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Dairy Cow

Dairy cows are a specialized breed of cattle raised primarily for the production of milk.
These bovine animals are typically maintained on farms and in agricultural settings, with their milk used for a variety of dairy products.
Dairy cows require careful management and nutrition to optimize milk yield and maintain good health.
Reseachers studying dairy cows may investigate topics such as feed composition, breeding, disease prevention, and milk quality to help improve dairy cow productivity and welfare.
Pubcompare.ai can assist researchers by identifying the best protocols from published literature, preprints, and patents to enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of dairy cow studies.

Most cited protocols related to «Dairy Cow»

1
Optimizing Dairy Cow Nutrition with L-Carnitine
The experiment started individually for each cow with the expected day 42 ante partum (ap) and ended at day 110 pp. A total of 59 pluriparous German Holstein dairy cows, including eight rumen- and duodenum-cannulated cows, were assigned to two groups, a control (CON, n = 30) and an L-carnitine group (CAR, n = 29), balanced for numbers of lactation (2–5 lactations), body weight (568–1008 kg), body condition score (2.5–4.75) and fat-corrected milk yield of previous lactation. To circumvent ruminal degradation, the cows in CAR received 125 g of a rumen-protected L-carnitine product (Carneon 20 Rumin-Pro, Kaesler Nutrition GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany) per cow and day, which was included in the concentrate feed. This amount corresponded to a daily L-carnitine intake of 25 g per cow and day. To balance the fat content of the L-carnitine product, CON obtained an equivalent fat product (BergaFat F-100 HP, Berg+Schmidt GmbH & Co. KG, Hamburg, Germany) as used for the rumen protection of the L-carnitine. The cows were kept in a free-stall barn with slatted floors and cubicles with rubber pads and were rehoused for calving in the calving pen, where a maximum of two cows were kept in one straw bedding box.
Both groups were fed with a partial mixed ration (PMR). Whereas the composition of roughage remained unchanged during the whole trial (70% maize silage and 30% grass silage), the proportion of roughage to concentrate was variable in accordance with the recommendation of nutrient and energy supply of the Society of Nutrition Physiology (GfE). Initially, up to day 1 ap, diets of 80% roughage and 20% concentrate were fed. The amount of concentrate was increased from 30% to 50% up to 14 days pp and from then on, 50% concentrate was constantly fed up to day 110 pp. The PMR was offered by feed-weigh troughs (Roughage Intake Control, System Insentec B.V., Marknesse, The Netherlands) and the supplementary, restricted, pelleted concentrate was provided via concentrate feeding stations (Insentec B.V., Marknesse, The Netherlands). Water was offered for ad libitum intake. The components and the chemical composition of roughages and concentrate feed are shown in Table 1.
Meyer J., Daniels S.U., Grindler S., Tröscher-Mußotter J., Alaedin M., Frahm J., Hüther L., Kluess J., Kersten S., von Soosten D., Meyer U., Most E., Eder K., Sauerwein H., Seifert J., Huber K., Rehage J, & Dänicke S. (2020). Effects of a Dietary L-Carnitine Supplementation on Performance, Energy Metabolism and Recovery from Calving in Dairy Cows. Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI, 10(2), 342.
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Publication 2020
Body Weight Cattle chemical composition Dairy Cow Diet Duodenum Human Body Lactation Levocarnitine Maize Milk, Cow's Nutrients Nutritional Physiological Phenomena Poaceae Roughage Rubber Rumen Silage
2
Genetic Diversity of East African Dairy Cattle
In total, 1933 crossbred dairy cows and local indigenous breeds of Ankole (n = 43), Nganda (n = 17), and Small East African Zebu (Zebu; n = 58) were sampled from 845 households that are distributed at five sites in Kenya and two sites in Uganda (Dairy Genetics East Africa, DGEA1, project). In addition, genotype datasets for N’Dama (as the reference African Bos taurus breed; n = 20), Nelore (as the reference Bos indicus breed; n = 20), Guernsey (n = 20), Holstein (n = 20), and Jersey (n = 20) were sourced from the International Bovine HapMap consortium. Furthermore, British Friesian (n = 25) from the SRUC in Scotland and Canadian Ayrshire (n = 20) from the Canadian Dairy Network (CDN) were used as reference breeds.
An independent population of 545 crossbred animals from Ethiopia (DGEA2 project) was sampled from 400 households at nine sites. Instead of the Kenyan and Ugandan indigenous breeds, we included the Ethiopian Begait Barka (n = 30), Danakil Harar (n = 30), Fogera (n = 29), and Boran (n = 30) in the analyses of breed composition. An independent Tanzanian dataset (DGEA2 project) consisted of 462 crossbred animals sampled from 326 households at three sites. Tanzanian indigenous breeds for the analysis of breed composition included Iringa Red (n = 13), Singida White (n = 22), and Tanzanian Boran (n = 20).
Strucken E.M., Al-Mamun H.A., Esquivelzeta-Rabell C., Gondro C., Mwai O.A, & Gibson J.P. (2017). Genetic tests for estimating dairy breed proportion and parentage assignment in East African crossbred cattle. Genetics, Selection, Evolution : GSE, 49, 67.
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Publication 2017
Animal Population Groups Animals Bos indicus Breeding Cattle Dairy Cow East African People Genotype HapMap Households Negroid Races
3
Estrus Synchronization Protocols for High-Producing Dairy Cows
All procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experimentation of the University of Lleida (license numbers CEEA.09–01/12 and CEEA.09–01/13).
During the weekly reproductive visit, open cows with more of 50 days in milk and with no reproductive disorders such as ovarian cysts and endometritis detected by ultrasound were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: 2PGG, 2PGGe, 2PGe and PGe (Fig. 1

Treatment protocols used to synchronize estrus for fixed-time AI (FTAI) in high-producing dairy cows. All cows (n=232) were fitted with a progesterone releasing intravaginal device (PRID-DELTA, containing 1.55 g of progesterone; CEVA Salud Animal, Barcelona, Spain) for 5 days (PRID-5 days).

). Cows in the 2PGG group were treated with a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device (PRID) (PRID-DELTA, containing 1.55 g of progesterone; CEVA Salud Animal, Barcelona, Spain) plus GnRH (100 μg i.m.; Cystoreline, CEVA Santé Animale, Libourne, France) at PRID insertion. The PRID was left for 5 days, and these animals were also given PGF2α (25 mg dinoprost i.m.; Enzaprost, CEVA Santé Animale, Libourne, France) at PRID removal. Twenty-four hours later, the cows received a second PGF2α dose, and they were inseminated and received a second GnRH dose 36 hours after receiving the second PGF2α dose. The remaining groups were treated with the same P4-based protocol but with the following differences: cows in the 2PGGe group received 500 IU of eCG i.m. (Syncostim, CEVA Santé Animale, Libourne, France) at PRID removal; cows in the 2PGe received eCG at PRID removal and no GnRH was given at PRID insertion; and cows in the PGe group received eCG at PRID removal
and no GnRH at PRID insertion nor the second dose of PGF2α. In this latter group, cows were fixed-time inseminated 60 h after PRID removal. Only healthy cows with no signs of mastitis, lameness or digestive disorders were included in the study. Two experiments were performed to investigate effects of treatments on follicular/luteal dynamics (Experiment I) and fertility (Experiment II).
Cows diagnosed as not pregnant received no further treatment related to the study. This meant that a cow receiving a five-day P4-based protocol was included only once in both experiments. All gynecological exams and pregnancy diagnoses were performed by the second author.
GARCIA-ISPIERTO I, & LÓPEZ-GATIUS F. (2014). Effects of different five-day progesterone-based fixed-time AI protocols on follicular/luteal dynamics and fertility in dairy cows. The Journal of Reproduction and Development, 60(6), 426-432.
Publication 2014
Animals Corpus Luteum Dairy Cow Device Removal Diagnosis Digestive System Disorders Dinoprost Endometritis Estrus Ethics Committees Fertility Gonadorelin Gynecological Examination Mastitis Medical Devices Milk, Cow's Ovarian Cysts Pregnancy Progesterone Reproduction Treatment Protocols Ultrasonography
4
Ovarian Follicular LPS Measurement
Follicular fluid was aspirated using a sterile needle guided by transrectal ultrasonography, from postpartum (40–60 days) dairy cows (n=58) in which the uterine disease had been evaluated as part of an independent study (Moussavi et al. 2007 (link)). Briefly, the uterine disease cytology evaluates the level of inflammation from 0 (normal; no inflammation), 1 (subclinical; mild inflammation), 2 (subclinical; moderate inflammation) to 3 (clinical endometritis). Samples were stored in endotoxin-free glass or polystyrene tubes (Lonza, Basel, Switzerland) at −20 °C until analysed. Concentrations of bacterial LPS were measured in samples using the QCL-1000 Chromogenic Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) Endpoint Assay Kit (Lonza) following the manufacturer's guidelines. Samples were thawed, diluted in endotoxin-free 0.05 M Tris and tested for non-specific LAL inhibition by comparing samples spiked with a known concentration of LPS with unspiked samples. Samples with evidence of LAL inhibition were heated in a water bath at 75 °C for 30 min using temperatures and times validated in our laboratory to remove non-specific inhibitors of the LAL reaction (Williams et al. 2007 (link)). Samples were then mixed with the LAL substrate reagent and assayed in duplicate in 96-well endotoxin-free microplates (Corning, Lowell, MA, USA) alongside standard curve LPS concentrations of 0.01, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 5 endotoxin units/ml (10 eu=1 ng LPS) in serum. Serial dilutions were made in 50 mM Tris until concentrations were measurable in the linear part of the standard curve. Internal recovery as determined using positively spiked serum samples was >80% and the intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 4.0 and 7.2% respectively and the limit of detection was 0.01 ng/ml. To establish further that LPS crosses the ovarian follicle basement membrane, bovine ovaries were obtained from a slaughterhouse and eight medium (4–8 mm diameter) and large follicles (>8 mm diameter) dissected and maintained in 6 ml Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM)/F12 (Sigma) containing 10 μg/ml LPS (Sigma: E. coli serotype 055:B5) for 18 h at 37 °C. Ovaries were washed six times in water and endotoxin-free Tris, and follicular fluid aspirated using a sterile needle (25 G) and syringe. Concentrations of LPS were measured as previously described.
Herath S., Williams E.J., Lilly S.T., Gilbert R.O., Dobson H., Bryant C.E, & Sheldon I.M. (2007). Ovarian follicular cells have innate immune capabilities that modulate their endocrine function. Reproduction (Cambridge, England), 134(5), 683-693.
Publication 2007
azo rubin S Bacteria Bath Biological Assay Cattle Cytological Techniques Dairy Cow Endometritis endotoxin binding proteins Endotoxins Escherichia coli Follicular Fluid Hair Follicle Inflammation inhibitors Limulus Membrane, Basement Needles Ovarian Follicle Ovary Polystyrenes Psychological Inhibition Serum Sterility, Reproductive Syringes Technique, Dilution Tromethamine Ultrasonography Uterine Diseases
5
Methane Yield Prediction from Rumen VFA
Individual animal data used to develop the models were collated from seven previously conducted experiments (Table 2).
There were 215 records of methane yield with corresponding VFA proportions. Methane production was measured either by open-circuit respiration chambers over two days [32 (link)] or a sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) technique over three to five days [33 (link)]. Methane yields of individual animals ranged from 6.9 to 32.4 g/kg DMI (Table 3). Methane yield was positively linearly related to proportions of acetate (r = 0.557) and butyrate (r = 0.642), and positively linearly related to the reciprocal of the proportion of propionate (r = 0.745). In each experiment, ruminal fluid was collected via the mouth on one occasion at the conclusion of the methane measurement period, approximately four hours after the start of the morning feeding. Samples were collected using an oro-ruminal sampling probe, similar to the one described by Geishauser [34 ], and a vacuum pump [35 (link)]. Concentrations of total VFA (mol/L) and of the major individual VFA (acetic, propionic, n-butyric, and iso-butyric; mol/100 mol of total VFA) in ruminal fluid were measured by gas chromatography [35 (link)].
Additional individual-cow data for external validation were taken from an experiment of similar design involving 32 Holstein cows [6 (link)] (Table 4). Further data for validation came from 67 dietary treatment means published in the scientific literature (Table 4). These data from the scientific literature included data from both dairy cows and beef animals consuming a wide range of diets. Only articles with methane production and DMI or methane yield, and individual VFA proportions where methane was measured in calorimeters were selected. Dietary treatments containing nitrate, sulphate, 3-nitrooxypropanol, or halogenated methane analogues were not used in the validation data since they can cause changes in the methane yield with little effect on ruminal VFA.
Williams S.R., Hannah M.C., Jacobs J.L., Wales W.J, & Moate P.J. (2019). Volatile Fatty Acids in Ruminal Fluid Can Be Used to Predict Methane Yield of Dairy Cows. Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI, 9(12), 1006.
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Publication 2019
3-nitrooxypropanol Acetate Animals Beef Butyrates Cell Respiration Dairy Cow Diet Gas Chromatography Holstein Cow Methane Nitrates Oral Cavity Propionate Rumen Sulfates, Inorganic Vacuum Vinegar

Most recents protocols related to «Dairy Cow»

1
Angus Heifer Grazing Supplement and Behavior
Sixty crossbred yearling Angus heifers (initial BW = 400 ± 6 kg) were managed as a single pasture group with free access to graze native range and were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments 1) no access to feed supplements (CON; N = 20), 2) free choice access to mineral supplement (MIN; Purina Wind & Rain Storm All-Season 7.5 Complete, Land O’Lakes, Inc., Arden Hills, MN, N = 20), or 3) free choice access to energy supplement (NRG; Purina Accuration Range Supplement 33, Land O’Lakes, Inc., Arden Hills, MN, N = 20). The manufacturer recommendation for daily intake of the mineral supplement was 113 g. The NRG supplement was formulated by adding 68.1 kg MIN to a 907.4 kg mixture of 60% ground corn and 40% Accuration (25.5 % CP; Table 1) with an anticipated daily intake of 1.63 kg. Thus, if heifers in the NRG treatment consumed 1.63 kg of supplement, and heifers in the MIN treatment consumed 113 g, then both the MIN and NRG heifers would be consuming the same amount of the mineral product used. The MIN and NRG supplements were delivered via the MCCC units which were located within 50 m of the waterer in the pasture. Feeders were set to restrict access of CON heifers from either trailer unit, with MIN and NRG heifers having ad libitum access to the trailer containing their respective feed assignment. Because few heifers consumed either supplement early in the grazing season (Figure 1), feed intake data were summarized over a 57-d period; from the time of pregnancy diagnosis (July 25) until removal from pasture (September 19).
The CowManager system reported the minutes spent during each hour of every day in activity categories including “eating”, “ruminating”, “not active”, “active”, and “highly active”, with a proprietary model and available through the web-based application. Estrus-related alerts were continuously generated via the CowManager system, including classifications of “in heat”, “potential”, or “suspicious”. Pregnancy detection was performed 34 d after AI via transrectal ultrasonography (7.0-MHz transducer, 500 V Aloka, Wallingford, CT). Continuous monitoring with the CowManager tag provided data related to heifer estrus activity. A retrospective analysis was conducted to determine the accuracy of estrus-related alerts generated via the CowManager system versus a known pregnancy status determined via ultrasound. Similarly, a retrospective analysis was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of health events that were flagged via the CowManager system (reported as “sick”, “very sick”, or “no movement”) by comparing electronic alerts with treatment logs generated by the animal care staff. It is important to note that the CowManager system has been validated using the proprietary algorithm in populations of dairy cows housed indoors (Bikker et al., 2014 (link)) and grazing (Pereira et al., 2018 (link)).
McCarthy K.L., Underdahl S.R., Undi M, & Dahlen C.R. (2023). Using precision tools to manage and evaluate the effects of mineral and protein/energy supplements fed to grazing beef heifers. Translational Animal Science, 7(1), txad013.
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Publication 2023
Animals Corns Dairy Cow Diagnosis Diet Dietary Supplements Estrus Feed Intake Flatulence Minerals Movement Population Group Pregnancy Rain Transducers Ultrasonics Ultrasonography
2
Grazing Lactating Dairy Cows: Genetic Diversity
Spring calved, pasture grazing lactating dairy cows (N = 54) used in the study were a subset of the whole herd (N = ~260), they grazed together along with the other cows and altogether managed as one herd. The selection of cows was based on their breed type and lactation number within each breed and breeding worth (BW) index value. BW index value is the measure of the genetic merit of the animal for farm profit (­Gregorini et al., 2013 (link)). Eighteen (N =18) cows from each of the three breeds, Holstein-Friesian, Jersey, and Holstein-Friesian/Jersey Crossbreed (KiwiCross) were included in the group. The cows included in each breed group were from different lactations (1st, 2nd, and 3rd) with six cows (N = 6) from each lactation. The cows within each lactation had varying BW index values (103 < BW > 151). The cows were altogether kept in the same grazing paddocks all the time throughout their lactation period (~270 d) except when brought to the milking shed (~ 2 h per milking) at 0500 hours. All cows from different breeds and in different lactations grazed the same pasture at the same time.
Iqbal M.W., Draganova I., Henry Morel P.C, & Todd Morris S. (2023). Variations in the 24 h temporal patterns and time budgets of grazing, rumination, and idling behaviors in grazing dairy cows in a New Zealand system. Journal of Animal Science, 101, skad038.
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Publication 2023
Animals Breast Feeding Breeding Cattle Dairy Cow
3
Automated Grazing Behavior Monitoring
An automated device, AfiCollar (Afimilk Ltd. Kibbutz Afikim, 1514800, Israel) was used in this study to monitor and record the time spent grazing and ruminating by the grazing dairy cows over the lactation period. The device has been validated for measuring grazing and rumination behaviors in grazing dairy cows (Iqbal et al., 2021 (link)). The device continuously monitored and recorded the minute-by-minute behavior of the cows for 24 h on a real-time basis. The AfiCollar device had a triaxial (x, y, z) accelerometer-based sensor in a box attached to the collar and positioned on the right side of the animal’s neck. The sensor could identify and classify specific behavior categories such as grazing, and rumination based on the patterns of the animal’s head movements. The data collected by the sensor were analyzed by the collar device using built-in generic algorithms and produced as minute-per-hour (min/h) behavior counts (min/h grazing time and rumination time). The data collected by the AfiCollar device were wirelessly transmitted to a base station through Wi-Fi while cows were in the range of ~500 meters. The data transmission took place once per day when cows were in the shed for milking. The data were downloaded in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet (Version 2016) from the computer attached to the base station.
Iqbal M.W., Draganova I., Henry Morel P.C, & Todd Morris S. (2023). Variations in the 24 h temporal patterns and time budgets of grazing, rumination, and idling behaviors in grazing dairy cows in a New Zealand system. Journal of Animal Science, 101, skad038.
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Publication 2023
Animals Breast Feeding Cattle Dairy Cow Generic Drugs Head Movements Medical Devices Neck Rumination Disorders Transmission, Communicable Disease
4
Grazing and Rumination Behaviors in Dairy Cows
This study collected grazing (min/h) and rumination (min/h) behaviors of grazing dairy cows over the lactation period (~270 d). The lactation period of dairy cows ranged from August to April of the next year (2018–2019) following the typical spring calving system in New Zealand. The AfiCollar device was fitted to the individual cow after the calving event, and it was kept by the cow throughout the lactation period until drying off. The data collection started once the cow calved and ended when the cow was dried off. Minutes per hour spent grazing and rumination by the individual cow were collected for each hour of the day throughout the lactation period, organized, and used as such to perform analysis. The data for the individual animal were separately sorted in Microsoft Excel spreadsheets (Version 2016). The behavior data collected for the individual cow for the individual hour over 24 h were further classified and sorted by breed and lactation of the cow, the season of the year, each day within the season, and supplementary feeding within the season. The overall number of observations registered and used for analysis was 269314.
Iqbal M.W., Draganova I., Henry Morel P.C, & Todd Morris S. (2023). Variations in the 24 h temporal patterns and time budgets of grazing, rumination, and idling behaviors in grazing dairy cows in a New Zealand system. Journal of Animal Science, 101, skad038.
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Publication 2023
Animals Breast Feeding Dairy Cow Medical Devices Rumination Disorders
5
Microbiological Quality of Farm Bulk Milk
A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2021 to February 2022 to assess factors affecting the microbiological quality and contamination of farm bulk milk by S. aureus in dairy farms in Asella, Ethiopia. A total of 434 samples were collected from 50 dairy farms. Of this, 50 were farm bulk milk, 102 pooled udder milk, 50 water for cleaning of udder and hands, 50 milking container swabs, 30 bulking bucket swabs, 50 hand swabs and 102 teat swab samples. Asella was purposively selected based on milk production potential and accessibility. Kebeles (the smallest administrative units) were selected by the simple random sampling technique, and dairy farms or households were selected randomly within the Kebeles. The study animals included crossbred lactating dairy cows (Holstein-Friesian x Zebu) of all age categories kept under intensive and semi-intensive management systems. The sampling was limited to 50 farms because of limitations related to time and logistics.
Deddefo A., Mamo G., Asfaw M, & Amenu K. (2023). Factors affecting the microbiological quality and contamination of farm bulk milk by Staphylococcus aureus in dairy farms in Asella, Ethiopia. BMC Microbiology, 23, 65.
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Publication 2023
Animals Bos indicus Dairy Cow Households Milk, Cow's Nipples Udder

Top products related to «Dairy Cow»

1
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2
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More about "Dairy Cow"

Bovine animals, also known as cattle, are a versatile species that have been domesticated for a variety of purposes, including meat, dairy, and labor.
Within the bovine family, dairy cows represent a specialized breed raised primarily for milk production.
These dairy bovines are typically maintained on farms and in agricultural settings, with their nutrient-rich milk used to create a wide array of dairy products such as cheese, yogurt, and butter.
To optimize milk yield and maintain the health and well-being of dairy cows, researchers and farmers must carefully manage their diet, breeding, and disease prevention strategies.
Feed composition, for example, plays a crucial role in supporting the cows' lactation and overall productivity.
Techniques like Biocoll separating solution and FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum) can be employed to analyze the nutritional content and quality of bovine feed.
Additionally, the use of tools like EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid) and DMEM/F12 (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium: Nutrient Mixture F-12) can aid in the study of dairy cow health, including the detection and prevention of common bovine diseases.
The VITEK 2 Compact GP ID Card, for instance, can be utilized to identify and characterize specific pathogens that may affect dairy herds.
To enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of dairy cow research, scientists can turn to data analysis software like SAS 9.4 and tools like BD Vacutainer for sample collection and processing.
RPMI 1640 medium and Quantity One software can also prove valuable in the examination of milk quality and composition, essential factors in maintaining the productivity and well-being of dairy cows.
Ultimately, the study of dairy cows encompasses a wide range of topics, from feed and nutrition to disease prevention and milk production.
By leveraging the insights and tools available, researchers and farmers can work to improve the overall health, welfare, and productivity of these specialized bovine animals, ensuring a steady supply of high-quality dairy products for consumers.