Papio anubis

Loci were ascertained by first using RepeatMasker [47 ] on the reference genome of the olive baboon, Papio anubis (Panu_2.0). Alu elements were parsed out of the resulting RepeatMasker file. The sequence of each full length (starts at or before position 4 in the element and ends after position 266) AluY insertion, along with 500 bases of flanking in 5′ and 3′ direction of the Alu element, was compared to the rhesus macaque (rheMac8) and human (hg19) reference genomes using BLAT [48 (link)]. We then compared the resulting BLAT files for any locus that had an appropriate gap size in the genomes that would indicate an insertion that was only present in the genome of the olive baboon.

GPS tracking data (1 Hz) were collected from 25 wild olive baboons (Papio anubis) belonging to a single troop at Mpala Research Centre in Laikipia, Kenya, from 1 August - 2 September, 2012. Tracked individuals included 81% (23/ 29) of the adult and subadult members of the troop, as well as two juveniles (for a total of 25). We did not apply any smoothing to the GPS data, but filled in the few short (1 s) gaps in the data using linear interpolation, as well as filtering out a small number of outlier data points (see Supplementary methods). Aerial imagery of the habitat was collected from 9–17 January, 2015 using an eBee fixed-wing UAV (Sensefly Ltd). The mapped area covered 3.3 km², representing approximately 2/3 of the area covered by the baboon troop during the first 14 days (the period from which we analyzed tracking data). Although we had a gap between the two data collection periods, both had similar ecological conditions (dry season) and habitat characteristics (trees, roads, bushes) were unlikely to have changed much over this period. After collection, images were automatically combined using Postflight Terra 3D software (Pix4D) to reconstruct a three-dimensional point cloud image of the landscape, and these were used to identify all habitat features. All procedures were subject to ethical review and were carried out in accordance with the approved guidelines set out by the National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation of the Republic of Kenya (NACOSTI/P/15/5727/4608). Baboon tracking was approved by the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (IACUC 2012.0601.2015).
We used a step selection framework to determine the habitat and social features most predictive of baboon movement decisions. To determine which habitat and social features (Table 1) were important in the fitted conditional logistic regression models, we used multi-model inference and computed the AIC weights of each feature. We quantified the group structure at each minute using six troop-level metrics (Figure 4). To characterize how group spatial structure and movement depended on context, we compared distributions of the metrics across different contexts by subtracting the histogram computed using all data from the histogram computed using data within each context. This allowed us to determine which areas of parameter space were over- and under- represented in a given context. We also fit linear models predicting each group-level property as a function of all possible combinations of habitat and temporal contexts, then computed AIC weights to determine the relative importance of each of these contexts in predicting each group-level property. See Supplementary methods for further details.

The Budongo Forest Reserve is a semi-deciduous tropical rain forest consisting of 793 km² of protected forest and grassland, located along the western Rift Valley in Uganda. The Budongo Forest is a medium-altitude rainforest (~ 1100 m) with high annual rainfall (~ 1500 mm per year). A dry-season occurs between December–March followed by another, even drier season during June–August (Newton-Fisher 1999 (link)). The forest contains a population of approximately 600 East African chimpanzees. There are two habituated chimpanzee communities: the Sonso community (since 1990) and the Waibira community (since 2011). In addition to chimpanzees, four other species of primate are regularly observed within the Sonso and Waibira home ranges, including Olive Baboons (Papio anubis), Blue Monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis), Red-tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius), and Black and White Colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza). The six observations recorded in this study took place in the Sonso community. At the end of the observation period in 2021, the community was considered a typical size (~ 69 individuals; Wilson et al. 2014 (link)) and had a typical female-biased sex ratio among mature individuals (M:F; 1:1.7).

OTOP1 gene sequences were obtained from the NCBI database for the following species: Gallus gallus (Gene ID: 422844), Xenopus tropicalis (Gene ID: 100495027), Chelonia mydas (Gene ID: 102932521), Dermochelys coriacea (Gene ID: 119854908), Papio anubis (Gene ID: 101001867), Mus musculus (Gene ID: 21906), and Homo sapiens (Gene ID: 133060). We optimized OTOP1 gene codons of the above species into codons for human expression systems. The OTOP1 gene sequences were synthesized and cloned into the pcDNA3.1 eukaryotic expression plasmid by Sangon Biotech (Shanghai). After screening positive clones with ampicillin resistance, sequencing was performed to obtain the pcDNA3.1 plasmid containing the correct OTOP1 sequence. All mOTOP1 point mutations were constructed using the Mut Express® II Fast Mutagenesis Kit V2 (Vazyme, C214). Point mutations of mOTOP1 were confirmed by sequencing.