The preparation of FTZ extract from eight constituent herbs was consistent with the protocol described previously [1 (link)], and as follows: Radix Salvia Miltiorrhiza (50 g), Radix Atractylodes Macrocephala (60 g), Fructus Citri Sarcodactylis (50 g), Cortex Eucommiae (40 g), and Herba Cirsii Jeponici (30 g) were extracted with boiling water twice (volume over weight values per reflux extraction = 12- and 9-fold, respectively; duration = 1.5 h per reflux extraction); Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (60 g) and Rhizoma Coptidis (20 g) were extracted with 70% ethanol twice (volume over weight values per reflux extraction = 10- and 8-fold, respectively; duration = 2 h per reflux extraction); Radix Notoginseng (20 g) was extracted with 50% ethanol twice (volume over weight values per reflux extraction = 10- and 8-fold, respectively; duration = 2 h per reflux extraction). The above three extracts were combined, filtered by gauzes, and the combined solution was freeze-dried. Five hundred milligrams of the freeze-dried powder was extracted with 50 mL methanol for 20 min under ultrasonics. The methanol extraction was centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 15 min at 4 °C, and the supernatant was filtered through a 0.20-μm filter, the filtrate was applied for UPLC analysis. All authentic standards were accurately weighed, and dissolved in methanol to obtain stock solutions with indicated concentrations. All the stock solutions were stored in the refrigerator at 4 °C until analysis.
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Salvia miltiorrhiza
Salvia miltiorrhiza
Salvia miltiorrhiza, also known as Danshen, is a perennial herb native to China and widely used in traditional Chinese medicine.
It is known for its potential therapeutic effects on cardiovascular and neurological conditions.
The plant's roots contain various bioactive compounds, including tanshinones and phenolic acids, which have demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties in preclinical studies.
Salvia miltiorrhiza research aims to explore its medicinal applications and optimize extraction and purification methods to ensure the quality and efficacy of related products.
Researchers can leverage PubCompare.ai's AI-driven protocol optimizaiton to locate, compare, and identify the most effective methods for advancing Salvia miltiorrhiza studies with improved reproducibility.
It is known for its potential therapeutic effects on cardiovascular and neurological conditions.
The plant's roots contain various bioactive compounds, including tanshinones and phenolic acids, which have demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties in preclinical studies.
Salvia miltiorrhiza research aims to explore its medicinal applications and optimize extraction and purification methods to ensure the quality and efficacy of related products.
Researchers can leverage PubCompare.ai's AI-driven protocol optimizaiton to locate, compare, and identify the most effective methods for advancing Salvia miltiorrhiza studies with improved reproducibility.
Most cited protocols related to «Salvia miltiorrhiza»
Atractylodes
Coptis chinensis root
Cortex, Cerebral
Ethanol
Freezing
Fruit
Ligustrum lucidum
Methanol
Plant Roots
Powder
Salvia miltiorrhiza
Ultrasonics
We enrolled adult patients who consented to take part in the Prospective Adult Dengue Study, a cohort study of acutely febrile adults at the Communicable Disease Center (CDC), Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore from January 2010 to September 2012. These comprised referrals for fever for investigation from the emergency department (ED), other medical institutions, or self-referral to the CDC. Inclusion criteria were age 18 years and above with acute undifferentiated febrile illness (recorded temperature >37•5°C with no alternative clinical diagnosis). Pregnant women were excluded from the study.
This study compared the baseline characteristics and outcomes of two cohorts; those admitted from ED who were enrolled as inpatients (ED cohort) and those initially enrolled in outpatient setting at the research clinic (outpatient cohort). The outpatient cohort was the basis to evaluate the utility of WS in guiding admission. The entire cohort was analyzed to assess the predictive value of WS for disease progression. All outpatients were managed at the Infectious Disease Research Clinic at CDC. Outpatients were managed by three trained Medical Officers on a daily basis during acute illness until initiation of the recovery phase and reviewed at 21–30 days after study enrolment. Decision to admit patients from both the research clinic and ED were based on the published hospital admission criteria [8 (link)] and the attending physician’s judgment. Criteria for recommending admission include: platelet count ≤50 000/mm3, serum hematocrit ≥50%, systolic blood pressure ≤90 mmHg, postural drop in blood pressure >20 mmHg, pulse ≥100/min, clinical bleeding (except petechiae), patients with severe abdominal pain and persistent vomiting, elderly patients with comorbidities, and whether patients fulfilled our DHF predictive model [9 (link),10 (link)].
To evaluate the utility of WS in guiding admission, we compared admission based on published admission criteria and Medical Officers’ judgment with alternative hypothetical scenario of WS-guided admission. The clinical outcomes were categorized into three groups (i) DHF I-IV, (ii) DHF II-IV as defined by the WHO 1997 guidelines [3 ] and (iii) SD as defined in WHO 2009 guidelines [2 ].
Dengue viral infection was confirmed by RT-PCR [11 (link)] or NS1 detection by Dengue NS1 Ag Strip (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Marnes-la-Coquette, France) at the Environment Health Institute, Singapore, a WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Arbovirus and their Associated Vectors. Detailed demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were prospectively collected according to research protocols. Warning signs were also recorded.
This study compared the baseline characteristics and outcomes of two cohorts; those admitted from ED who were enrolled as inpatients (ED cohort) and those initially enrolled in outpatient setting at the research clinic (outpatient cohort). The outpatient cohort was the basis to evaluate the utility of WS in guiding admission. The entire cohort was analyzed to assess the predictive value of WS for disease progression. All outpatients were managed at the Infectious Disease Research Clinic at CDC. Outpatients were managed by three trained Medical Officers on a daily basis during acute illness until initiation of the recovery phase and reviewed at 21–30 days after study enrolment. Decision to admit patients from both the research clinic and ED were based on the published hospital admission criteria [8 (link)] and the attending physician’s judgment. Criteria for recommending admission include: platelet count ≤50 000/mm3, serum hematocrit ≥50%, systolic blood pressure ≤90 mmHg, postural drop in blood pressure >20 mmHg, pulse ≥100/min, clinical bleeding (except petechiae), patients with severe abdominal pain and persistent vomiting, elderly patients with comorbidities, and whether patients fulfilled our DHF predictive model [9 (link),10 (link)].
To evaluate the utility of WS in guiding admission, we compared admission based on published admission criteria and Medical Officers’ judgment with alternative hypothetical scenario of WS-guided admission. The clinical outcomes were categorized into three groups (i) DHF I-IV, (ii) DHF II-IV as defined by the WHO 1997 guidelines [3 ] and (iii) SD as defined in WHO 2009 guidelines [2 ].
Dengue viral infection was confirmed by RT-PCR [11 (link)] or NS1 detection by Dengue NS1 Ag Strip (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Marnes-la-Coquette, France) at the Environment Health Institute, Singapore, a WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Arbovirus and their Associated Vectors. Detailed demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were prospectively collected according to research protocols. Warning signs were also recorded.
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Abdominal Pain
Adult
Aged
Arboviruses
Cloning Vectors
Communicable Diseases
Dengue Fever
Dengue Virus
Diagnosis
Disease Progression
Fever
Inpatient
Outpatients
Patients
Petechiae
Physicians
Platelet Counts, Blood
Pregnant Women
Pulse Rate
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Salvia miltiorrhiza
Serum
Systolic Pressure
Volumes, Packed Erythrocyte
This was a retrospective study design. Hospital admission and occupancy data for isolation beds was collected from Tan Tock Seng hospital for the period 14th March 2003 to 31st May 2003. The main outcome measure was daily number of isolation beds occupied by SARS patients, including those fulfilling WHO criteria for suspect and probable SARS[16 ], as well as those admitted not fulfilling WHO case definitions but admitted to isolation rooms for observation. Among the covariates considered were daily number of people screened, daily number of people admitted (including observation, suspect and probable cases) and days from the most recent significant event discovery. Key events considered were as follows:
1. 14th Mar: discovery of the TTSH outbreak
2. 22nd Mar: press release that TTSH would dedicated to SARS management
3. 4th Apr: discovery of an outbreak at Singapore General Hospital (SGH)
4. 11th Apr: discovery of an outbreak at National University Hospital (NUH)
5. 20th Apr: discovery and press release on an outbreak at Pasir Panjang Wholesale Market (PPWM)
6. 13th May: discovery of a cluster of febrile staff and patients at the Institute of Mental Health (IMH)
Details on the above can be found in the chronology of press releases on SARS events in Singapore[17 ]. Events 1–5 all involved probable SARS cases, whereas event 6 proved to be a false alarm[18 (link)].
We utilized the following strategy for the analysis. Firstly, we split the outbreak data into two. Data from 14th March to 21st April 2003 was used for model development. We used structural ARIMA models in an attempt to model the number of beds occupied[19 ]. Estimation is via the maximum likelihood method using the Kalman filter[20 ]. For the ARIMA model parameters, we considered the simplest parsimonious lowest order model.
We computed various permutations of the order of correlation (AR), order of integration (I) and order of moving average (MA), and chose the optimal combination of parameters using the mean square error. The correlogram and partial correlogram graphs were also used to help in deciding the order of moving average (MA) and auto-regressive (AR) terms to include in the model. To ensure the model was robust to symmetric nonnormality in the disturbances, including heteroskedasticity, we computed Huber/White/sandwich estimator of variance for the coefficient estimates[21 ]. Before modeling the bed occupancy, we examined whether the series was stationary. In the event of non-stationarity, we opted to set an a-prior value of 1 for starting the Kalman recursions[22 ].
We used the likelihood ratio test to determine if inclusion of other covariates helped improve the fit of the model. Based on the final model selected, we assessed the out-sample validity of the model, by applying the model to predict the number of beds occupied for the remaining period of the outbreak (i.e. 22nd April 2003 to 31st May 2003). In addition, we also made three-day forecasts for selected periods during the outbreak, starting from day 4 of the outbreak. We used the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) to measure and quantify the quality of fit. A lower MAPE value will indicate a better fit of the data. All tests were conducted at the 5% level of significance, and data analysis was performed in Stata V7.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA).
1. 14th Mar: discovery of the TTSH outbreak
2. 22nd Mar: press release that TTSH would dedicated to SARS management
3. 4th Apr: discovery of an outbreak at Singapore General Hospital (SGH)
4. 11th Apr: discovery of an outbreak at National University Hospital (NUH)
5. 20th Apr: discovery and press release on an outbreak at Pasir Panjang Wholesale Market (PPWM)
6. 13th May: discovery of a cluster of febrile staff and patients at the Institute of Mental Health (IMH)
Details on the above can be found in the chronology of press releases on SARS events in Singapore[17 ]. Events 1–5 all involved probable SARS cases, whereas event 6 proved to be a false alarm[18 (link)].
We utilized the following strategy for the analysis. Firstly, we split the outbreak data into two. Data from 14th March to 21st April 2003 was used for model development. We used structural ARIMA models in an attempt to model the number of beds occupied[19 ]. Estimation is via the maximum likelihood method using the Kalman filter[20 ]. For the ARIMA model parameters, we considered the simplest parsimonious lowest order model.
We computed various permutations of the order of correlation (AR), order of integration (I) and order of moving average (MA), and chose the optimal combination of parameters using the mean square error. The correlogram and partial correlogram graphs were also used to help in deciding the order of moving average (MA) and auto-regressive (AR) terms to include in the model. To ensure the model was robust to symmetric nonnormality in the disturbances, including heteroskedasticity, we computed Huber/White/sandwich estimator of variance for the coefficient estimates[21 ]. Before modeling the bed occupancy, we examined whether the series was stationary. In the event of non-stationarity, we opted to set an a-prior value of 1 for starting the Kalman recursions[22 ].
We used the likelihood ratio test to determine if inclusion of other covariates helped improve the fit of the model. Based on the final model selected, we assessed the out-sample validity of the model, by applying the model to predict the number of beds occupied for the remaining period of the outbreak (i.e. 22nd April 2003 to 31st May 2003). In addition, we also made three-day forecasts for selected periods during the outbreak, starting from day 4 of the outbreak. We used the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) to measure and quantify the quality of fit. A lower MAPE value will indicate a better fit of the data. All tests were conducted at the 5% level of significance, and data analysis was performed in Stata V7.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA).
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Arima
Fever
isolation
Mental Health
Mentally Ill Persons
Patients
Salvia miltiorrhiza
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Studies were performed according to the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by the National Institutes of Health (NIH Publications number 85–23, revised 1996) and the China Physiological Society's Guiding Principles in the Care and Use of Animals. Approval was given by the Animal Care Committee of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine. A total of 90 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats weighing 220 g ± 10 g in SPF grade were selected (they were purchased from Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co. Ltd.). QSKL consists of 6 Chinese herbs. Radix Astragali Mongolici (460 g), Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bunge (230 g), Flos Lonicerae (160 g), Scrophularia (160 g), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata (140 g), and Radix Glycyrrhizae (90 g) were purchased from Beijing TongRen-Tang Chinese Medicine Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China). The herbs were sent to the traditional Chinese medicine preparation department of the Pharmacy Department of Beijing China-Japan Friendship Hospital for further extraction and preparation. The major extraction steps were as follows. (1) Herbs were boiled in water for one hour and the extract solution was filtered. This process was repeated three times. (2) Water extract was concentrated at high temperature (75°C) and ethanol was added to the concentrated solution. (3) The concentrated solution was precipitated at low temperature (10°C) for 16 hours. (4) The supernatant was concentrated at high temperature (60°C) after alcohol precipitation. (5) The sediment was dried for 5 hours at vacuum degree of −0.1 MPa. (6) The dry material was screened over an 80-mesh sieve for crushing. After preparation, the extracted QSKL was enriched by 5 times. We administered extracted QSKL dissolved in water to rats. To control the quality of the QSKL extract, the fingerprint spectrum was established by the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, and the typical chromatogram is shown in Figure 1 . The daily raw dosage of QSKL administered to the rats was 18.66 g/kg [18 (link), 19 ]. The concentrated dosage administered to rats was 3.732 g/kg.
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Aconite
Animal Care Committees
Animals
Animals, Laboratory
Chinese
Cold Temperature
Ethanol
Fever
Flowers
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies
Huang Qi
Males
Pharmaceutical Preparations
physiology
Plant Roots
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Rattus
Rivers
Salvia miltiorrhiza
Scrophularia
Vacuum
Ten patients who presented with acute CHIKF to the Communicable Disease Centre at Tan Tock Seng Hospital (CDC/TTSH), the national infectious disease referral centre in Singapore, during the outbreak period from January to February 2008, were included in this study. An acute case of CHIKF was defined as any case with clinical features consistent with CHIKF, and had CHIKV infection confirmed by either reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or virus isolation [53] (link), [54] (link). The study was approved by the institution's domain-specific ethics review board (DSRB Reference No. B/08/026). Written consent was obtained from each patient and healthy control subject.
Plasma samples were obtained from patients during the acute phase of their illness. Data on demographic characteristics, pre-morbid conditions, clinical features, and routine hematological and biochemical laboratory test findings (i.e. full blood count, renal and liver function tests, C-reactive protein) were also collected. All symptomatic patients were isolated at CDC/TTSH until the febrile illness resolved and a negative CHIKV RT-PCR test was obtained. During the hospital stay, daily monitoring of body temperature, vital parameters, and blood counts were carried out. A patient was defined as having severe illness, if he had either a maximum temperature of more than 38.5°C, or a maximum pulse rate of more than 100 beats/minute, or a nadir platelet count of less than 100×109/L. Laboratory results were expressed as mean±SD.
In addition, plasma or serum samples from 9 healthy volunteers (who did not have a febrile illness in the preceding week and were not epidemiologically-linked to the outbreak) were also included as controls in our study.
Plasma samples were obtained from patients during the acute phase of their illness. Data on demographic characteristics, pre-morbid conditions, clinical features, and routine hematological and biochemical laboratory test findings (i.e. full blood count, renal and liver function tests, C-reactive protein) were also collected. All symptomatic patients were isolated at CDC/TTSH until the febrile illness resolved and a negative CHIKV RT-PCR test was obtained. During the hospital stay, daily monitoring of body temperature, vital parameters, and blood counts were carried out. A patient was defined as having severe illness, if he had either a maximum temperature of more than 38.5°C, or a maximum pulse rate of more than 100 beats/minute, or a nadir platelet count of less than 100×109/L. Laboratory results were expressed as mean±SD.
In addition, plasma or serum samples from 9 healthy volunteers (who did not have a febrile illness in the preceding week and were not epidemiologically-linked to the outbreak) were also included as controls in our study.
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BLOOD
Communicable Diseases
Complete Blood Count
C Reactive Protein
Fever
Healthy Volunteers
Infection
isolation
Kidney
Liver Function Tests
Patients
Plasma
Platelet Counts, Blood
Pulse Rate
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Salvia miltiorrhiza
Serum
Virus
Most recents protocols related to «Salvia miltiorrhiza»
Protocol full text hidden due to copyright restrictions
Open the protocol to access the free full text link
Adult
Salvia miltiorrhiza
QGHXR consists of Bupleurum abchasicum Manden., Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge, Trionyx sinensis Wiegmann and Pueraria lobate (Willd.) Ohwi (Jiangyin Tianjiang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., No. 19102524, No. 19070598, No. 19101349, No. 19090910, No. 19091622). QGHXR were concentrated and dissolved to 7.41 g/kg by using double distilled water. In our previous study, the dose has been explored and verified through experiments 17 . Based on the previous studies, the contents of puerarin, baicalin, baicalein and wogonin were treated by HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) to ensure the quality control of Chinese herbal medicine. Lieber-DeCarli control liquid feed (F1259SP) and alcoholic liquid feed (F1258SP) were purchased from Bio-serv, USA company. 4% paraformaldehyde fixative was obtained from Beyotime biotechnology, Shanghai, China. Trichloromethane (10006818), isopropyl alcohol (80109218) and anhydrous ethanol (10009257) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Total RNA Extraction Kits (19211ES60) and Fluorescent dye (1120E03) come from Yeasen Biotech Co., Ltd. Reverse Transcription Kits (KR118) were purchased from TIANGEN BIOTECH (BEIJING) Co., LTD.
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Absolute Alcohol
Alcoholics
baicalein
baicalin
Bupleurum
Chinese
Chloroform
Fixatives
Fluorescent Dyes
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies
Huangqin
Isopropyl Alcohol
Medicinal Herbs
paraform
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Pueraria
puerarin
Reverse Transcription
Salvia miltiorrhiza
wogonin
TCMNPAS, a network pharmacological analysis system of TCM, was independently developed and designed by Professor Yang Ming in Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM Network Pharmacology Analysis System v1.0 [CP/CD], Copyright Registration No., 2019SR1127090, http://54.223.75.62:3838/ ). It is mainly used for network pharmacological analysis of TCM compound prescription and its chemical ingredients, and provides one-stop solution for complex data analysis. The five herbs of QGHXR, Bupleurum abchasicum Manden., Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge, Pueraria lobate (Willd.) Ohwi, and Trionyx sinensis Wiegmann were input into the retrieval module and HIT, TCMID, STITCH, TCMSP and CUSTOM databases were selected. The QED value was set to 0.2, and the compound-target association score was set to 400. (Limitations: the database does not include the chemical composition of animal drugs. Most of traditional Chinese medicines come from plant leaves, stems, roots, etc., but a few medicines are fur or tissue from animals, called animal drugs. The Trionyx sinensis Wiegmann comes from the shell of a turtle, thus there is no research data in the database. It is one of the limitations in the present study).
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Animals
Bupleurum
chemical composition
Huangqin
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Plant Leaves
Plant Roots
Pueraria
Salvia miltiorrhiza
Stem, Plant
Tissues
Turtle
Herbs in ZGJTSXF [composed of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.), Bunge, Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaetn.) Libosch. ex Fisch. et Mey., Pueraria lobata (Willd.), Ohwi, Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc., Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Coptis chinensis Franch., Ophiopogon japonicus (Linn. f.) Ker-Gawl. and Crataegus pinnatifida Bge] were provided by herbal pharmacy of First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine (Hunan, China) and authenticated by Professor Professor Yong-jun Wu from School of Pharmacy of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine. We weighed each medicinal material accurately and soaked it in distilled water for one hour. The drugs were boiled twice in water, each time for one hour. A water decoction containing the 2 g·mL−1 original medicinal material was prepared from the double-extracted solutions using filtration, concentration, and packaging. The resulting decoction was stored in a refrigerator (4°C) until it was used.
Take 15 ml of herbal decoction, centrifuge at a high speed (12,000 rpm, 15 min), and analyze the supernatants using ultra high performance liquid chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS). UPLC-Q-TOF/MS grade acetonitrile and HPLC grade acetonitrile, methanol, formic acid, were provided by Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS analysis was analyzed on a Waters Corporation Xbridge BEH C18 (2.1 mm×100 mm, 2.6 m) system, which was maintained at 40°C. The flow rate was set at 0.3mL/min, and the injection volume was 10 µL. The mobile phase was consisted of 0.1% formic acid water (A) - 0.1% formic acid acetonitrile (B) (0~1.5 min, 2%~2% B; 1.5~20 min, 2%~45% B; 20~27 min, 45%~95% B; 27~32 min, 95%~95% B; 32~32.1 min, 95%~2% B; 32.1~35 min, 2%~2% B). The eluent was detected by a quadrupole orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometer in the ESI positive and negative ion mode. The raw data were processed using Xcalibur 4.3 and Compound Discoverer 3.2 software (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA).
Take 15 ml of herbal decoction, centrifuge at a high speed (12,000 rpm, 15 min), and analyze the supernatants using ultra high performance liquid chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS). UPLC-Q-TOF/MS grade acetonitrile and HPLC grade acetonitrile, methanol, formic acid, were provided by Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS analysis was analyzed on a Waters Corporation Xbridge BEH C18 (2.1 mm×100 mm, 2.6 m) system, which was maintained at 40°C. The flow rate was set at 0.3mL/min, and the injection volume was 10 µL. The mobile phase was consisted of 0.1% formic acid water (A) - 0.1% formic acid acetonitrile (B) (0~1.5 min, 2%~2% B; 1.5~20 min, 2%~45% B; 20~27 min, 45%~95% B; 27~32 min, 95%~95% B; 32~32.1 min, 95%~2% B; 32.1~35 min, 2%~2% B). The eluent was detected by a quadrupole orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometer in the ESI positive and negative ion mode. The raw data were processed using Xcalibur 4.3 and Compound Discoverer 3.2 software (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA).
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acetonitrile
Astragalus membranaceus
Chinese
Coptis chinensis
Cornus
Crataegus
Filtration
formic acid
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies
Medicinal Herbs
Methanol
Ophiopogon japonicus
Panax ginseng
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Pueraria lobata
Rehmannia glutinosa
Salvia miltiorrhiza
Spectrometry
We prospectively recruited patient-caregiver dyads of community-dwelling older adults and their family caregivers attending the memory clinic, Department of Geriatric Medicine, in Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, from September 2018 to October 2019. We included patients who were: (a) 65 years and above, (b) diagnosed with dementia or MCI, and (c) living in the community. We defined family caregivers as family members aged 21 years and above who was most involved in the provision of daily care and familiar with the patient’s social and medical status. In the case of MCI patients, caregivers may not be heavily involved in the assistance with activities of daily living, but they still assist with arranging for, accompanying, and/or supervising medical appointments, social activities, and healthy lifestyle-related tasks (such as physical activity and nutrition).
Caregivers who were not family members or were unable to understand English or Mandarin were excluded. Among 204 eligible caregiver-patient dyads, 2 caregivers did not complete the questionnaire, yielding 202 dyads in the final analysis. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the National Healthcare Group.
We administered the survey in English or Mandarin. Survey items included socio-demographic characteristics such as age, gender, education level, marital status, work status, presence of domestic helper, living arrangement (living with or apart from the patient), and relationship to the patient.
The 22-item ZBI was used in this study. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0=“never” to 4=“always”. Item scores can be summated to provide a total score ranging from 0 to 88, where higher scores represent higher levels of burden. We previously validated the 4-factor structure of ZBI-22 that accounted for 62.2% of the variance, namely: Factor 1: demands of care and social impact on the caregiver (role strain 1, RS1); Factor 2: confidence or control over the situation (role strain 2, RS2); Factor 3: psychological impact on the caregiver (personal strain, PS); and Factor 4: worry about caregiving performance (WaP).18 (link) The 4-factor structure has been shown to be superior to the 2-factor and 3-factor structures.11
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to assess symptoms of anxiety and depression in caregivers.19 (link) This scale has been used in caregivers and the community setting.20 (link) The 14-item scale contains 2 7-item subscale measuring anxiety (HADS-A) and depression (HADS-D). Total scores for each subscale ranged from 0 to 21, with higher scores representing higher levels of anxiety or depression symptoms. A cut-off of ≥8 cut-off was used in both HADS-D and HADS-A to denote significant depressive and anxiety symptoms.20 (link)
Caregivers who were not family members or were unable to understand English or Mandarin were excluded. Among 204 eligible caregiver-patient dyads, 2 caregivers did not complete the questionnaire, yielding 202 dyads in the final analysis. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the National Healthcare Group.
We administered the survey in English or Mandarin. Survey items included socio-demographic characteristics such as age, gender, education level, marital status, work status, presence of domestic helper, living arrangement (living with or apart from the patient), and relationship to the patient.
The 22-item ZBI was used in this study. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0=“never” to 4=“always”. Item scores can be summated to provide a total score ranging from 0 to 88, where higher scores represent higher levels of burden. We previously validated the 4-factor structure of ZBI-22 that accounted for 62.2% of the variance, namely: Factor 1: demands of care and social impact on the caregiver (role strain 1, RS1); Factor 2: confidence or control over the situation (role strain 2, RS2); Factor 3: psychological impact on the caregiver (personal strain, PS); and Factor 4: worry about caregiving performance (WaP).18 (link) The 4-factor structure has been shown to be superior to the 2-factor and 3-factor structures.11
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to assess symptoms of anxiety and depression in caregivers.19 (link) This scale has been used in caregivers and the community setting.20 (link) The 14-item scale contains 2 7-item subscale measuring anxiety (HADS-A) and depression (HADS-D). Total scores for each subscale ranged from 0 to 21, with higher scores representing higher levels of anxiety or depression symptoms. A cut-off of ≥8 cut-off was used in both HADS-D and HADS-A to denote significant depressive and anxiety symptoms.20 (link)
Anxiety
Dementia
Depressive Symptoms
Ethics Committees, Research
Family Caregivers
Family Member
Fibrinogen
Gender
Memory
Patients
Salvia miltiorrhiza
Strains
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Acetonitrile is a highly polar, aprotic organic solvent commonly used in analytical and synthetic chemistry applications. It has a low boiling point and is miscible with water and many organic solvents. Acetonitrile is a versatile solvent that can be utilized in various laboratory procedures, such as HPLC, GC, and extraction processes.
Sourced in United States, China, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, Japan, Canada, Italy, France, Switzerland, New Zealand, Brazil, Belgium, India, Spain, Israel, Austria, Poland, Ireland, Sweden, Macao, Netherlands, Denmark, Cameroon, Singapore, Portugal, Argentina, Holy See (Vatican City State), Morocco, Uruguay, Mexico, Thailand, Sao Tome and Principe, Hungary, Panama, Hong Kong, Norway, United Arab Emirates, Czechia, Russian Federation, Chile, Moldova, Republic of, Gabon, Palestine, State of, Saudi Arabia, Senegal
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
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The LPS laboratory equipment is a high-precision device used for various applications in scientific research and laboratory settings. It is designed to accurately measure and monitor specific parameters essential for various experimental procedures. The core function of the LPS is to provide reliable and consistent data collection, ensuring the integrity of research results. No further details or interpretations can be provided while maintaining an unbiased and factual approach.
Sourced in Switzerland, China
Valsartan is a pharmaceutical product used as a lab equipment. It is a synthetic angiotensin II receptor antagonist that blocks the effects of angiotensin II, a hormone that regulates blood pressure.
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β-actin is a cytoskeletal protein that is ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotic cells. It is an important component of the microfilament system and is involved in various cellular processes such as cell motility, structure, and integrity.
Sourced in United States, Germany, China, Sao Tome and Principe, United Kingdom, India, Japan, Macao, Canada, France, Italy, Switzerland, Egypt, Poland, Hungary, Denmark, Indonesia, Singapore, Sweden, Belgium, Malaysia, Israel, Spain, Czechia
STZ is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by Merck Group. It is designed for use in scientific research and experiments. The core function of STZ is to serve as a tool for carrying out specific tasks or procedures in a laboratory setting. No further details or interpretation of its intended use are provided.
Sourced in United Kingdom, United States
The DCFDA-Cellular Reactive Oxygen Species Detection Assay Kit is a fluorometric assay designed to detect and quantify intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells. The kit utilizes 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA) as a fluorogenic dye that measures hydroxyl, peroxyl, and other ROS activity within the cell.
More about "Salvia miltiorrhiza"
Salvia miltiorrhiza, also known as Danshen, is a perennial herb native to China and widely utilized in traditional Chinese medicine.
This versatile plant is renowned for its potential therapeutic effects on cardiovascular and neurological conditions.
The roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza contain a variety of bioactive compounds, including tanshinones and phenolic acids, which have demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties in preclinical studies.
Researchers studying Salvia miltiorrhiza can leverage the power of PubCompare.ai's AI-driven protocol optimization to locate, compare, and identify the most effective methods for advancing their research with improved reproducibility.
This platform can help researchers optimize extraction and purification techniques to ensure the quality and efficacy of Salvia miltiorrhiza-based products.
In addition to exploring the medicinal applications of this herb, researchers may also utilize Milli-Q water purification systems, formic acid, HPLC-grade acetonitrile, and other reagents to ensure the accuracy and reliability of their experiments.
Techniques such as HPLC and Western blotting, using β-actin as a loading control, can be employed to analyze the bioactive compounds and their mechanisms of action.
Animal models, such as those involving streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation, can provide valuable insights into the therapeutic potential of Salvia miltiorrhiza.
The DCFDA-Cellular Reactive Oxygen Species Detection Assay Kit can be utilized to assess the antioxidant properties of Salvia miltiorrhiza extracts or compounds, while Valsartan may serve as a positive control in cardiovascular-related studies.
By leveraging the insights gained from the MeSH term description and the metadescription, researchers can advance their understanding of Salvia miltiorrhiza and its medicinal applications, ultimately contributing to the development of innovative therapies and products.
This versatile plant is renowned for its potential therapeutic effects on cardiovascular and neurological conditions.
The roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza contain a variety of bioactive compounds, including tanshinones and phenolic acids, which have demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties in preclinical studies.
Researchers studying Salvia miltiorrhiza can leverage the power of PubCompare.ai's AI-driven protocol optimization to locate, compare, and identify the most effective methods for advancing their research with improved reproducibility.
This platform can help researchers optimize extraction and purification techniques to ensure the quality and efficacy of Salvia miltiorrhiza-based products.
In addition to exploring the medicinal applications of this herb, researchers may also utilize Milli-Q water purification systems, formic acid, HPLC-grade acetonitrile, and other reagents to ensure the accuracy and reliability of their experiments.
Techniques such as HPLC and Western blotting, using β-actin as a loading control, can be employed to analyze the bioactive compounds and their mechanisms of action.
Animal models, such as those involving streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation, can provide valuable insights into the therapeutic potential of Salvia miltiorrhiza.
The DCFDA-Cellular Reactive Oxygen Species Detection Assay Kit can be utilized to assess the antioxidant properties of Salvia miltiorrhiza extracts or compounds, while Valsartan may serve as a positive control in cardiovascular-related studies.
By leveraging the insights gained from the MeSH term description and the metadescription, researchers can advance their understanding of Salvia miltiorrhiza and its medicinal applications, ultimately contributing to the development of innovative therapies and products.