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Moles

Moles are small, burrowing mammals that live underground.
They have large, paddle-like front paws and are well-adapted for digging tunnels and finding food beneath the soil.
Moles play an important role in the ecosystem by aerating the soil and eating insects and other pests.
Researchers studying moles may use PubCompare.ai to optimize their research process, locate the best protocols, and achieve more reliable, reproducible results.
This innovative platform leverages AI-driven comparisons to help researchers enhance the accuracy and efficiency of their moles research.

Most cited protocols related to «Moles»

All primer sets were tested for sensitivity, optimal annealing temperature and primer efficiency as previously described [18] (link), [19] (link). Briefly, high quality gDNA was was extracted using the GeneJET Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Fermentas Inc, Glen Burnie, MD, USA) with an additional bead-beating step to maximize lysis. DNA was quantified using both a Nanodrop 2000 (Nanodrop, Wilmington, DE, USA) and Qubit 2.0 Fluorometer (Life technologies, Grand Island, NY, USA).
Genome copies of DNA were calculated using the following formula:
Size of genome (in bp) × 650 Daltons/bp = molecular weight of Genome in g/mol.
# copies of genome in 1 ng of DNA = (1×10−9 g ÷ Mw of genome)×6.02×1023 molecules/mole (Avogadro’s number).
To get 108 copies in 2 µl = (108 ÷ # copies of genome in 1 ng)/2.
Serial dilutions of DNA from 108 to 102 copies were prepared and tested in duplicate with each primer set to calculate primer efficiency and sensitivity.
Primers were tested using two different instruments, the Roche Light Cycler 480 II (LC 480 II) with SYBR Green I Master Mix (Roche Applied Sciences, Indianapolis, IN), and the BioRad CFX96 with SsoAdvanced SYBR Green supermix (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA). Each primer was tested for specificity by two methods. First, the primers were tested against genomic DNA extracted from a panel of American Type Culture Collection strains (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) and clinical isolates representing fifty different bacterial species, including closely related members from the same genus (Table S5). Secondly, primers were tested against 200 clinical isolates of each species, identified to the species level using three automated identification systems; the Vitek 2 (bioMerieux, Durham, NC), the BD Pheonix (Diagnostics Systems, Sparks, MD), and the Microscan Walkway (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc, Deerfield, IL), selected from a large repository of isolates (>10,000 strains) collected between 2002 to 2012 from 23 different facilities in the United States of America, Europe, Asia and the Middle East. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) indicated that the selected clinical isolates represented a variety of different pulse-types (unpublished results).
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Publication 2012
Bacteria Diagnosis Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field Genome Hypersensitivity Light Moles Oligonucleotide Primers Pulse Rate Strains SYBR Green I SYBR Green II Technique, Dilution
We extracted genomic DNA from quill bases of feathers, blood, muscle and other tissue material either with a GeneMole® automated nucleic acid extraction instrument (Mole Genetics), the DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (QIAGEN) or with Chelex. Standard procedures were applied except for the quill bases, which were lysated with 1% DTT. Feather material was sampled from a European green woodpecker Picus viridis killed by traffic. Live animals were not sampled for this study. Other tissue material was borrowed from museum collections and from the collections of colleagues, the National Veterinary Institute SVA in Uppsala and Uppsala City Council. We performed mtDNA barcoding with COI, following the Stockholm protocol outlined in [68 (link)], to confirm labelling of selected tissue samples and to identify species Ramphastos tucanus from an unspecified toucan tissue sample.
Using the degenerate primers SU80a [69 (link)], SU149a, SU161a, SU193a [42 (link)] or SU200Ca, combined with SU304b [15 (link)] or SU306b [42 (link)] we amplified a gene fragment coding for residues from aa sites 81–94, located in the 2nd α-helical transmembrane region of the SWS1 opsin. We conducted PCR on an Eppendorf MasterCycler Gradient or a PE Applied Biosystems Geneamp® PCR System 9700 with reactions containing 0.5-2.5 ng/μl DNA extracts, 1 unit Taq-polymerase (Applied Biosystems) plus reaction buffer, 0.4 pmol of forward and reverse primers, 0.2 mM of each dNTP, and 2 mM MgCl2. Each PCR reaction contained 0.5–2.5 ng/μl total DNA extracts, 1 unit Taq-polymerase (Applied Biosystems) with reaction buffer, 0.4 pmol of forward and reverse primers, 0.2 mM of each dNTP, and 2 mM MgCl2. For some reactions, PuReTaq™ Ready-To-Go™ PCR beads (GE Healthcare) replaced separate volumes of Taq-polymerase, dNTP’s and MgCl2. Initially, the reaction conditions followed [42 (link)] (i.e. 90 s at 94°C, 5 × (30 s at 94°C, 30 s at 54°C and 1 s at 72°C), 38 × (15 s at 94°C, 30 s at 54°C and 5 s at 72°C) and 10 min at 72°C) but were later optimized to exclude the extension phase in order to minimize nonspecific amplification of longer fragments. The final version of thermocycling started with 90 s at 94°C, was followed by 48 × (5 s at 94°C, 15 s at 54°C) and ended with 1 s at 72°C. We used a different protocol for the primer pair SU80a/SU306b, namely 2 min 30 s at 95°C, 40 × (30 s at 95°C, 30 s at 54°C and 10 s at 72°C) and 1 min at 72°C. Two percent agarose gel electrophoresis for 90 min at 80 V confirmed amplification and expected fragment length. When there were extra fragments present we sometimes performed a second PCR on the products using internal primers.
The PCR products were purified with EXOsap-IT (USB). Macrogen Inc. (South Korea) then performed double-stranded sequencing using the same primers as above plus SU200a [15 (link)], SU200Ga [60 (link)], and SU296b 5-AAG AYR AAG TAD CCS YGS G-3, which we designed for this study with the help of Primer3 online software (http://frodo.wi.mit.edu/) [70 ].
We translated our DNA sequences into aa’s to identify the spectral tuning sites 86, 90, and 93 [5 (link),10 (link)]. From the aa residues presents at these sites we estimated λmax values following Wilkie et al. [5 (link)], Yokoyama et al. [10 (link)] and Carvalho et al. [11 (link)] as outlined in [15 (link)].
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Publication 2013
Adjustment Disorders Animals BLOOD Buffers chelex DNA, Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Electrophoresis, Agar Gel Europeans Feathers Genes, vif Genome Helix (Snails) Magnesium Chloride Moles Muscle Tissue Nucleic Acids Oligonucleotide Primers Opsins Taq Polymerase Tissues Tissue Specificity
Taxa were chosen based on three criteria: 1) The dataset must include a large range in body mass, so that size-related postural differences can be assessed [83 (link),114 ]. We significantly expand upon the dataset of Anderson et al. [73 ], especially for large bodied mammalians species, to better represent the range of variation in limb proportions at large sizes and address the contention that certain large taxa are residual outliers [82 (link)]. Due to the limitations of measuring limb bone circumference, taxa below 50 g were not included in this study. 2) The sample must encompass a wide phylogenetic scope, so that most major mammalian and reptilian clades are sampled. 3) The sample must include taxa from a broad spectrum of lifestyles. Our study focuses on terrestrial taxa; however, we have also included mammalian or reptilian taxa with specialized lifestyles that have the potential to affect limb proportions and their relationship with body size. These include saltators (Macropodidae), brachiators (Hylobates lar, and Pongo pygmaeus), burrowers (for example, Talpidae), and amphibious taxa (Hippopotamidae and Crocodylia). The former three categories are associated with salient morphological features that allow these lifestyles to be recognized in the fossil record; however, the amphibious nature of several extinct taxa remains uncertain, and may affect how limb measurements scale with body mass due to the effects of buoyancy.
Avian taxa were not included in the current study because they are bipedal. The forces exerted by body mass in a biped are transmitted through two limbs compared to four in a quadruped, and therefore direct comparisons of limb to body mass scaling between birds and quadrupedal tetrapods are difficult to interpret. A small sample of lissamphibians (one caudatan and seven anurans) for which live body mass is known was examined in this study. Unfortunately, the current sample size does not provide enough power to make meaningful slope and intercept comparisons, and lissamphibians are not included in the main comparisons presented in the results section.
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Publication 2012
Anura Aves Body Size Bones Extinction, Psychological Human Body Hylobates lar Macropodidae Mammals Measure, Body Moles Pongo pygmaeus
The synthetic miR-29b, miR-scramble control (scramble miR molecules) and scramble control labeled with the fluorescent dye FAM (FAM-miR) were purchased from Ambion (Austin, TX). The lipid components were 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycerol, methoxypolyethylene glycol (MW~2000; DMG-PEG; Avanti Polar Lipids, Alabaster, AL) and linoleic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). The molar ratio of DOPE/linoleic acid/DMG-PEG was 50/48/2.
We prepared the transferrin-conjugated NP as shown in Figure 1. Mimic miRs were mixed with polyethylenimine (MW~2000; Sigma-Aldrich) at room temperature (Step 1). The N/P ratio (the ratio of moles of the amine group of PEI to those of the phosphate groups of DNA) was 10/1. To form empty NP, lipid ethanol solvent was injected into 20mM HEPES buffer, pH=7.4 (Step 2). The percentage of ethanol was less than 5%. The previously made empty NP were then added (Step 3). The mass ratio of lipid to miR was 10/1. Utilizing vortexing and sonication lipopolyplex NP containing the mimic miRs were produced. At last, a post-insertion method was adopted to incorporate Tf ligand onto the miR-loaded NP, as previously described (Step 4) (15 (link)).
Publication 2013
Alabaster Amines austin Buffers dioleoyl cephalin Ethanol Fluorescent Dyes Glycerin HEPES Ligands Linoleic Acid Lipids Molar Moles monomethoxypolyethylene glycol Phosphates Polyethyleneimine Solvents Transferrin
For cell culture, polar metabolites and fatty acids were extracted using methanol/water/chloroform and analyzed as previously described7 (link). For tissue and plasma, metabolites and total fatty acids were extracted from tissues and plasma using a Folch-based methanol/chloroform/saline extraction at a ratio of 1:2:1 with inclusion of [2H31] palmitate and norvaline as lipid and polar internal standards respectively. Briefly, 250 μl MeOH, 500 μls CHCL3, 250 μls saline and fatty acid isotope internal standards were added to weighed pre-ground tissue. This was vortexed for 10 minutes followed by centrifugation at 10,000 g for 5 minutes. Polar metabolites were derivatized in 2% (w/v) methoxyamine hydrochloride (Thermo Scientific) in pyridine and incubated at 37°C for 60 minutes. Samples were then silylated with N-tertbutyldimethylsilyl-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) with 1% tert-butyldimethylchlorosilane (tBDMS) (Regis Technologies) at 37°C for 30–45 minutes. Polar derivatives were analyzed by GC-MS using a DB-35MS column (30m x 0.25 mm i.d. x 0.25 μm, Agilent J&W Scientific) installed in an Agilent 7890A gas chromatograph (GC) interfaced with an Agilent 5975C mass spectrometer (MS). The lower chloroform phase was dried and then derivitised to form fatty acid methyl esters(FAMES) via addition of 500 μls 2% H2SO4 in MeOH and incubation at 50°C for 2 hours. FAMES were extracted via addition of 100 μl saturated salt solution and 500 μl hexane and these were analyzed using a Select FAME column (100m x 0.25mm i.d.) installed in an Aglient 7890A GC interfaced with an Agilent 5975C MS using the following temperature program: 80 °C initial, increase by 20 °C/min to 170 °C, increase by 1 °C/min to 204 °C, then 20 °C/min to 250 °C and hold for 10 min. The % isotopologue distribution of each fatty acid and polar metabolite was determined and corrected for natural abundance using in-house algorithms adapted from Fernandez et al55 (link). The metabolite ion fragments used are summarized in methods table 4. Mole percent enrichment (MPE) was calculated via the following equation:
i=1nMiin
where n is the number of carbon atoms in the metabolite and Mi is the relative abundance of the ith mass isotopologue. Molar enrichment was determined by multiplying the MPE by the abundance.
YSI (yellow springs instrument) was used to quantify glucose, lactate, glutamine and glutamate in cell culture media.
Publication 2018
A-A-1 antibiotic Carbon Cell Culture Techniques Cells Centrifugation Chloroform Culture Media derivatives Esters Fatty Acids Gas Chromatography Glucose Glutamate Glutamine Hexanes Isotopes Lactates Lipids Methanol methoxyamine hydrochloride Molar Moles Natural Springs norvaline Palmitate Plasma pyridine Saline Solution Sodium Chloride TERT protein, human Tissues

Most recents protocols related to «Moles»

Example 7

Synthetic urine is prepared by dissolving 14.1 g of NaCl, 2.8 g KCl, 17.3 g of urea, 19 ml ammonia water (25%), 0.60 g CaCl2 and 0.43 g MgSO4 in 0.02 mole/L of HCl. The final pH of synthetic urine is adjusted to 6.04 by using HCl and ammonia water.

40 mg Sigma creatinine is dissolved in 10 ml of synthetic urine solution. 3 mg of human albumin is dissolved in 10 ml of synthetic urine solution to prepare the micro albumin solution.

4 mg Sigma hemin is dissolved in 20 ml of synthetic urine, 20 μL Hemin solution is used as a receptor for urine albumin detection at different creatinine concentration.

A desired volume of the biological sample (synthetic urine) is taken and dispensed on the electrode of the biosensor device and the corresponding cyclic voltammogram is obtained by the CHI-Electrochemical workstation using the potential window, that varies from 0 V to −1 V with scan rate of 0.1 V/sec.

The albumin content in the urine sample binds hemin thereby demonstrates a linear decrease in peak redox current with urine albumin concentration as shown in FIG. 15(a) for different creatinine concentrations. If the concentration of albumin in urine sample is increased, then the albumin increasingly binds with hemin thereby reducing the free hemin concentration on the electrode resulting in the decrease in peak redox current of free hemin. FIG. 16 shows the urine albumin concentrations, urine creatinine concentrations and calculated ACR for different samples.

The values of concentrations of the urine albumin (mg/L) and creatinine for different samples is shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4
SampleUrine albuminUrine CreatinineACR
Number(mg/L)(mg/dL)(mg/g)
1526.719
22026.775
35026.7187
410026.7375
515026.7562
65133.34
720133.315
850133.338
9100133.375
10150133.3113

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Patent 2024
Albumins Ammonium Hydroxide Biopharmaceuticals Biosensors Creatinine Hemin Moles Oxidation-Reduction Radionuclide Imaging Receptors, Albumin Serum Albumin, Human Sodium Chloride Sulfate, Magnesium Urea Urine

Example 4

A quantity of the Keystone™ pyranine solution was dried in an oven at 60° C. over a 24 hour period to remove the water. Under a nitrogen atmosphere, the dried pyranine (solid, 2.62 g, 5.0 mmol) was added to dry DMSO (25 mL) along with NaOH, 50% (0.48 g, 6.0 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for a 30 minute period. Not all of the pyranine was dissolved after 30 minutes. However, following Monomer Example II of U.S. Pat. No. 6,312,644, allyl chloride (0.4831 g, 6.31 mmol) was added to the mixture in a single addition. The reaction mixture was stirred for a 6-hr period at room temperature. The next day the reaction mixture was filtered through a glass filter into a 100-mL round bottom flask; the solid filtered material was assumed to be sodium chloride. The majority of DMSO was removed by rotary evaporation (80 C, 7 Torr). The residue was washed with 100 mL of acetone for a 3-hr period which caused an insoluble solid to precipitate. The solid was filtered, collected and dried at room temperature to remove residual acetone. Only 1.0 g of solid was collected from the reaction. Analysis of the solid by NMR (D2O solvent) is reported in Table 5. No alkylation product was detected by NMR.

TABLE 5
Composition of Example 4 Reaction Product
Example 4
ComponentMole %Weight %
Allyl oxypyranine91.091.6
Unreacted Pyranine9.08.4

It was determined by liquid chromatography that the sample contained unreacted pyranine at a concentration of 80 mg/g, or 8 wt % or 9 mole %.

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Patent 2024
Acetone Alkylation allyl chloride Atmosphere Liquid Chromatography Moles Nitrogen pyranine Sodium Chloride Solvents Sulfoxide, Dimethyl
Not available on PMC !

Example 4

0.45 g each of SBQ (0.051 mole %) and 4QP (0.050 mole %) was added to 450 g of PVAc under agitation at 1100 rpm. Let the mixture mix for 5 min to ensure complete dissolution of SBQ and 4QP. Then 40% phosphoric acid was added to the mixture to adjust the pH to 2 at room temperature. Then mixing continued for 1 hour and the mixture was left for 3 days without agitation. Then mixture was quenched with 10% ammonia water to pH of 7 at room temperature under agitation to complete the addition reaction.

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Patent 2024
Ammonium Hydroxide Moles Phosphoric Acids polyvinyl acetate
Not available on PMC !

Example 6

0.45 g (0.05 mole %) of 4QP was added to 450 g of PVAc under agitation at 1100 rpm. Let the mixture mix for 5 min to ensure complete dissolution of 4QP. Then 40% phosphoric acid was added to the mixture at room temperature to adjust the pH to 2. Then mixing continued for 1 hour and the mixture was left for 3 days without agitation. Then mixture was then quenched with 10% ammonia water to pH of 7 under agitation to complete the addition reaction.

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Patent 2024
Ammonium Hydroxide Moles Phosphoric Acids polyvinyl acetate

Example 9

1-(4,5-Dinitro-10-aza-tricyclo[6.3.1.02,7]dodeca-2(7),3,5-trien-10-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanone (100.0 g, 0.2896 mole) was hydrogenated in methanol (1000 mL) under hydrogen (0.5-1.0 kg/cm2) atmosphere in the presence of 10% Palladium on carbon (10.0 g, 50% wet). After 3 hours, the reaction mass was analyzed by qualitative HPLC to confirm the completion of the reaction. Thereafter, the reaction mass was filtered through celite pad and rinsed with methanol (100 ml). The filtrate was concentrated completely at 30-35° C. under reduced pressure. Hexanes was added to the concentrated mass and distilled completely 30-35° C. under reduced pressure to remove traces of methanol. The mass was stirred with hexanes, the precipitated solid was filtered and washed with hexanes. The wet material was dried at 40-45° C. under reduced pressure for 8 hours. Yield: 82.0 g (100%).

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Patent 2024
Atmosphere Azacitidine Carbon Celite Hexanes High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Hydrogen Methanol Moles Palladium Pressure Trientine

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More about "Moles"

Moles are small, burrowing mammals that play a crucial role in the ecosystem.
These subterranean creatures have adapted to life underground, with their large, paddle-like front paws and efficient tunneling abilities.
Researchers studying moles may utilize tools like the Qubit 2.0 Fluorometer, Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer, and RNeasy Mini Kit to analyze the genetic and molecular aspects of these fascinating animals.
Moles are known for their voracious appetite for insects and other pests, making them an important part of the food chain.
By aerating the soil through their burrowing activities, they help to maintain the health and fertility of the land.
Researchers may use Irganox® 1076 antioxidant, Sodium hydroxide, and Polyvinyl alcohol in their studies to understand the physiology and behavior of these unique mammals.
In addition to their ecological significance, moles have also been the subject of various scientific investigations.
Researchers may employ techniques like L-cysteine, Bovine serum albumin, and DMSO to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying mole adaptations and their potential applications in areas such as biotechnology and medicine.
By utilizing innovative platforms like PubCompare.ai, researchers can optimize their moles research process, locate the best protocols, and achieve more reliable, reproducible results.
This AI-driven tool helps to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of moles research, allowing scientists to make new discoveries and advance our understanding of these remarkable creatures.