homozygous for one allele and progeny were homozygous for the other allele), 90% call rate, MAF>2%, Hardy Weinberg P < 0.00001. Forty thousand and seventy seven SNP met all these criteria. All SNP which could not be mapped or were on the X chromosome were excluded from the final data set, leaving 39,048. Parentage checking was then performed again, and any genotype incompatible with the pedigree was set as missing.
To impute missing genotypes, the SNP were ordered by chromosome position, and the genotype calls and missing genotype information were submitted to fastPHASE chromosome by chromosome [8 (link)]. The genotypes were taken as those filled in by fastPHASE.
The Holstein reference (n = 781) and Jersey reference bulls (n = 287) were those progeny tested before 2004. The Holstein validation bulls were progeny tested during or after 2004 (n = 400), and the Jersey validation bulls were progeny tested after 2004 as well (n = 77).
Hayes B.J., Bowman P.J., Chamberlain A.C., Verbyla K, & Goddard M.E. (2009). Accuracy of genomic breeding values in multi-breed dairy cattle populations. Genetics, Selection, Evolution : GSE, 41(1), 51.
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Publication 2009
Alleles Animals Cattle Chromosomes Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8 Daughter Genotype Homozygote Milk, Cow's Phenotype Proteins Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Sons X Chromosome
3
Deriving the Transmissible Liability Index for SUD Risk
The rationale and the measurement model for the SUD risk index (transmissible liability index, TLI) derivation procedure have been described in detail elsewhere (Vanyukov et al. 2003a (link), c (link)). Briefly, it is based on the known transmissibility of liability to SUD related to illicit drugs and on the application of item response theory (IRT). SUD liability is largely non-specific (common), both phenotypically (most of the variance is shared in common for various classes of illicit drugs) and genetically (twin data support the overwhelming contribution of nonspecific genetic variation) (Kendler et al. 2003a (link)). Inasmuch as SUD risk is transmissible (mostly due to its heritability), children’s characteristics that discriminate groups with affected and nonaffected parents are likely to be indicators of children’s transmissible SUD liability, which could be then analyzed by IRT. IRT (e.g., Embretson and Reise 2000 ) is a psychometric test theory that relates the performance of an examinee on a test item to a latent trait that the test is intended to measure. This relationship (e.g., in a simple case, between the trait and the probability of a correct response) is described by an item response function (IRF). While ability level is a characteristic of the examinee, performance also depends on parameters characterizing items themselves and defining the IRF. In the widely used two-parameter model, these are the location (difficulty) parameter (b, the trait value at which the probability of a correct response exceeds 0.5), and the discrimination parameter (a, proportional to the slope of the IRF at the point b on the trait scale). These parameters allow for taking into account that different items have different difficulty and different ability to discriminate between values of the trait. In contrast to the classical psychometric test theory, IRT provides testable models. A data-fitting IRT model provides estimates with features that are uniquely valuable for the trait measurement: item parameters are invariant of the sample (subpopulation) of the subjects (the trait distribution does not influence the estimates), and trait estimates are invariant of items used.
The TLI derivation method involves using a large set of items (303 in the current study) from numerous psychological and psychiatric instruments (here, 24), originally selected in CEDAR based on their potential for measuring variables related to SUD risk and psychopathology. These items were submitted to conceptual (identification of item groups judged to indicate core psychological traits), factor and item response theory (IRT) analysis to derive theoretically based unidimensional constructs (here, 19) characterizing individual behavior/personality (e.g., antisociality, attention, mood). The HAR and LAR groups were then compared on these constructs. This comparison relates the constructs to parental SUD liability and, inasmuch as liability is transmissible, to the child’s own SUD liability (see details in Vanyukov et al. 2003a (link)), consistent with the construct validity of TLI [its ability to capture the construct of transmissible liability; this and other standard research validities as defined, e.g., in Nunnally and Bernstein (1994) ]. The constructs demonstrating significant group differences were retained for further analysis. The items that are indicators of these constructs were then submitted to factor analysis to both ensure the presence of a single dominant dimension and further reduce the item set. Exploratory factor analysis of the set thus derived estimated a ratio of 3.2 of first to second eigenvalues, consistent with the unidimensionality of the TLI scale. Confirmatory factor analysis with weighted least squares method confirmed the unidimensional factor structure of the TLI scale, a prerequisite for IRT modeling. The 45-item set thus selected (see the listing in Appendix) for sons of the probands at age 10–12 was used to assess the quality of items and estimate TLI in this study, using IRT.
Whereas this item set includes—by design—many items that have long been known to be related to SUD risk, the procedure has selected from disparate diagnostic and psychological instruments a large comprehensive initial list of potentially useful and the most relevant items, selected out many redundant ones, thus enabling substantial data reduction without a loss of information, as well as calibrated the items as indicators of the unidimensional transmissible liability trait. Because the liability distribution shifts to the right as the population matures from prepuberty, age was regressed out of the TLI in the twin sample.
Vanyukov M.M., Kirisci L., Moss L., Tarter R.E., Reynolds M.D., Maher B.S., Kirillova G.P., Ridenour T, & Clark D.B. (2009). Measurement of the Risk for Substance Use Disorders: Phenotypic and Genetic Analysis of an Index of Common Liability. Behavior genetics, 39(3), 233-244.
Publication 2009
Attention Child Diagnosis Discrimination, Psychology Genetic Diversity Illicit Drugs Mood Parent Psychometrics Sons Twins
4
Near-Infrared Fluorescent Imaging in Pigs
Animals were used under the supervision of an approved institutional protocol. Adult female Yorkshire pigs (mean weight 30 kg) were purchased from E.M. Parsons and Sons (Hadley, MA). General anesthesia was induced with 4.4 mg/kg of intramuscular Telazol (Fort Dodge Labs, Fort Dodge, IA). Once sedated, animals were intubated with a cuffed endotracheal tube, and anesthesia was maintained with 2% isoflurane/balance O2. A lower midline abdominal incision was used to expose the uterus and fallopian tubes. A NIR fluorescent (800 nm emission) hysterosalpingogram was performed using 10 μM indocyanine green (ICG; Akorn, Decatur, IL) in saline injected in utero. NIR fluorescence (700 nm emission) angiography was performed by intravenous bolus injection of 1 mg/kg methylene blue (Akorn). Real-time NIR fluorescence imaging was performed as described in [4 (link)] except that each independent NIR fluorescence image, i.e., 700 nm emission and 800 nm emission, could be assigned different pseudo-colors from a multi-color palette, and could have its brightness, contrast, and gamma adjusted independently by the surgeon.
Gioux S., Kianzad V., Ciocan R., Gupta S., Oketokoun R, & Frangioni J.V. (2009). High Power, Computer-Controlled, LED-Based Light Sources for Fluorescence Imaging and Image-Guided Surgery. Molecular imaging, 8(3), 156-165.
Publication 2009
Abdomen Anesthesia Angiography Animals Fallopian Tubes Fluorescence Gamma Rays General Anesthesia Hysterosalpingography Indocyanine Green Isoflurane Methylene Blue Pigs Saline Solution Sons Supervision Surgeons Telazol Uterus Woman
5
Attitudes and Beliefs about HPV Vaccination for Male Adolescents

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Publication 2011
Ethics Committees, Research Fingers Households Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine Males Parent Reading Frames Sons

Most recents protocols related to «Sons»

1
Multigenerational Migration Patterns in Zeeland
Migration is measured by comparing the municipality of birth and the municipality of death. In total, 45% of all fathers and sons in our sample migrated within Zeeland, whereas 50% of all women in our sample migrated within the province. These numbers are in line with an earlier study on the female Zeeland population (Bras, 2002 , p. 129). Sibling migration is measured as the total number of siblings that died outside their municipality of birth, excluding ego. Parental migration was measured in four different groups: 1) no parent migrated, 2) father migrated, mother stayed in municipality of birth, 3) mother migrated, father stayed in municipality of birth, and 4) both parents migrated.
Furthermore, we include sex, birth year, sibship size, marital status, and social class. Year of birth is measured linearly. Sibship size is measured in three categories 2–4, 5–8, and 9+. Socioeconomic class is measured as the highest social position before age 50, split into six categories. The elite were those who performed learned professions, such as artists, clergymen, doctors, engineers, lawyers, pharmacists, teachers, and veterinarians. Middle strata encompass proprietors, managers, clerks, salesmen, and craftsmen. Laborers are all those who performed semi- or unskilled labor outside agriculture. Farmers comprise farmers. Farm laborers are those who performed semi- or unskilled farm labor. Finally, we include individuals for whom no occupation was known. For women, these are likely random missings as female occupations were generally poorly recorded (Boter & Woltjer, 2020 (link); Walhout & van Poppel, 2003 ). For men, we might be dealing with informed missings, as occupations were recorded well and only the affluent could afford to be idle for prolonged periods of time.
Environmental variables include urbanization, disease load, demographic pressure, and island of birth. Urbanization is measured as the logarithm of the number of inhabitants. Disease load is measured as the level of child mortality, that is the percentage of newborns who died before their fifth birthday. Demographic pressure is estimated by the net migration rate, as steady out-migration was a way to cope with the economic stagnation that occurred in Zeeland. Included regions of birth are the islands Schouwen-Duiveland, Sint Philipsland, Tholen, Walcheren, Noord-Beveland, and Zuid-Beveland as well as the mainland of Zeeuws-Vlaanderen, which is connected to Belgium.
Mourits R.J, & Puschmann P. (2023). Exploring familial factors in the migrant mortality advantage among domestic migrants in later life: Zeeland, the Netherlands, 1812–1962. SSM - Population Health, 22, 101359.
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Publication 2023
Childbirth Farmers Females Infant, Newborn Lawyers Mothers Obstetric Labor Parent Physicians Pressure Sibling Sons Urbanization Veterinarian Woman
2
Reconstructing Family Life Histories from Civil Registers
LINKS is especially suited to follow families over time, even though we do not follow individuals continuously over time and cannot trace each individual migration movement over the life course (see e.g. Fedorova et al., 2022 (link); Sesma Carlos et al., 2022 (link)). An explorative study by Van den Berg et al. (2020) (link) has shown that health advantages due to migration can still be reliably estimated with civil registry data, even though we cannot distinguish between stayers and return migrants. The family and life course reconstructions in LINKS are of the same quality as historical sources that follow individuals actively over time, so lang as an individual’s birth, marriage, and death are observed in the data base. As a result, we can study individuals who never left the province of Zeeland, as they were at risk of experiencing birth, marriage, and deaths in the Zeeland civil registers, whereas we cannot estimate reliable statistics for individuals who migrated out of Zeeland. Therefore, we study parents and children who lived their entire lives in Zeeland to ascertain the validity of our results.
An overview of the selection process and the resulting sample is given in Table 1. First, we select complete families. Only those parents were selected of whom it could be assumed that they lived their whole life in Zeeland. This allows us to compare stayers and domestic migrants within Zeeland. Sibships are reconstructed through the parental marriage certificate and can be deemed complete if both parents had a known death certificate. Therefore, we selected families of which the parents had a known place of birth, available marital information, and a death certificate. Second, we select offspring who died after age 50, as these individuals lived their whole lives in Zeeland and were not at risk of migrating out of the province (Fedorova et al., 2022 (link); Kok, 1997 (link)). To be able to study the effects of sibling migration, these individuals needed to have a known place of birth and death as well as a sibling who lived until 50. Finally, disjoint family trees were selected to prevent that certain families were overrepresented in our data. We made sure that offspring – the daughters and sons in our sample – did not return as parents and excluded half-sibs from the data by randomly selecting one childbearing family if fathers or mothers reproduced with more than one marital partner. This left us with a sample of 16,060 parents and 25,538 children with a known sibling over age 50, briefly described in Table 2.

Sampling procedure.

Table 1
ParentsOffspring
Selections parents
Married between 1812 and 1862113,905–
Known to have had children87,587254,281
Known death certificate63,205225,770
Known death certificate for at least one partner51,932166,238
Known places of birth and death48,384147,645



Selections offspring
Lived past age 5034,47343,661
Known places of birth and death34,24243,051
At least 1 known sibling22,30736,753



Disjoint families
Children of first known generation16,20525,951
No half siblings16,06025,538

Characteristics of parents and offspring in the studied sample of LINKS Zeeland.

Table 2
FatherMothersSonsDaughters
Sample
N8030803012,72612,822
Birth cohorts1755–18431773–18431812–18851812–1884
Migration
-Stayer4546 (56.6%)4064 (50.6%)7140 (56.9%)6376 (49.7%)
-Migrated3448 (43.4%)3974 (49.4%)5586 (43.1%)6446 (50.3%)



Demographic indicators
Mean age at deatha65.0 (15.1)65.8 (16.3)73.2 (10.6)73.7 (10.6)
Mode age at death75767577
Mean sibship size––8.1 (3.4)8.2 (3.4)

Mean + standard deviation between brackets.

Mourits R.J, & Puschmann P. (2023). Exploring familial factors in the migrant mortality advantage among domestic migrants in later life: Zeeland, the Netherlands, 1812–1962. SSM - Population Health, 22, 101359.
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Publication 2023
Child Childbirth Daughter Fathers Migrants Mothers Movement Parent Reconstructive Surgical Procedures Sons
3
Operant Conditioning and Optogenetic Stimulation in Water-Restricted Mice
Water-restricted mice were trained to lever press for a small water reward (around 10 μl water) while freely moving in an operant condition box containing a single retractable lever and a shock grid floor (Coulbourn). Mice were allowed to retrieve a maximum of 50 rewards per day, and sessions were terminated after all rewards had been retrieved or after 30 min. After each lever press, the lever was retracted for 5 s before extending again. After mice retrieved 50 rewards for at least 3 consecutive days (typically 2–3 weeks of training), they were allowed to proceed with stimulation experiments. On shock days, mice were given a 1-s, 0.1-mA foot shock after 10% of lever presses instead of water. Shocks were delivered in a pseudorandom order on lever-press trials 5, 13, 24, 31 and 44, and the time to the next lever press was measured from the time elapsed for these trials until the subsequent lever press. During stimulation experiments (both baseline and shock days), optical stimulation was delivered throughout the experiment. Water was delivered using a custom set-up consisting of a lick spout (Popper and Sons, stainless steel 18-gauge) and a solenoid (Valcor, SV74P61T1) controlled by a microcontroller (Arduino Uno R3). Licking was monitored using a capacitive sensing board (Arduino Tinker Kit) wired to the lick spout and interfacing with the microcontroller. Shocks were delivered using an 8-pole scrambled shock floor (Coulbourn). Behavioural stimuli—lever presentations and retractions, and shocks—were controlled with Coulbourn Graphic State software. The timing of lever presses and licks was also recorded at 5 kHz using a data-acquisition hardware (National Instruments, NI PCIe-6343-X).
Hsueh B., Chen R., Jo Y., Tang D., Raffiee M., Kim Y.S., Inoue M., Randles S., Ramakrishnan C., Patel S., Kim D.K., Liu T.X., Kim S.H., Tan L., Mortazavi L., Cordero A., Shi J., Zhao M., Ho T.T., Crow A., Yoo A.C., Raja C., Evans K., Bernstein D., Zeineh M., Goubran M, & Deisseroth K. (2023). Cardiogenic control of affective behavioural state. Nature, 615(7951), 292-299.
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Publication 2023
Foot Mus Operant Conditioning Photic Stimulation Shock Sons Stainless Steel
4
Calf Rearing and Feeding Protocol
Prior to the trial, from arrival to Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI) Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland at 3 weeks of age, the calves were reared indoors and received 2 feeds per day of 2 L of 23% protein, 23% fat, calf milk replacer (Thompsons high fat; Trouw Nutrition Limited), ad libitum silage and approximately 200 g of calf weaner nuts (Calf Pride Weaner Mix; John Thompson and Sons, Limited), to encourage them to start eating concentrates. They were weaned from the calf milk replacer at 8–10 weeks of age and subsequently fed ad libitum silage and approximately 1.5 kg per day of Calf Pride Rearing Nuts, which was increased to 2 kg per day as the calves grew. For the duration of the trial, the calves had ad libitum access to water and silage and were fed 2 kg concentrates (17% crude protein, 4% crude oil, 9.5% crude fibre, 7.5% crude ash, 0.28% magnesium, 0.28% sodium) (Calf Pride Rearing Nuts; John Thompson and Sons, Limited) per day.
O’Donoghue S., Earley B., Johnston D., McCabe M.S., Kim J.W., Taylor J.F., Duffy C., Lemon K., McMenamy M., Cosby S.L., Morris D.W, & Waters S.M. (2023). Whole blood transcriptome analysis in dairy calves experimentally challenged with bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) and comparison to a bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) challenge. Frontiers in Genetics, 14, 1092877.
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Publication 2023
Fibrosis Food Magnesium Milk Nuts Petroleum Proteins Scheuermann's Disease Silage Sodium Sons
5
Methionine and Cystine Dietary Regulation
Special diets were created by LabTest Diet (W.F. Fisher and Sons). A normal chow was used as a baseline (catalog no. 5CC7). From this two diets were created for experimental purposes. The diets used were a control diet with a defined 0.43% methionine and 0.33% cystine (w/w, catalog no. 5WVL) and a cystine deprived-methionine restricted diet with 0.15% methionine and 0.0% cystine (w/w, catalog no. 5WVM). Similar diets have shown safety in mouse experiments42 . Mice were transitioned to the diet seven days post tumor implantation. Investigators were not blinded to the allocation during experiments or outcome assessments.
Upadhyayula P.S., Higgins D.M., Mela A., Banu M., Dovas A., Zandkarimi F., Patel P., Mahajan A., Humala N., Nguyen T.T., Chaudhary K.R., Liao L., Argenziano M., Sudhakar T., Sperring C.P., Shapiro B.L., Ahmed E.R., Kinslow C., Ye L.F., Siegelin M.D., Cheng S., Soni R., Bruce J.N., Stockwell B.R, & Canoll P. (2023). Dietary restriction of cysteine and methionine sensitizes gliomas to ferroptosis and induces alterations in energetic metabolism. Nature Communications, 14, 1187.
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Publication 2023
Cystine Diet Methionine Mus Neoplasms Ovum Implantation Safety Sons

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More about "Sons"

The significance of sons in various cultural and societal contexts can provide insights into family dynamics, gender roles, and intergenerational relationships.
Understanding the impact of sons on familial and societal structures can enhance our comprehension of human development and social interactions.
Sons play a crucial role in family lineage and inheritance, as they may inherit physical, emotional, and social characteristics from their fathers, contributing to the continuation and evolution of the family.
Researching the role of sons can offer valuable perspectives on the complexities of family structures, gender norms, and societal expectations.