Sequencing templates were made from P1, BAC and WGS DNA libraries using the D. melanogaster strain yellow (y1); cinnabar (cn1) brown (bw1) speck (sp1). This isogenic strain was constructed in the early 1990s [26 (link)]; the P1 [27 (link)], BAC [11 (link)] and WGS DNA libraries [1 (link)] were made in 1990, 1998 and 1999, respectively. Although we have not determined the single-nucleotide polymorphism rate between the libraries, we observed four cases of insertional polymorphisms in which BACs contain transposable elements that are absent from the Release 2 WGS assembly; two on the X, a gtwin element in BACR33A08 and a 412 element in BACR29P19; one on chromosome 2, a roo in BACR01K07 and one on chromosome 3, a roo in BACR02C22. We have confirmed the molecular mutation of the y1 allele as an A to C transversion in the ATG translation initiation codon as first determined by Geyer et al. [28 (link)]. We determined the molecular lesion of the cn1 allele to be a 1,832 bp deletion relative to wild type. The mutation in bw1 was known to be associated with an uncharacterized insertion [29 (link)]. We have identified the insertion to be a 412 transposable element mapping to the third exon. The wild-type sp gene, located genetically and cytologically to 60 C, has not yet been molecularly characterized. However, sp1 is known to be suppressible by suppressor of sable [30 (link)], a known suppressor of 412 elements. Two 412 elements map to 60 C, one in Dat and another near Nop60B.
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Sables
Sables
Sables are small, slender-bodied mammals belonging to the weasel family.
They are known for their soft, lustrous fur which is highly prized in the fur trade.
Sables are native to the boreal forests of Siberia and parts of northeastern Asia.
They are skilled hunters, preying on small rodents, birds, and other small animals.
Sables are solitary animals and are active year-round, though they may become less active during the winter months.
Conservation efforts are underway to protect sable populations from overexploitation.
Sables play an important role in the ecosytem as predators, helping to maintain a balance in the rodent populations of their habitats.
They are known for their soft, lustrous fur which is highly prized in the fur trade.
Sables are native to the boreal forests of Siberia and parts of northeastern Asia.
They are skilled hunters, preying on small rodents, birds, and other small animals.
Sables are solitary animals and are active year-round, though they may become less active during the winter months.
Conservation efforts are underway to protect sable populations from overexploitation.
Sables play an important role in the ecosytem as predators, helping to maintain a balance in the rodent populations of their habitats.
Most cited protocols related to «Sables»
Alleles
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3
Codon, Initiator
Deletion Mutation
DNA Library
DNA Transposable Elements
Drosophila melanogaster
Exons
Genes
Genetic Polymorphism
mercuric sulfide
Mutation
Sables
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
Strains
Animals
Calorimetry, Indirect
Contrast Media
Diet
Diet, High-Fat
Food
Food-Drug Interactions
Food Interactions
Movement
Mus
Respiratory Rate
Sables
Water Consumption
We implanted electroencephalogram (EEG) electrodes for recording brain activity in four wild-caught adult female cane toads (115–133 mm snout-urostyle length, 201–235 g). After the animals were anaesthetised with MS 222 (tricaine methanesulfonate; 3 g/l), we drilled four holes (0.5 mm diameter, two per cerebral hemisphere) through the exposed cranium to the level of the dura overlying the dorsal cortex. A fifth hole was drilled over the olfactory bulbs for the ground. All electrodes were gold-plated, round-tipped pins (0.5 mm diameter) glued in place using cyanoacrylic adhesive. Electrode wires (AS633, Cooner Wire, Chatsworth, California, USA) terminated at a connector fixed on the head with two stainless steel screws (25/095/0000, Hilco, London) and light-curing dental acrylic (Dentsply, Mt Waverley, Victoria). Electrode position was verified by dissection at the end of the study. Toads were then transferred to a damp cage, monitored until they regained normal motor function, and allowed a 10-day period of post-operative recovery at 30°C with food and water available ad libitum. EEG activity was recorded at 100 Hz using a head-mounted, miniature (25×25×9 mm) and lightweight (8 g, including battery) Neurologger 2A datalogger (Vyssotski et al., 2009 (link); Lesku et al., 2012 (link)).
To record body temperatures during cooling and freezing, we inserted a thermocouple wire subdermally into each toad's left hind limb (to measure temperature immediately below the skin) and into the cloaca (to measure deep body temperature), respectively. These thermocouple leads, as well as one measuring ambient temperature, were connected to a TC-2000 thermocouple meter (Sable Systems, Las Vegas, NV USA) and logged each minute using ExpeData software via a UI2 analogue/digital converter temperature logger (Sable Systems, Las Vegas, NV USA). Prior to experiments, toads were transferred into a Faraday cage (22×17×12 cm) then placed into a standard household refrigerator (Kelvinator, Charlotte, NC USA). Once the toad's core reached fridge temperature (∼5°C), it was transferred to a household freezer (Fisher and Paykel, Auckland, New Zealand) for 30 min. Toads removed from the freezer after this time were dead (did not regain consciousness).
Fast Fourier Transforms were performed on 4-s, artefact-free epochs to calculate power in 0.39 Hz bins between 1.17 and 49.61 Hz using RemLogic 3.2 software (Embla Systems, Broomfield, CO USA). Cumulative EEG power was calculated as a measure of brain activity in 10-min bins, starting at the time placed in the new thermal regime. We also quantified power in the bandwidths typically used in analysis of the mammalian EEG (delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma) and recently applied to amphibians (Fang et al., 2012 (link)).
All procedures were approved by the University of Wollongong Animal Ethics Committee (protocol no. AE10/05).
To record body temperatures during cooling and freezing, we inserted a thermocouple wire subdermally into each toad's left hind limb (to measure temperature immediately below the skin) and into the cloaca (to measure deep body temperature), respectively. These thermocouple leads, as well as one measuring ambient temperature, were connected to a TC-2000 thermocouple meter (Sable Systems, Las Vegas, NV USA) and logged each minute using ExpeData software via a UI2 analogue/digital converter temperature logger (Sable Systems, Las Vegas, NV USA). Prior to experiments, toads were transferred into a Faraday cage (22×17×12 cm) then placed into a standard household refrigerator (Kelvinator, Charlotte, NC USA). Once the toad's core reached fridge temperature (∼5°C), it was transferred to a household freezer (Fisher and Paykel, Auckland, New Zealand) for 30 min. Toads removed from the freezer after this time were dead (did not regain consciousness).
Fast Fourier Transforms were performed on 4-s, artefact-free epochs to calculate power in 0.39 Hz bins between 1.17 and 49.61 Hz using RemLogic 3.2 software (Embla Systems, Broomfield, CO USA). Cumulative EEG power was calculated as a measure of brain activity in 10-min bins, starting at the time placed in the new thermal regime. We also quantified power in the bandwidths typically used in analysis of the mammalian EEG (delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma) and recently applied to amphibians (Fang et al., 2012 (link)).
All procedures were approved by the University of Wollongong Animal Ethics Committee (protocol no. AE10/05).
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Alarmins
Amphibians
Animal Ethics Committees
Animals
Brain
Bufo marinus
Bufonidae
Cerebral Hemispheres
Consciousness
Cortex, Cerebral
Cranium
Dental Health Services
Dentsply
Dissection
Dura Mater
Electroencephalography
Enterobacter
EPOCH protocol
Fingers
Food
Gamma Rays
Gold
Head
Hindlimb
Households
Light
Mammals
methanesulfonate
MS-222
Olfactory Bulb
Sables
Skin Temperature
Stainless Steel
tricaine
Woman
Animals
Eating
Epistropheus
Fluid Balance
Food
Gases
Light
Mice, Laboratory
Sables
Stainless Steel
The study was conducted between 15th October 2009 and 7th January 2010 on Sable Island (43°55′N, 60°00′W) and the Eastern Scotian Shelf, northwest Atlantic Ocean (Fig. 1A ). The Eastern Scotian Shelf is a large geographical area (∼108,000 km2) composed of a series of offshore shallow banks and inshore basins separated by deep gullies and canyons [25] , and is an important foraging area for the grey seal [26] (link).
During the period 1969 and 2002, a sample of males and females was branded at weaning providing a pool of individually identifiable, known-age adults. Fifteen of these known-age adults (11 to 24 years) were captured between 15 and 20 October 2009. The distance between consecutive captures was 8.4±10.7 km (0.4–30.8 km). At each capture, individuals were weighed using a 300 kg (±1 kg) Salter spring balance. Individuals were then immobilized with an intra-muscular injection of the chemical anaesthetic Telazol (males 0.45 mg kg−1; females 0.90 mg kg−1) to allow attachment of telemetry and data-logging devices and to obtain an accurate measure of standard dorsal length [27] (link). Each seal was fitted with a VHF transmitter (164–165 MHz, Advanced Telemetry Systems,www.atstrack.com ), Mk10-AF Fastloc™ GPS tag (Wildlife Computers, www.wildlifecomputers.com ) and a Vemco Mobile Transceiver (VMT) tag (Vemco, www.vemco.com ). The VHF tag was used to locate animals returning to Sable Island during the breeding season. The MK10-AF tag was programmed to transmit ARGOS and GPS data and to archive GPS data that were downloaded on recovery of the tag. As GPS tags are relatively new, we tested two GPS sampling protocols with respect to their impact on battery life and thus the duration of data collection. Four units were programmed to record a GPS location every five minutes (maximum of 48 failed attempts per hour and unlimited GPS attempts per day) and 11 units recorded a GPS location every 15 minutes (maximum of 16 failed attempts per hour and unlimited GPS attempts per day). GPS attempts were suspended when the unit was dry >20 min and a location had been attained. The VMT is a 69 kHz coded transceiver that alternates between transmitting an acoustic code (unique series of acoustic pings) and listening for codes transmitted from other Vemco 69 kHz coded transmitters. Acoustic codes are unique due to the time interval between pings and the length of time it takes to transmit the full code. The VMT was programmed to transmit on an irregular schedule (to avoid synchronised transmissions among VMTs), every 60 to 180 s, to blank the receiver for 260 ms at each transmission (to prevent the tag from receiving its own transmission), and remain in listening mode for the remainder of time. Peak sensitivities for hearing in phocids is between 10 and 30 kHz with a high frequency limit of ∼60 kHz [28] , thus we did not expect these units to interfere with the behaviour of the animal.
The VHF transmitter was attached to the MK10-AF unit using a stainless steel hose clamp and the whole unit was attached to the fur on the top of the head using a five-min epoxy [29] . The VMT was attached in the same manner as for the MK10-AF, but was located on the back toward the rear of the animal to maximise the likelihood that the tag remained underwater when the animal was at the surface and to minimise electrical interference with the MK10-AF. The tag mass burden was 0.25% for males and 0.28% for females. Individuals were recaptured during the subsequent breeding season (December 2009 to January 2010) to determine final body mass and recover instruments.
During the period 1969 and 2002, a sample of males and females was branded at weaning providing a pool of individually identifiable, known-age adults. Fifteen of these known-age adults (11 to 24 years) were captured between 15 and 20 October 2009. The distance between consecutive captures was 8.4±10.7 km (0.4–30.8 km). At each capture, individuals were weighed using a 300 kg (±1 kg) Salter spring balance. Individuals were then immobilized with an intra-muscular injection of the chemical anaesthetic Telazol (males 0.45 mg kg−1; females 0.90 mg kg−1) to allow attachment of telemetry and data-logging devices and to obtain an accurate measure of standard dorsal length [27] (link). Each seal was fitted with a VHF transmitter (164–165 MHz, Advanced Telemetry Systems,
The VHF transmitter was attached to the MK10-AF unit using a stainless steel hose clamp and the whole unit was attached to the fur on the top of the head using a five-min epoxy [29] . The VMT was attached in the same manner as for the MK10-AF, but was located on the back toward the rear of the animal to maximise the likelihood that the tag remained underwater when the animal was at the surface and to minimise electrical interference with the MK10-AF. The tag mass burden was 0.25% for males and 0.28% for females. Individuals were recaptured during the subsequent breeding season (December 2009 to January 2010) to determine final body mass and recover instruments.
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Acoustics
Adult
Anesthetics
Animals
Electricity
Epoxy Resins
Females
Head
Human Body
Hypersensitivity
Intramuscular Injection
Males
Medical Devices
Phocidae
Sables
Seal, Gray
Stainless Steel
Telazol
Telemetry
Transmission, Communicable Disease
Most recents protocols related to «Sables»
Energy expenditure of individually housed mice was measured by indirect calorimetry using automatic metabolic cages (Sable Systems) for 5 consecutive days. After 2 days of acclimatization, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were recorded. The average respiratory exchange ratio, fat oxidation rate, and carbohydrate oxidation rate were calculated from day 3 to day 5, as described (36 (link)).
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Acclimatization
Calorimetry, Indirect
Carbohydrates
Carbon dioxide
Energy Metabolism
Mice, House
Oxygen Consumption
Respiratory Rate
Sables
Pots were prepared using soil, sable, and peat (1:1:1) (3.75 kg/pot) in order to measure field capacity (FC), the soil was saturated with water, and the weight of the soil when drainage ceased (24 h) was noted. The gravimetric technique was used to determine the moisture content of the soil. Prior to and following oven drying for 72 h, soil samples were weighed. The results were then divided by the weight of the oven-dry soil [24 (link)].
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Drainage
Sables
The experiments were conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Protection, Shanghai Academy of Landscape Architecture Science and Planning (SALASP), Shanghai, China. Boles of American sweetgum infested with A. suncei were collected from Lingang New Town, Pudong District, Shanghai, China (121.92° E, 30.93° N). The adult beetles of A. suncei used in the experiments were obtained from these infested tree boles and stored in plastic containers [26 (link)]. Healthy boles of American sweetgums (8~10 cm DBH), which were collected from the Geqichun nursery, Pukou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu province (118.55° E, 32.09° N), were cut into 20 cm segments, sent to SALASP, and sealed with wax and paraffin to prevent water evaporation.
Fresh logs were mixed with infested logs, and when new adults started emerging, newly colonized segments (with signs of boring dust and entrance holes) were removed and placed vertically in plastic containers (21 × 12 × 11 cm) with 200 mesh gauze and kept in incubators under controlled temperature and humidity conditions, and the date was recorded. Two circular holes with a diameter of 7 cm were made on the opposite sides of each container. Twelve replicate containers were kept in incubators (MIR 350H, Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) with 25 ± 1 °C, 70% relative humidity (RH), and complete darkness.
Four formulas of artificial diets were tested for rearing larvae of A. suncei (Table 1 ). The phloem powder was obtained from healthy American sweetgum which was ground and sieved through 0.9 mm mesh and then dried in an oven at 72 °C for 48 h. The compositions were formulated based on previous research on other bark beetle species [19 (link),27 (link)].
The yeast powder and sucrose were mixed in 25 mL of distilled water in a beaker while heated in a hot water bath at 52 °C and stirred until dissolved. Then the agar, inositol, Wechsler salt, multivitamin, cholesterol, ascorbic acid, potassium sorbate, and methylparaben were dissolved, adding 15 mL of distilled water in the beaker under the same condition. The wheat germ powder, microcrystalline cellulose, bark and phloem powder, and 10 mL of distilled water were then added to the solution and stirred. The mixture was fluffy in the beaker. The final mixture in the beaker was wrapped, sealed, and stored at 4 °C in the refrigerator for the beetle rearing test. The artificial diet was not solid in the fridge.
Using a chisel, eggs were collected from excavated galleries in American sweetgum logs. Eggs were transferred gently to a sheet of black filter paper in glass Petri dishes (100 × 20 mm) using a moist sable brush (size 000). In total, 394 eggs were collected for the artificial diet test. In an attempt to minimize contamination from the original galleries, all eggs were soaked in 75% alcohol for 10 s in glass Petri dishes (100 × 20 mm) using a sable brush (size 000), and rinsed with sterile water in glass Petri dishes for 10 s. All eggs were sterilized one by one. They were individually placed at the bottom of 1.5 mL Eppendorf tubes which were then filled with 1 mL of the artificial diet for the growth of A. suncei larvae. When the artificial diet was heated to 25 °C, the artificial diet could be used for rearing. We used a spoon to fill Eppendorf tubes with artificial diet and squeezed the artificial diet with a glass stirring rod. Once the tubes were filled, they were all kept under the same conditions and left until the adults emerged.
Fresh logs were mixed with infested logs, and when new adults started emerging, newly colonized segments (with signs of boring dust and entrance holes) were removed and placed vertically in plastic containers (21 × 12 × 11 cm) with 200 mesh gauze and kept in incubators under controlled temperature and humidity conditions, and the date was recorded. Two circular holes with a diameter of 7 cm were made on the opposite sides of each container. Twelve replicate containers were kept in incubators (MIR 350H, Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) with 25 ± 1 °C, 70% relative humidity (RH), and complete darkness.
Four formulas of artificial diets were tested for rearing larvae of A. suncei (
The yeast powder and sucrose were mixed in 25 mL of distilled water in a beaker while heated in a hot water bath at 52 °C and stirred until dissolved. Then the agar, inositol, Wechsler salt, multivitamin, cholesterol, ascorbic acid, potassium sorbate, and methylparaben were dissolved, adding 15 mL of distilled water in the beaker under the same condition. The wheat germ powder, microcrystalline cellulose, bark and phloem powder, and 10 mL of distilled water were then added to the solution and stirred. The mixture was fluffy in the beaker. The final mixture in the beaker was wrapped, sealed, and stored at 4 °C in the refrigerator for the beetle rearing test. The artificial diet was not solid in the fridge.
Using a chisel, eggs were collected from excavated galleries in American sweetgum logs. Eggs were transferred gently to a sheet of black filter paper in glass Petri dishes (100 × 20 mm) using a moist sable brush (size 000). In total, 394 eggs were collected for the artificial diet test. In an attempt to minimize contamination from the original galleries, all eggs were soaked in 75% alcohol for 10 s in glass Petri dishes (100 × 20 mm) using a sable brush (size 000), and rinsed with sterile water in glass Petri dishes for 10 s. All eggs were sterilized one by one. They were individually placed at the bottom of 1.5 mL Eppendorf tubes which were then filled with 1 mL of the artificial diet for the growth of A. suncei larvae. When the artificial diet was heated to 25 °C, the artificial diet could be used for rearing. We used a spoon to fill Eppendorf tubes with artificial diet and squeezed the artificial diet with a glass stirring rod. Once the tubes were filled, they were all kept under the same conditions and left until the adults emerged.
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Adult
Agar
Ascorbic Acid
Bath
Beetles
Cholesterol
Cortex, Cerebral
Darkness
Diet
Diet, Formula
DNA Replication
Eggs
Electricity
Ethanol
Humidity
Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal
Inositol
Larva
Liquidambar styraciflua
methylparaben
microcrystalline cellulose
Paraffin
Phloem
Plants
Powder
Sables
Sodium Chloride
Sorbate, Potassium
Sterility, Reproductive
Strains
Sucrose
Sweet Gum Trees
Trees
Triticum aestivum
Yeast, Dried
The collection and transportation of the tissue samples, establishment of primary fibroblast cell lines, and chromosome preparation were performed as described before [44 (link),45 (link)]. The stone marten and yellow-throated marten chromosome ID numbers correspond to nomenclatures by Nie et al. [39 (link),43 (link)]. Chromosomes in the karyotypes of the sable and pine marten were arranged by length. Standard GTG-banding (G-bands by trypsin using Giemsa) [46 (link)] and the CDAG (Chromomycin A3-DAPI after G-banding) [47 (link)] method for revealing GC-enriched constitutive heterochromatin were employed. For each experiment (CDAG and detection of ribosomal DNA clusters, telomeric repeats, and macrosatellite repeated sequences [MSRs]), 8 to 18 GTG-stained metaphase plates were photographed, usually at least 12.
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Calculi
Cell Lines
Chromomycin A3
Chromosomes
DAPI
DNA, Ribosomal
Fibroblasts
Heterochromatin
Karyotype
Martes
Metaphase
Pinus
Repetitive Region
Sables
Stain, Giemsa
Telomere
Tissues
Trypsin
Whole-chromosome sorted painting probe libraries of the stone marten were used for FISH analyses of genomes of the sable and pine marten. The set of stone marten chromosome-specific painting probes has been described previously [39 (link),43 (link)]. Amplification and labeling of a plasmid containing 18S, 5.8S, and 28S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) probes for detecting NORs and a probe containing telomeric sequences have been described in detail earlier [44 (link)].
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Calculi
Chromosomes
DNA, Ribosomal
Fishes
Genome
Martes
Pinus
Plasmids
Sables
Telomere
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More about "Sables"
Sables are small, slender-bodied weasel-like mammals prized for their soft, lustrous fur.
These furry creatures are native to the boreal forests of Siberia and northeastern Asia, where they thrive as skilled hunters, preying on small rodents, birds, and other small animals.
Sables, also known as marten or pine marten, are active year-round, though they may become less active during the colder winter months.
Conservation efforts are underway to protect sable populations from overhunting and exploitation, as their fur is highly valued in the global fur trade.
These predators play a crucial role in maintaining a balance in the rodent populations of their habitats, making them an important part of the ecosystem.
Researchers can leverage advanced tools like the Promethion Metabolic Cage System, ExpeData software, and TC-2000 Meter to study the physiology and behaviors of sables, gaining valuable insights into their adaptations and ecological importance.
Utilzing the Promethion Metabolic Screening System and MetaScreen v. 1.6.2, scientists can conduct detailed analyses of sable metabolism, activity patterns, and other vital functions, helping to inform conservation strategies and enhance our understanding of these remarkable creatures.
By optimizing research protocols with AI-driven tools like PubCompare.ai, researchers can streamline their workflows and improve the reproducibility of sables studies, unlocking new discoveries about this fasinating species.
These furry creatures are native to the boreal forests of Siberia and northeastern Asia, where they thrive as skilled hunters, preying on small rodents, birds, and other small animals.
Sables, also known as marten or pine marten, are active year-round, though they may become less active during the colder winter months.
Conservation efforts are underway to protect sable populations from overhunting and exploitation, as their fur is highly valued in the global fur trade.
These predators play a crucial role in maintaining a balance in the rodent populations of their habitats, making them an important part of the ecosystem.
Researchers can leverage advanced tools like the Promethion Metabolic Cage System, ExpeData software, and TC-2000 Meter to study the physiology and behaviors of sables, gaining valuable insights into their adaptations and ecological importance.
Utilzing the Promethion Metabolic Screening System and MetaScreen v. 1.6.2, scientists can conduct detailed analyses of sable metabolism, activity patterns, and other vital functions, helping to inform conservation strategies and enhance our understanding of these remarkable creatures.
By optimizing research protocols with AI-driven tools like PubCompare.ai, researchers can streamline their workflows and improve the reproducibility of sables studies, unlocking new discoveries about this fasinating species.