Iris Plant

ClustVis includes multiple popular public data sets for testing purposes: NKI breast cancer data set (14 (link),15 ), Wisconsin diagnostic breast cancer data set (16 ) and Fisher's Iris data set (17 ).
In addition to small data sets, we used the last version of Multi Experiment Matrix—MEM (18 (link)). MEM contains a very large collection of public gene expression matrices from ArrayExpress (5 (link)), together with annotation tracks where available. Genetic pathways were downloaded from g:Profiler web tool (12 (link)). From Gene Ontology, only biological processes were included. Microarray platforms and genetic pathways cover currently 17 species.

The official Chinese translations of the parent, teacher and self report versions of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire [14 (link)] were used. These versions were translated and back-translated by academic staff at the Centre for Clinical Trials and Epidemiological Research at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, and by Iris Tan Mink. Each of these questionnaires includes 25 items, each of which is scored on a three point scale (0 = not true, 1 = somewhat true, 2 = certainly true). Fifteen of the questions ask about difficulties and ten ask about strengths. The ten questions asking about strengths are positively worded. Five of these make up the prosocial behaviours subscale for which, unlike the other four subscales a higher score signifies less problems. The other five positively worded questions are reverse scored. Five subscale scores are generated each of which relates to 5 of the questions. These are; emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, peer relationship problems and prosocial behaviour. A total difficulties score is calculated by summing four of the subscale scores (emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention and peer relationship problems). In addition, but not used in this study, an impact rating can be generated using separate questions from an impact supplement. In general a high score represents greater difficulties, except for the prosocial scale score where a lower score indicates greater difficulties. General information on the SDQ, the Chinese versions, and the SDQ scoring can be found online[37 ,38 ]. Parents and teachers were asked to rate the behavioural and emotional aspects of the child's behaviour over the past six months as per their general observations of the child, young people aged 11 – 17 were asked to rate themselves over the past six months. Parents were also asked to complete the Chinese version of the Conner's Parent Symptoms Questionnaire (PSQ) [39 ].

HiPerSolv Chromanorm HPLC gradient grade acetonitrile was purchased from VWR Chemicals (Vienna, Austria), LC-MS Chromasolv grade methanol was obtained from Honeywell (Seelze, Germany), and LC-MS grade ammonium acetate and glacial acetic acid (p.a.) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Vienna, Austria). A Purelab Ultra system (ELGA LabWater, Celle, Germany) was used for further purification of reverse osmosis water.
Reference standards of mycotoxins and fungal metabolites were either isolated in-house, obtained as gifts, or purchased from the following commercial sources: Romer Labs® Inc. (Tulln, Austria), AnalytiCon Discovery (Potsdam, Germany), Bio Australis (Smithfield, Australia), Fermentek Ltd. (Jerusalem, Israel), AdipoGen Life Sciences (Liestal, Switzerland), BioViotica Naturstoffe GmbH (Dransfeld, Germany), Cfm Oskar Tropitzsch GmbH (Marktredwitz, Germany), Toronto Research Chemicals (Toronto, Canada), Santa Cruz Bioechnology Inc. (Dallas, TE, USA), Sigma-Aldrich (Vienna, Austria), Iris Biotech GmbH (Marktredwitz, Germany), Enzo Life Sciences (Lausen, Switzerland), Chiralix B.V. (Nijmegen, The Netherlands), CSIR Biosciences (Pretoria, South Africa), THP Medical Products (Vienna, Austria), AG Research (Christchurch, New Zealand), Takara Bio Europe (Saint-Germain-En-Laye, France), and LGC Promochem GmbH (Wesel, Germany). The related details are given in Electronic Supplementary Material (ESM) Table S1.
Stock solutions of each analyte were prepared by dissolving the solid substance, preferably at 250 μg/ml in acetonitrile, but depending on the respective solubility, a few compounds were dissolved in acetonitrile/water 1:1 (v/v), methanol or water instead. Sixty-two intermediate mixes were prepared by mixing the stock solutions of 10 analytes each for easier handling. The final multi-analyte standard was freshly prepared prior to spiking experiments by mixing of the intermediate mixes. All solutions were stored at − 20 °C.

After three months of treatments, the plants were harvested. Plant height, stem diameter, and total biomass were measured directly before harvesting. At the same time, a portable Li-6400 photosynthetic apparatus (Li-Cor Inc., Lincoln, USA) was used to determine leaf gas exchange starting at 9:00 am on a sunny day before harvest. The soil attached to the roots was gently shaken off for hyphal length analysis, based on the method outlined by Bethlenfalvay and Ames (1987) (link). A portion of root segments were cut, and root mycorrhizal staining was performed using trypan blue method described by Phillips and Hayman (1970) (link). After microscopic observation, the root mycorrhizal colonization rate (%) was estimated as the percentage of the length of root segments colonized by AMF to the total length of root segments examined.
Eight plants from each treatment were divided equally into two parts, one of which was immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and then stored at -80 °C for analysis of gene expressions. The other part was killed at 105 °C for 3 min after chlorophyll determination, then dried at 75 °C to constant weight, ground to powder, and passed through a 2 mm sieve for P concentration determination. The ICP Spectrometer (IRIS Advantage, Thermo, Waltham, USA) was used to analyze leaf P concentration. The concentration of glucose, fructose and sucrose in leaves was determined according to the colorimetric method described in detail by Wu et al. (2015b) (link). The concentration of chlorophyll components was extracted with 80% acetone and determined using the method described by He et al. (2022) (link).
The sequences of PAP genes (PAP10 and PAP12) and PT genes (PT3;1 and PT3;3) in Arabidopsis were obtained from the NCBI database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and then compared with genome-wide of walnut (http://aegilops.wheat.ucdavis.edu/Walnut/data.php). The primer sequences (Supplementary Table S1) of JrPAP10, JrPAP12, JrPT3;1, and JrPT3;3 genes were designed using Primer5 premier 5.0 software and synthesized by Shanghai Bioengineering Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Total RNA of leaf samples was extracted using an EASY spin Plus plant RNA kit (Aidlab). The reverse transcription of RNA was performed using the PrimeScript™ RT reagent kit with gDNA eraser kit (Takara). The 18S rRNA of walnut was used as the reference gene for qRT-PCR amplification. qRT-PCR was performed using the fluorescent dye method (2×AceQ^® qPCR SYBR^® Green Master Mix) with three biological replicates per treatment. The 2^-ΔΔCt method (Livak and Schmittgen, 2001 (link)) was used to calculate the relative gene expression, in which the relative expression was normalized by the treatment with non-inoculation of D. spurca at P₁₀₀ levels.

We analysed the impacts of forest loss across a range of scales (0.05°, 0.1°, 0.25°, 0.5°, 1.0° and 2.0°). Each precipitation dataset was analysed at its native resolution and at all lower resolutions across this range of scales. Spatial regridding was carried out using the Python package xESMF⁵³ with a bilinear regridding scheme. Two alternative regridding methods (xESMF: conservative-normalized; and iris: area weighted) were tested and had little impact on our results. For GFC data, we calculated forest loss using the original 30-m data and converted the resulting values to each of the six spatial resolutions analysed by taking the sum of all 30-m pixels within each larger pixel. Change in canopy cover from 2003 to 2017 at each resolution is shown in Fig. 1.

Lasioglossin III (VNWKKILGKIIKVVK-NH₂) peptide and its glycosylated form g-LL-III were chemically synthesized by solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) and purified by reverse phase HPLC (RP-HPLC). All the Fmoc-protected amino acids were purchased from Novabiochem (Merck). The asparagine residue functionalized with N-γ-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl) was purchased from IRIS Biotech. Piperidine, N,N-diisorpyplethylamine (DIEA) and triisopropylsilane (TIS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, as well as the resin and the carboxyl group activators. Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and all the solvents used in the synthesis and purification were supplied by Romil. The coupling reagents HATU and HOBt were purchased from Anaspec. Dimethyl formamide (DMF) and N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) were used as chromatographic grade solvents and were purchased from Romil.
The lipids 1-palmytoil-2-oleyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC), 1-palmytoil-2-oleyl-sn-glycero-3-rac-phosphoglycerol (POPG) and 1,2-dipalmytoil-sn-glycero-3-phospocholine (DPPC) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids Inc. (Alabaster, AL, USA) and were used without further purification. Chloroform, methanol, ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Chemical. The fluorescent probe Laurdan (6-dodecanoyl-N,N-dimethyl-2-naphtylamine) and the fluorophore 1, 4-bis(5-phenyloxazole-2-yl)benzene (DM-POPOP) for lifetime experiments were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. The biophysical experiments were performed in a 10 mM phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.4.