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Conidia

Conidia are the asexual spores produced by many fungi, including those used in biological research and commercial applications.
These spores play a crucial role in the lifecycle and dispersal of fungal species.
Conidia research aims to understand the formation, structure, and function of these specialized reproductive units, which can have significant implications for fields such as mycology, microbiology, and biotechnology.
Optimizing the research process for conidia can enhance reproducibility, accuracy, and the identification of effective protocols and products, ultimately elevating the quality and impact of fungal studies.

Most cited protocols related to «Conidia»

1
Soil Type and Rainfall Impact on Fungal Conidia
The area under the B. oleae flight curves (AUBFC) in treated and control plots was calculated by trapezoidal integration method of SAS (Campbell and Madden, 1990 ). Then, the values of AUBFC were log10 transformed and subjected to factorial analysis of variance using Statistix 9.0 (Analytical Software 2008). The same program was used to analyze mortality data. The values of average survival times obtained by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test were calculated with SPSS 15.0 Software for Windows. Replicates in time, for all experiments, were analyzed as series of experiments with the model, y = treatment + experiment + treatment × experiment (Littell et al., 2006 ). Since the effect of experiment and interaction treatment × experiment was not significant, replicates from both experiments were combined in a model with only treatment as a factor (one-way ANOVA). Mortality data was transformed, y=arcsin(% Mortality100) , to improve normality and homogeneity of variance, both requirements for linear model analysis. Means from different treatments were compared using Tukey's test (P < 0.05). The effect of soil type and rain volume on relative percentage of M. brunneum recovered was evaluated with a generalized linear model for ordinal data (proportional odds model). This proportional odds model is the standard generalized linear model for ordinal regression (Stroup, 2012 ) and is appropriate for this experiment since we are measuring the response as ordinal data type, expressed as relative or cumulative percentage of conidia in each section of the soil column. The dependent variable or response is the four possible classes or soil sections (A, B, C, and E). This model calculates the cumulative probability or proportion of conidia at each soil section or in the sections above. i.e., P (conidia ≤ A) is the probability or proportion of conidia in section A; P (conidia ≤ B) is the probability or proportion of conidia in sections A and B; P (conidia ≤ C) is the probability or proportion of conidia in sections A, B, and C; and P (conidia ≤ E) is the probability or proportion of conidia in the effluent (E) or in any of the sections = 100%. The proportion of conidia in one specific section can be calculated then as the difference between contiguous cumulative probabilities e.g., probability or proportion of conidia in section B, P (conidia = B) = P (conidia ≤ B) − P (conidia ≤ A). The equation of the model is:
ηcijk=ηc+Soil typei+Rain volumej+Soil type ×Rain volumeij, c (class)=A,B,C,E
Where: Rain volume is modeled as continuous factor or covariate; k sub index refers to replicate; observations follow a multinomial distribution; and cumulative logit link function.
For the generalized linear model the estimation method was maximum likelihood with Laplace approximation. Model significance was evaluated with χ2 test and the significance of the fixed effects was evaluated with F-approximate test (α = 0.05). Estimated cumulative probabilities for soil types were compared with odds ratio test. If the confidence interval for the ratio includes 1, the two soils are not significantly different (Stroup, 2012 ).
Yousef M., Alba-Ramírez C., Garrido Jurado I., Mateu J., Raya Díaz S., Valverde-García P, & Quesada-Moraga E. (2018). Metarhizium brunneum (Ascomycota; Hypocreales) Treatments Targeting Olive Fly in the Soil for Sustainable Crop Production. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 1.
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Publication 2018
Conidia factor A neuro-oncological ventral antigen 2, human Rain Trapezoid Bones
2
Botrytis cinerea Infection of Tomato Leaves
Tomatoes (S. lycopersicum) cv. Jinpeng 1 were used as host plants; they were grown in a greenhouse at a 16-h day/8-h night cycle, at 22–28°C. At the age of 6 weeks, plants were inoculated using a solution containing B. cinerea conidia (2 × 106 spores ml−1), 5 mM glucose, and 2.5 mM KH2PO4. The inoculation solution was applied to both leaf surfaces using a soft brush. After inoculation, the plants were kept at 100% relative humidity to ensure spore germination. The B. cinerea- and mock-inoculated leaves were harvested at 5 time points (0 days, 0.5 days, 1 days, 3 days, and 7 days) after treatment, in 3 biological replicates. We found that the B. cinerea spores appeared on the leaves at 7 dpi. The 7-dpi leaves of B. cinerea-infected (TD7d) and control (TC7d) plants were sent to BGI (Shenzheng, China) for the deep sequencing of sRNAs. The samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −70°C for the studies of transcript expression.
Total RNAs were extracted from leaf tissues using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), followed by RNase-free DNase treatment (Takara, Dalian, China). Their concentrations were quantified using a NanoDrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer.
Jin W, & Wu F. (2015). Characterization of miRNAs associated with Botrytis cinerea infection of tomato leaves. BMC Plant Biology, 15, 1.
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Publication 2015
Biopharmaceuticals Conidia Deoxyribonucleases Endoribonucleases Freezing Germination Glucose Humidity Lycopersicon esculentum Nitrogen Plant Leaves Plants RNA Spores Tissues trizol Vaccination
3
Phylogenetic Analysis of Fungal Genomic Sequences

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Publication 2015
Actins Agar ATP Citrate (pro-S)-Lyase Biological Evolution Calmodulin Conidia Consensus Sequence EEF1A2 protein, human Genes Genome Histone H3 Oligonucleotide Primers Protein Subunits RNA polymerase II largest subunit Trees Tubulin
4
Fungal Microscopic Examinations and Isolations
Microscopic examinations were carried out based on collections from numerous herbaria, some fresh specimens and hundreds of isolates. The collections examined are deposited at the following herbaria: B, BPI, BRIP, C, CBS, CUP, DAOM, DAR, FH, HAL, HBG, IACM, ILL, IMI, INIFAT, K, KR, LBLM, LE, LEP, LPS, M, MA, NY, NYS, PAD, PC, PDD, PH, PPMH, PRM, S, SIENA, VPRI, W, WIS (abbreviations according to Holmgren et al. 1990 ). Isolates included in this or previous studies were obtained from the culture collection of the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Utrecht, the Netherlands, or were freshly isolated from a range of different substrates. Single-conidial and ascospore isolates were obtained using the techniques as explained in Crous (1998 ) for species of Mycosphaerella and its anamorphs. Isolates were inoculated onto 2 % potato-dextrose agar (PDA), synthetic nutrient-poor agar (SNA), 2 % malt extract agar (MEA) and oatmeal agar (OA) (Crous et al. 2009d ), and incubated under continuous near-ultraviolet light at 25 °C to promote sporulation. All cultures obtained in this study are maintained in the culture collection of the CBS (Table 1). Nomenclatural novelties and descriptions were deposited in MycoBank (www.MycoBank.org; Crous et al. 2004a ).
Bensch K., Braun U., Groenewald J.Z, & Crous P.W. (2012). The genus Cladosporium. Studies in Mycology, 72(1), 1-401.
Publication 2012
Agar Conidia Glucose Microscopy Mycosphaerella Nutrients Solanum tuberosum Ultraviolet Rays
5
Transcriptional Adaptation of B. bassiana
Conidia of B. bassiana ARSEF 2860 strain were harvested from 14-day old potato dextrose agar and used for different assays. To examine gene induction on insect cuticle, locust (Locusta migratoria) hind wings were collected, air-dried and surface sterilized in 10% H2O2 (10 min). The wings were washed in sterile water (twice) and immersed in a Bb conidial suspension (2 × 107 spores per ml) for 20 seconds17 (link). The inoculated wings were placed on 1% water agar and incubated at 25°C for 24 hrs for total RNA extraction. For analysis of transcriptional adaptation to insect hemocoel, the 5th instar cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) larvae were each injected with 10 μl of a spore suspension (108 spores/ml). Hemolymph from infected insects 48 hours post inoculation was collected on ice and immediately applied on top of a step gradient of 25 and 50% Centricoll (Sigma). The fungal cells were purified for RNA extraction by centrifugation at 10,000 g for 10 min at 4°C. For analysis of transcriptional adaptation to plant root exudates, mycelia harvested from 36 hour Sabouraud dextrose broth were incubated in corn root exudates for another 24 hours before being used for RNA extraction. Root exudates were prepared as described before81 (link). RNA was extracted with a Qiagen RNeasy kit plus on-column treatment with RNase-free DNase I. Messenger RNA was purified, and after reverse transcription into cDNA libraries were constructed for tag preparation according to the massively parallel signature sequencing protocol82 (link). The tags were sequenced with an Illumina technique. We omitted tags from further analysis if only one copy was detected or it could be mapped to a different transcript. Other tags were mapped to the genome or annotated genes if they possessed no more than one nucleotide mismatch17 (link)18 (link). The level of gene transcription was converted to transcripts per million tags (TPM) for each mapped gene for expressional comparison between samples. The RNA_seq expression dataset is available at the Gene Expression Omnibus under the accession GSE32699.
Xiao G., Ying S.H., Zheng P., Wang Z.L., Zhang S., Xie X.Q., Shang Y., St. Leger R.J., Zhao G.P., Wang C, & Feng M.G. (2012). Genomic perspectives on the evolution of fungal entomopathogenicity in Beauveria bassiana. Scientific Reports, 2, 483.
Publication 2012
Acclimatization Agar Biological Assay cDNA Library Cells Centrifugation Conidia Deoxyribonuclease I Endoribonucleases Exudate Gene Expression Genes Glucose Gossypium Hemolymph Induction, Genetic Insecta Larva Locusta migratoria Locusts Maize Mycelium Nucleotides Peroxide, Hydrogen Plant Roots Plants Reverse Transcription RNA, Messenger Solanum tuberosum Spores Sterility, Reproductive Strains Transcription, Genetic Vaccination

Most recents protocols related to «Conidia»

1
Lignocellulosic Substrate Valorization via Solid-State Fermentation
Apple, banana, and grape fruits no longer suitable for consumption
were ground in a blender (Waring commercial, McConnellsburg) to obtain
particles of 1–2 mm of diameter. The whole digestate was thawed
and manually mixed with shredded fruits in a ratio of 70:30 w/w. The
substrate composition is reported in Table 1. Wood sawdust, a local carpentry byproduct,
was added to the whole digestate to reduce the free water and adjust
the moisture content to 73%. SSF was carried out in micropropagation
boxes equipped with a 0.45 μm filter (Microbox, Micropoli, Italy),
each containing 70 g of substrate. Filled boxes were subjected to
two consecutive cycles of sterilization (121 °C for 15 min each).
For the analyses, seven time points were considered: T0, T1, T2, T3,
T4, T5, and T6 corresponding to 0, 3, 6, 13, 20, 27, and 34 days after
inoculation. T. reesei RUT-C30 and T. atroviride Ta13 were routinely grown on slants
of PDA at 26 °C. Then, 100 μL of conidia suspension (106 in sterile distilled water) was inoculated in each box; four
replicate boxes were produced for each time point and for each strain.
In addition, four replicate boxes were not inoculated and served as
a control (SSF-NI). All of the boxes were incubated at 26 °C
and 60% relative humidity (RH) under illumination of 12 h light/12
h dark cycles, using daylight tubes 24 W/m2, in a climatic
chamber (model 720, Binder) for 34 days. For each time point, and
for each strain, one replicate was used for fungal biomass quantification
and stored at −80 °C until use. The remaining three replicates
were treated as described below to obtain the crude extract for enzymatic
and metabolomic analyses.
Bulgari D., Alias C., Peron G., Ribaudo G., Gianoncelli A., Savino S., Boureghda H., Bouznad Z., Monti E, & Gobbi E. (2023). Solid-State Fermentation of Trichoderma spp.: A New Way to Valorize the Agricultural Digestate and Produce Value-Added Bioproducts. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 71(9), 3994-4004.
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Publication 2023
Banana Complex Extracts Conidia DNA Replication Fruit G-substrate Grapes Humidity Light Sterility, Reproductive Sterilization Strains
2
Standardizing Microbial Inocula Preparation
Considering the strain variation of microorganisms, a strain mixture for each
microorganism was prepared as inoculum. Bacteria strains were cultured in 10 mL
of culture media at optimal incubation temperature for 24 h. Aliquots (0.1 mL)
of the cultures were inoculated in 10 mL fresh culture media and subcultured at
optimal temperature for 24 h. Yeast and mold strains were cultured in 10 mL of
culture media at optimal incubation temperature for 24–48 h. Aliquots
(0.1 mL) of the cultures were inoculated in 10 mL fresh culture media and
subcultured at optimal temperature for 24–48 h. The cultures of the
strains for each microorganism species were mixed. Each mixture was then
centrifuged at 1,912×g and 15 min for 4°C, and the cell pellets
were washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline [PBS;
KH2PO4 0.2 g, Na2HPO4 1.5 g,
NaCl 8.0 g, KCl 0.2 g, 1 L of distilled water (DW), pH 7.4]. For the bacteria
and yeast inocula, cell pellets were diluted with PBS to have 6 Log CFU/mL. For
the mold inocula, the resulting suspensions of conidia were vigorously vortexed,
and sterile DW was added to the suspension to have 5 Log CFU/mL. Mold cell
counts were measured by a hemacytometer, which was confirmed by a serial
dilution plate count. The microorganism strains and culture media used in this
study were presented in Table 1.
Seo Y., Sung M., Hwang J, & Yoon Y. (2023). Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Propionic Acid, Sorbic Acid, and Benzoic Acid against Food Spoilage Microorganisms in Animal Products to Use MIC as Threshold for Natural Preservative Production. Food Science of Animal Resources, 43(2), 319-330.
Publication 2023
Bacteria Cells Conidia Culture Media Fungus, Filamentous Pellets, Drug Phosphates Saline Solution Sodium Chloride Sterility, Reproductive Strains Yeast, Dried
3
Evaluating Antifungal Synergy against Dematiaceous Fungi
The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of EVL alone or in combination with ITC, VRC, POS, or AMB against various dematiaceous fungi were assessed as per the guidelines established by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M38-A2. The working concentrations for the tested drugs were 0.06-4 μg/mL for ITC, VRC, POS, and AMB, and 0.25-16 μg/mL for EVL. Briefly, 50 μl of serially diluted EVL solutions were added to horizontal rows of a 96-well plate containing the conidia suspension prepared above (100 μl/well), followed by the addition of 50 μl of serially diluted ITC, VRC, POS, or AMB in the vertical columns of this plate. Plates were then incubated for 4 days at 28°C, with MIC values then being established based on the minimum drug concentration necessary to suppress 100% of fungal growth relative to control conditions.
Interactions between EVL and specific antifungal drugs were assessed based on the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) as follows: FICI = (MICAc/MICAa) + (MICBc/MICBa), where MICAc and MICBc respectively correspond to test drug combinations, and MICAa and MICBa correspond to the MIC values for drugs A and B when used as single-agent treatments. A FICI ≤ 0.5 was indicative of synergism, while 0.5 < FICI < 4 indicated no interaction or indifference, and FICI ≥ 4 indicated antagonism. All experiments were independently repeated in triplicate.
An L., Jia G., Tan J., Yang L., Wang Y, & Li L. (2023). Analysis of the synergistic antifungal activity of everolimus and antifungal drugs against dematiaceous fungi. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 13, 1131416.
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Publication 2023
antagonists Antifungal Agents Apathy Clinical Laboratory Services Conidia Drug Combinations Fungi Growth Disorders Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Pharmaceutical Preparations Psychological Inhibition Substance Abuse Detection
4
Preparation of Fungal Conidia Suspension
After incubation for 4 days on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 28°C, conidia were prepared from all strains at 1-5 × 106 conidia/mL in 0.9% sterile saline followed by 100-fold dilution using RPMI-1640 to a final concentration of 1-5 × 104 conidia/mL.
An L., Jia G., Tan J., Yang L., Wang Y, & Li L. (2023). Analysis of the synergistic antifungal activity of everolimus and antifungal drugs against dematiaceous fungi. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 13, 1131416.
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Publication 2023
Agar Conidia Glucose Normal Saline Solanum tuberosum Sterility, Reproductive Strains Technique, Dilution
5
Grapevine Trunk Disease Pathogen Inoculation
Data on the percentage of pruning wounds that showed internal disease symptoms or from which the pathogen was re-isolated following artificial inoculation (hereafter referred to as “disease incidence”) at different times after pruning were extracted from the original papers. All the inoculations were done by depositing a spore suspension (concentration provided as conidia/mL, or ascospores/spores per wound) on the pruning wound surface. Additional details can be found in Supplementary Material S3.
Data in the main text or tables were extracted directly, while data in graphs were extracted with WebPlotDigitalizer version 4.3 (Rohatgi, 2020 ), an online tool that supports the extraction of numerical data from different types of graphs in a PNG or JPEG format. Unfortunately, it was not possible to extract data concerning the within-study variance because only five original articles contained information on the residual error component and the number of replicates (González-Domínguez et al., 2018 (link)). To retrieve missing information, we contacted the corresponding authors of the papers were contacted via email, but we received only a few replies, in which the authors declared they are not able to provide us with the original data or missing information, with only one exception.
Extracted data were organised in a database containing the selected studies (i.e., articles), cases within a study (i.e., single location or year or variety inoculated with a single pathogen), age of the pruning wounds (the time between pruning and pathogen inoculation, as defined before), and the disease incidence (as defined before). The time at which the pathogens were artificially inoculated on pruning woods was expressed as days after pruning (DAP); the day of pruning was considered as time zero (t0). For instance, in an experiment in which pruning wounds were inoculated with a pathogen immediately after pruning and then 7, 14, 21, and 28 days later, the times were referred to as t0, t7, t14, t21, and t28.
Relevant information on each case was also included in the database in order to extract subsets of data for considering the following main factors that could potentially affect the relationship between disease incidence and DAP were the pruning period (season), identity of the GTD, identity of the inoculated pathogen, and grapevine variety. The pruning period included three “categories”: early-season pruning (i.e., November for the Northern Hemisphere, no data for the Southern Hemisphere were found), mid-season pruning, (i.e., December and January for the Northern Hemisphere and June for the Southern Hemisphere), and late-season pruning (i.e., February and March for the Northern Hemisphere and July and August for the Southern Hemisphere). Identity of GTD included three categories: the Esca complex (EC, cases in which pruning wounds were inoculated with Pm. minimum or Pa. chlamydospora), Botryosphaeria dieback (BD, cases in which pruning wounds were inoculated with D. seriata, L. theobromae, N. parvum, or N. luteum), and Eutypa dieback (ED, cases in which pruning wounds were inoculated with E. lata (previously named E. armeniacae). There are eight identities for the inoculated pathogens: Pa. chlamydospora, Pm. minimum, D. seriata, L. theobromae, N. parvum, N. luteum and E. lata. Ten grapevine varieties: Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Chenin Blanc, Merlot, Sauvignon Blanc, Thompson Seedless, Grenache, Pinot Noir, Shiraz, or Tempranillo.
Rosace M.C., Legler S.E., Salotti I, & Rossi V. (2023). Susceptibility of pruning wounds to grapevine trunk diseases: A quantitative analysis of literature data. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1063932.
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Publication 2023
Conidia latrunculin A pathogenesis Spores Vaccination Wounds X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

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1
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More about "Conidia"

Conidia, the asexual spores produced by many fungi, are crucial for the lifecycle and dispersal of these microorganisms.
These specialized reproductive units play a vital role in fields like mycology, microbiology, and biotechnology.
Understanding the formation, structure, and function of conidia can have significant implications.
Researchers can optimize their conidia studies by leveraging AI-driven tools like PubCompare.ai.
This platform helps locate the best protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, enhancing reproducibility and accuracy.
By identifying the most effective conidia protocols and products, researchers can streamline their work and elevate the quality and impact of their fungal studies.
Key aspects of conidia research include the use of TRIzol reagent for RNA extraction, Miracloth for filtration, PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) for cultivation, Calcofluor white for staining and visualization under Eclipse 80i or BX51 microscopes, and Tween 80 or Tween 20 for spore suspension and dispersal.
Optimizing these techniques can lead to breakthroughs in fields like mycology and biotechnology, where conidia play a crucial role.