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Mole Rats

Mole rats are a type of rodent that are adapted to a subterranean lifestyle.
These small, burrowing mammals are known for their unique physiological traits, such as their ability to tolerate low-oxygen environments and their highly developed sensory systems.
Mole rats play important roles in their ecosystems, serving as prey and ecosystem engineers.
Research on mole rats provides insights into adaptations to extreme environments and has implications for fields like medicine and conservation.
This MeSH term offers a comprehensive overview of the key characteristics and significance of mole rats for scientific study.

Most cited protocols related to «Mole Rats»

1
Proteomic Profiling of Mole-Rat Plasma and EVs
Cited 7 times
Mole-rat plasma and plasma-EVs (an EV pellet derived from 100 µL plasma, reconstituted in 100 µL PBS) were diluted 1:1 in 2 × Laemmli sample buffer, boiled for 5 min at 100 °C and separated by SDS-PAGE on 4–20% TGX gels (BioRad, Watford, UK). Approximately 5 μg protein was loaded per lane. Following SDS-PAGE, proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose membranes using semi-dry Western blotting; even transfer was assessed by PonceauS (Sigma-Aldrich, Gillingham, UK) staining. The membranes were blocked in 5% BSA in TBS-T for 1 h at room temperature (RT) and thereafter incubated with the following primary antibodies diluted in TBS-T: F95 pan-deimination antibody (MABN328, Merck, Watford, UK, 1/1000); PAD2 (ab50257, Abcam, Cambridge, UK, 1/1000); PAD3 (ab50246, Abcam, 1/1000); PAD4 (ab50247, Abcam, 1/1000); and two EV-specific markers: CD63 (ab216130, Abcam, 1/1000); Flot-1 (ab41927, Abcam, 1/2000). After primary antibody incubation overnight at 4 °C on a shaking platform, the membranes were washed for 3 × 10 min in TBS-T at RT and thereafter incubated with the appropriate HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies (anti-rabbit IgG BioRad or anti-mouse IgM BioRad, diluted 1/4000 in TBS-T) for 1 h, at RT. Membranes were washed for 5 × 10 min in TBS-T, followed by 1 × 10 min in TBS proteins bands were visualised using enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL, Amersham, Buckinghamshire, UK) and digital images were obtained using the UVP BioDoc-ITTM System (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hemel Hempstead, UK).
Pamenter M.E., Uysal-Onganer P., Huynh K.W., Kraev I, & Lange S. (2019). Post-Translational Deimination of Immunological and Metabolic Protein Markers in Plasma and Extracellular Vesicles of Naked Mole-Rat (Heterocephalus glaber). International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(21), 5378.
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Publication 2019
Altretamine anti-IgG anti-IgM Antibodies Chemiluminescence Gels Immunoglobulins Laemmli buffer Mice, House Mole Rats Nitrocellulose Plasma Proteins Rabbits SDS-PAGE Tissue, Membrane
2
Evaluating Functional Conservation of Regulatory Regions
Cited 7 times
For each promoter (H3K4me3&H3K27ac or H3K4me3 only) or enhancer (H3K27ac only) experimentally identified in human liver, the number of species in which an orthologous sequence exists was determined using either the EPO multiple alignments (for ten species) or LastZ alignments of all other species with human (Figure 2). This measure used only the human ChIP-seq data and provides a maximum threshold for the functional conservation of each human regulatory region, based on the alignability of its DNA to the genomes of the other 19 species. Then the number of species in which a human promoter or enhancer is functionally conserved was measured by comparing the human peak with the ChIP-seq signal in the orthologous locations from all other species; this measure used ChIP-seq data from all 20 species. Conservation of promoter or enhancer activity was then evaluated by comparing the number of species in which the region was functionally conserved (as described above) to the number of species in which its DNA sequence was alignable. Naked mole rat alignments with human were not available in Ensembl, and for this species we mapped functional conservation by projecting the data to human using the liftOver tool from UCSC, with a 50% minimum overlap.
Villar D., Berthelot C., Aldridge S., Rayner T.F., Lukk M., Pignatelli M., Park T.J., Deaville R., Erichsen J.T., Jasinska A.J., Turner J.M., Bertelsen M.F., Murchison E.P., Flicek P, & Odom D.T. (2015). Enhancer Evolution across 20 Mammalian Species. Cell, 160(3), 554-566.
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Publication 2015
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing DNA Sequence Genome histone H3 trimethyl Lys4 Homo sapiens Liver Mole Rats Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
3
Lineage-Specific Conservation of Regulatory Regions
Cited 7 times
Lineage-specific conservation of regulatory regions (Table S4) was determined for primates, rodents, ungulates, and carnivores using a similar strategy as that for highly conserved elements (Figure 6). ChIP-seq enriched regions were compared between a reference species (human, mouse, cow, and dog) and other species in the clade using either the EPO multiple alignment when possible or pairwise Lastz alignments otherwise. Elements functionally conserved across the high-quality genomes in each lineage, but not in any other species, were identified for each histone mark (i.e., in human, macaque, and marmoset for primates; mouse, rat, and rabbit for rodents; cow and pig for ungulates; and dog and cat for carnivores). These were then categorised into lineage-specific promoters and enhancers based on their dominant histone mark enrichment across species within the clade, as described above.
Recently evolved promoters and enhancers were determined for a reference species in each lineage (human, mouse, cow, and dog). Enriched regions in the reference species that showed functional conservation in any alignable species were discarded. The number of species that were used for comparison with each reference species was 18 (human), 12 (mouse), 12 (cow) and 10 (dog). These include: (1) nine species in the 13 eutherian mammals EPO multiple alignment, (2) other species within the clade, evaluated with ad hoc LastZ pairwise alignments with the reference species (e.g., mouse-guinea pig, mouse-naked mole rat and mouse-tree shrew) and (3) all other species but naked mole rat for human, using pairwise LastZ alignments. Recently evolved elements were then categorised into promoters and enhancers by overlapping the two histone marks in each reference species.
Recently evolved elements were similarly identified for two non-reference species (naked mole rat and dolphin). When the number of genomic alignments available for a species was small (e.g., for dolphin, only alignments with human and cow were available), we additionally mapped the promoters and enhancers of the species of interest to their orthologous locations in the reference species of its clade (in this case, cow) and tested whether they correspond to marked regions in any other species in the EPO alignment.
Villar D., Berthelot C., Aldridge S., Rayner T.F., Lukk M., Pignatelli M., Park T.J., Deaville R., Erichsen J.T., Jasinska A.J., Turner J.M., Bertelsen M.F., Murchison E.P., Flicek P, & Odom D.T. (2015). Enhancer Evolution across 20 Mammalian Species. Cell, 160(3), 554-566.
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Publication 2015
Callithrix Carnivora Cavia Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing Dolphins Eutheria Genome Histone Code Homo sapiens Macaca Mice, House Mole Rats Primates Rabbits Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid Rodent Tupaiidae
4
Extracellular Vesicle Isolation and Characterization
Cited 6 times
EVs were isolated by step-wise centrifugation according to our established protocols using ultracentrifugation and the recommendations of MISEV2018 (the minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018; [88 (link)]). Mole-rat plasma were diluted 1:4 in ultra-filtered (using a 0.22 μm filter) Dulbecco’s PBS (100 μL plasma added to 400 μL DPBS) and then centrifuged at 4000× g for 30 min at 4 °C for removal of aggregates and apoptotic bodies. The supernatants were collected and centrifuged further at 100,000× g for 1 h at 4 °C. The EV-enriched pellets were washed in 1 mL DPBS and ultra-centrifuged at 100,000× g for 1 h at 4 °C. The final EV pellets were resuspended in 100 µL DPBS and frozen at −80 °C until further use. For NTA, based on Brownian motion of particles in suspension, the EV pellets were diluted 1/100 in DPBS and applied to the NanoSight NS300 system (Malvern Panalytical Ltd., Malvern, UK) in conjunction with a syringe pump to ensure continuous flow of the sample. Five 60 sec videos were recorded for each sample, with approximately 40–60 particles per frame, and the replicate histograms generated were averaged.
Pamenter M.E., Uysal-Onganer P., Huynh K.W., Kraev I, & Lange S. (2019). Post-Translational Deimination of Immunological and Metabolic Protein Markers in Plasma and Extracellular Vesicles of Naked Mole-Rat (Heterocephalus glaber). International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(21), 5378.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2019
Apoptotic Bodies Centrifugation DNA Replication Extracellular Vesicles Freezing Mole Rats Pellets, Drug Plasma Reading Frames Strains Syringes Ultracentrifugation
5
Comparative Genomics of Vision Loss in Subterranean Mammals
Cited 5 times
To analyze the loss of vision in the blind mole rat and cape golden mole, we first build a genome alignment with mouse as the reference species that included both blind species. Specifically, we used the UCSC lastz/chain/net pipeline (Kent et al. 2003 (link)) to build pairwise genome alignments between mouse (mm10 assembly) and the following species: rat (rn5), guinea pig (cavPor3), pika (ochPri3), rabbit (oryCun2), prairie vole (micOch1), blind mole rat (nanGal1), squirrel (speTri2), human (hg19), crab-eating macaque (macFas5), bushbaby (otoGar3), cow (bosTau7), dog (canFam3), horse (equCab2), cat (felCat5), elephant (loxAfr3), manatee (triMan1), cape golden mole (chrAsi1), opossum (monDom5), Anolis lizard (anoCar2), chicken (galGal4), and frog (xenTro7). For all species, we used lastz (Schwartz et al. 2003 (link)) version 1.03.54 with the parameters H = 2,000 Y = 3,000 L = 3,000 K = 2,400, and the HoxD55 scoring matrix, and kept all local alignment that have at least one ≥30 bp region with ≥60% sequence identity and ≥1.8 bits entropy as described in Hiller et al. (2013) (link). For all nonmammalian species, we additionally used highly-sensitive local alignments (Hiller et al. 2013 (link)) with lastz parameters W = 5, L = 2,700, and K = 2,000. For mammals, we kept only alignment chains with a score of ≥70,000 that span ≥9,000 bp in both genomes. In order to keep also chains with very strong alignments spanning only a shorter region, we also kept chains with a score of  ≥150,000 that span ≥6,000 bp in both genomes. For nonmammals, we kept only alignment chains with a score of ≥15,000. All other chains are discarded as they typically do not represent strong syntenic alignments. Chains were ‘netted’ using chainNet (Kent et al. 2003 (link)). The pairwise syntenic alignment nets are the input to MULTIZ (Blanchette et al. 2004 (link)) to build a multiple alignment. The neutral distances between all species were determined using phyloFit (Siepel et al. 2005 (link)) and 4-fold degenerate sites. The tree with branch lengths measuring substitutions per neutral site is given in supplementary figure 39, Supplementary Material online. As above, we used PhastCons and GERP to obtain 184,412 conserved coding regions covering (27.4 Mb, 1.04% of the mm10 assembly). After applying the GLS and branch method to all conserved coding regions, we selected those multi-exon genes where at least two exons are in the top 1,000 of the most significant hits and selected those single exon genes that are in the same top 1,000 hits. This resulted in a list of 141 (124 multi-exon and 17 single exon) genes for the GLS method and 164 (132 multi-exon and 32 single exon) genes for the branch method. The union of both lists comprises 208 genes. We used Enrichr (Chen et al. 2013 (link)) to detect functional enrichments of these 208 genes (table 1). Similar enrichments related to eye and vision were also found for the individual sets of 141 and 164 genes, however the 164 genes detected by the branch method have additional functional enrichments (supplementary table 5, Supplementary Material online).
Prudent X., Parra G., Schwede P., Roscito J.G, & Hiller M. (2016). Controlling for Phylogenetic Relatedness and Evolutionary Rates Improves the Discovery of Associations Between Species’ Phenotypic and Genomic Differences. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 33(8), 2135-2150.
Publication 2016
Bush Babies Cavia Chickens Chrysochloridae Didelphidae Elephants Entropy Equus caballus Exons Genes Genome Homo sapiens Lizards Low Vision Macaca fascicularis Mammals Mice, House Microtus Mole Rats Multiple Birth Offspring Ochotona Rabbits Rana SLC6A2 protein, human Squirrels Synteny Trees Trichechus Vision Visually Impaired Persons

Most recents protocols related to «Mole Rats»

1
Mole Rat Turning Behavior Analysis
If an initial turn could not be determined due to complications of placing a mole rat into the maze, then the turn was discarded, and the total number of turns was reduced. The minimum number of turns was 35, and demonstrated individual turning biases (Table 1). The laterality index (LI) was determined for each mole rat by computing the total number of left turns across all trials. We used the following formula: (number of left turns–number of right turns)/(total number of turns (40 in this case) × 100). This provides a measure of the population-level asymmetry [21 (link),52 (link),53 (link)]. Absolute laterality (AL) is the absolute value of the LI and represents the strength of the laterality irrespective of their preferences to turn left or right [21 (link),53 (link)]. AL values were converted to a percentage, and thus the AL index ranges from 0 (an individual that turned in equal proportion to the right and to the left—no bias) to 100 (an individual that turned in the same direction in all trials).
Jacobs P.J, & Oosthuizen M.K. (2023). Laterality in the Damaraland Mole-Rat: Insights from a Eusocial Mammal. Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI, 13(4), 627.
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Publication 2023
MAZE protocol Mole Rats
2
Damaraland Mole Rat Learning and Memory
The current study utilized data obtained from recorded videos from another project that investigated the learning and memory of Damaraland mole rats [49 (link)]; thus, the experimental design was determined by that experiment.
Jacobs P.J, & Oosthuizen M.K. (2023). Laterality in the Damaraland Mole-Rat: Insights from a Eusocial Mammal. Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI, 13(4), 627.
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Publication 2023
Memory Mole Rats
3
Laterality and Colony Effects in Damaraland Mole Rats
In order to determine whether queens differed from subordinates in laterality and to test for the effect of the colony, only groups consisting of at least one queen and one subordinate were used. Thus, sample sizes differed between this study and the study by Oosthuizen [49 (link)]. The experimental animals originated from laboratory colonies at the University of Pretoria, and all were born in captivity. Although Damaraland mole rats can live in captivity for up to 16 years (Oosthuizen, pers. obs.), animals in the study were less than 10 years old and considered healthy adults. Queens are generally the older individuals in the colony, but the ages of the different colonies may vary [46 (link),50 (link)]. The experimental group consisted of 15 animals (5 queens and 10 subordinates (3F and 7M). Animals from the field group were captured near Blackrock (27°7′ S, 22°52′ E) in the Northern Cape, South Africa, using Hickman live traps [51 (link)]. This group was supplemented with animals from Tswalu Kalahari Reserve (27°31′ S, 22°19′ E), Northern Cape; these animals were subsequently released again. The field group consisted of 25 animals (6 queens and 19 subordinates (10F; 9M)). All animals were housed in plastic crates within their respective colonies. Crates were lined with wood shavings and animals were provided with tissue paper for nesting material. Animals were fed ad libitum on chopped sweet potatoes, apples and carrots, and they retrieved their water from the food. Trapping permits were obtained from the Northern Cape Nature Conservation Authority (ODB 2023/2010) and experimental procedures were approved by the Animal Use and Care Committee at the University of Pretoria (EC013-09).
Jacobs P.J, & Oosthuizen M.K. (2023). Laterality in the Damaraland Mole-Rat: Insights from a Eusocial Mammal. Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI, 13(4), 627.
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Publication 2023
Adult Animals Animals, Laboratory Childbirth Daucus carota Food Functional Laterality Mole Rats Potato, Sweet Tissues
4
Laterality and Activity Levels in Damaraland Mole Rats
All statistical analyses were performed in R 4.2.1 [54 ]. Each individual mole rat was tested for laterality regarding their turning biases by comparing the number of left turns to right turns in a non-parametric two-tailed binomial test. The response variables, the LI and AL scores were tested for normality using the Shapiro–Wilk test. AL scores were not normally distributed. Homogeneity of response variables were confirmed with Levene’s test. To determine if there was an inherent turning bias or if turning bias was random in Damaraland mole rats, the LI scores of all individuals were compared in a one-tailed t-test, first pooled together and again separately for wild and captive individuals to make it comparable to the Cape mole rat [35 (link)]. In order to determine whether LI and AL were influenced by colony, body mass, sex (male or female), housing conditions (wild-caught or captive) and breeding status (queens or non-breeding subordinates), a linear model for LI and a general linear model using a gamma log-link function for AL were used. Data were analyzed using a linear model using the lme4 package [55 (link)]. Backwards elimination of linear models was performed using the step function of the lmerTest package in order to determine the best model for each response variable, determined through the AIC criterion [56 ]. Significant variables in the regression models were followed up with post hoc comparisons, conducted using Tukey’s HSD pairwise comparisons using the emmeans package [57 ] (Figures S1 and S2). Data are presented as mean ± standard error (s.e.m), and a p-value of ≤0.05 was defined as significant.
Jacobs P.J, & Oosthuizen M.K. (2023). Laterality in the Damaraland Mole-Rat: Insights from a Eusocial Mammal. Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI, 13(4), 627.
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Publication 2023
Females Functional Laterality Gamma Rays Human Body Males Mole Rats
5
Predictors of Naked Mole-Rat Pup Survival
The main goal of this study was to assess potential predictors of early pup survival in naked mole-rats (Table 2). The first days after birth appear to be the most critical days for pup survival (Figure 2B) [28 (link),34 ,36 (link)]. We, therefore, summarized pup survival with a binary variable indicating whether neonates survived past their 10th day, including day 10, or not (i.e., scoring 1 when the pup survived from day 0 till 9, including day 9, and 0 otherwise). We used this variable as the response variable in a logistic regression model. We examined four categories of effects encompassing nine variables as predictors in the model. These predictors were organized as follows: (1) individual characteristics (pup sex and birth body mass), (2) maternal characteristics (body mass and number of mammae), (3) social characteristics (colony size, litter size) and (4) environmental characteristics (ambient temperature, ambient humidity, number of nestbox changes). All variables except pup sex were measured as quantitative variables. Other predictors were initially considered, including litter order, maternal body length, colony age, burrow length or number of related naked mole-rats to the queen, but they turned out to be highly collinear with maternal body mass and colony size and less revealing than the finally chosen predictors. The fitting procedure estimated a total of 10 parameters for the fixed effects (1 for the intercept and 9 for modeling the effect of the predictor variables). The analysis was performed at the level of the pup. After removing missing values from the entire dataset (16 queens and the 79 litters), 585 out of 869 pups of 15 queens from 57 litters were considered in these analyses. To account for these dependencies in the analysis, we considered both the identity of the mother and the identity of the litter as two random effects with a Gaussian distribution, which led to the estimation of two additional parameters, the two corresponding variances. We fitted the model using the function ‘fitme’ from the package ‘spaMM’ (version 4.1.2.) [78 (link)] in the program R (version 4.2.2.) [79 ]. To assess the statistical significance of each predictor, we carried out a likelihood ratio test comparing the goodness of fit between the full model and a model refitted after excluding the variable under consideration. The significance of the likelihood ratio tests was assessed by parametric bootstraps, which represent a more robust alternative to the traditional asymptotic likelihood ratio test. As estimates for fixed effects are expressed on the logit scale in logistic regressions, we converted the estimates into odds ratios in the text to facilitate interpretation. P-values are computed for 2-tailed tests. Correlations were calculated accordingly as Spearman’s rank correlations.
Wetzel M., Courtiol A., Hofer H., Holtze S, & Hildebrandt T.B. (2023). Pup Recruitment in a Eusocial Mammal—Which Factors Influence Early Pup Survival in Naked Mole-Rats?. Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI, 13(4), 630.
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Publication 2023
Birth Human Body Humidity Infant, Newborn Mammary Glands, Animal Mole Rats Mothers Patient Holding Stretchers

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More about "Mole Rats"

Mole rats, also known as Spalacidae or subterranean rodents, are a fascinating group of mammals that have adapted to thrive in underground environments.
These small, burrowing creatures are known for their unique physiological traits, such as their exceptional tolerance for low-oxygen conditions and highly developed sensory systems.
Mole rats play crucial roles in their ecosystems, serving as both prey and ecosystem engineers.
Their burrowing activities help to aerate the soil and create habitats for other organisms, making them an important part of the underground food web.
Research on mole rats provides valuable insights into the remarkable adaptations that allow these rodents to survive and thrive in extreme environments.
This knowledge has implications for fields such as medicine, where insights into mole rat physiology could lead to new treatments or therapies.
When conducting research on mole rats, it is important to consider the use of appropriate animal models, such as NIH III Nude mice (Crl:NIH-Lystbg-JFoxn1nuBtkxid) or C57BL/6 mice.
These mouse strains can serve as useful tools for studying the effects of mole rat-related interventions or adaptations.
Additionally, techniques like DAPI staining, the use of Antibiotic-antimycotic solutions, and the LSRII instrument can be valuable for analyzing mole rat samples and tracking cellular or molecular changes.
The application of Triton X-100 or the use of RNAlater preservation solution may also be relevant for specific mole rat research protocols.
For researchers interested in mole rat studies, the PubCompare.ai platform can be a valuable resource.
This AI-driven tool helps locate the best protocols and products from scientific literature, pre-prints, and patents, enhancing the reproducibility and accuracy of your mole rat research.
Whether you're studying the unique physiology of mole rats, their ecological roles, or the implications of their adaptations, this comprehensive overview of mole rat research can help you navigate the field and make informed decisions.
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