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African American

African American: A term used to refer to individuals of African descent who have origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa.
This population often faces unique health challenges and may require specialized research protocols to address disparities.
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Explore our platform to uncover cutting-edge insights and optimize your African American research today.

Most cited protocols related to «African American»

Imputation of African American Genotypes

We obtained genotype data for the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI)^{19 (link)} study from dbGaP (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gap). The dataset included 8,421 African Americans genotyped on Affymetrix 6.0. We removed SNPs with genotype call rates < 90%, HWE P < 10⁻⁶, or MAF < 1%, resulting in 829,370 SNPs passing quality control criteria. For our imputation experiments we masked every 10^th SNP and repeated in sliding windows, such that each analysis was informed by ~90% of the array SNPs and every array SNP was imputed exactly once.

Howie B., Fuchsberger C., Stephens M., Marchini J, & Abecasis G.R. (2012). Fast and accurate genotype imputation in genome-wide association studies through pre-phasing. Nature genetics, 44(8), 955-959.

Publication 2012

African American Genotype Woman

Bootstrapping Qualitative Datasets Across Disciplines

We selected three existing qualitative datasets to which we applied the bootstrapping method. Although the datasets were all generated from individual interviews analyzed using an inductive thematic analysis approach, the studies from which they were drawn differed with respect to study population, topics of inquiry, sample heterogeneity, interviewer, and structure of data collection instrument, as described below.
Dataset 1. This study included 40 individual interviews with African American men in the Southeast US about their health seeking behaviors [29 (link)]. The interview guide contained 13 main questions, each with scripted sub-questions. Inductive probing was employed throughout all interviews. The inductive thematic analysis included 11 of the 13 questions and generated 93 unique codes. The study sample was highly homogenous.
Dataset 2. The second dataset consists of 48 individual interviews conducted with (mostly white) mothers in the Southeast US about medical risk and research during pregnancy [30 (link)]. The interview guide contained 13 main questions, each with scripted sub-questions. Inductive probing was employed throughout all interviews. Of note, the 48 interviews were conducted, 12 each, using different modes of data collection: in-person, by video (Skype-like platform), email (asynchronous), or text chat (synchronous). The qualitative thematic analysis included 10 of these questions and generated 85 unique codes.
Dataset 3. This study included 60 interviews with women at higher risk of HIV acquisition—30 participants in Kenya and 30 in South Africa [31 (link)]. The interview was a follow-up qualitative inquiry into women’s responses on a quantitative survey. Though there were 14 questions on the guide, only data from three questions were included in the thematic analysis referenced here. Those three questions generated 55 codes. Participants from the two sites were similar demographically with the exceptions of education and marital status. Substantially more women from the Kenya sample were married and living with their partners (63% versus 3%) and were less likely to have completed at least some secondary education. All interviews were conducted in a local language.
Data from all three studies were digitally recorded and transcribed using a transcription protocol [32 ]; transcripts were translated to English for Dataset 3. Transcripts were imported into NVivo [33 ] to facilitate coding and analysis. All three datasets were analyzed using a systematic inductive thematic approach [2 ], and all codes were explicitly defined in a codebook following a standard template [34 ]. For Datasets 1 & 2, two analysts coded each transcript independently and compared code application after each transcript. Discrepancies in code application were resolved through discussion, resulting in consensus-coded documents. For Dataset 3, two coders conducted this type of inter-coder reliability assessment on 20% of the interviews (a standard, more efficient approach than double-coding all interviews [2 ]). All three studies were reviewed and approved by the FHI 360 Protection of Human Subjects Committee; the study which produced Dataset 3 was also reviewed and approved by local IRBs in Kenya and South Africa.

Guest G., Namey E, & Chen M. (2020). A simple method to assess and report thematic saturation in qualitative research. PLoS ONE, 15(5), e0232076.

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Publication 2020

African American Ethics Committees, Research Genetic Heterogeneity Homo sapiens Homozygote Interviewers Mothers Pregnancy Transcription, Genetic Woman

Religious Orders Study: Neurobiology of Aging

The Religious Orders Study enrolls Catholic nuns, priests and brothers, from more than 40 groups across the United States (Figure 1). Participants are without known dementia and agree to annual clinical evaluation and brain donation (some in the Chicago area also agree to donate, spinal cord, nerve, and muscle). Each subject signs a consent form and an Anatomical Gift Act. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Rush University Medical Center.
The study primarily recruits persons living communally, including employed (e.g., Teaching Orders) and retired (e.g., Missionary Orders) persons. The study includes three predominantly African American communities in New York, Baltimore, and New Orleans, and enrolls Hispanic sisters primarily from communities in and around San Antonio. All data collection forms have been translated into Spanish. Working with religious communities offers a number of advantages. First, they are altruistic and have a history of participating in research projects from which they may derive little to no personal benefit. Second, they live communally and loss of contact with participants is rare, facilitating the high follow-up and autopsy rates required to ensure internal study validity. Third, their wishes for organ donation are likely to be honored by the Superior and biological family members are unlikely to interfere with the participants’ written preference. Finally, the participants have similar education, socioeconomic and life experiences for most of their adult lives. This allows for tighter control of these potentially confounding variables in analyses of incident AD and cognitive decline.
The study design (Figure 2) supports the following analyses in a single dataset: 1) the association of neurobiologic indices with AD, MCI, and cognition proximate to death and over multiple years prior to death; 2) the association of risk factors for incident AD, incident MCI, and cognitive decline; and 3) the modeling of neurobiologic pathways linking risk factors to clinical phenotypes. The collection of parkinsonian signs and other measures of motor function allow for similar analyses to be conducted with motor function and decline, and disability.

Bennett D.A., Schneider J.A., Arvanitakis Z, & Wilson R.S. (2012). OVERVIEW AND FINDINGS FROM THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS STUDY. Current Alzheimer research, 9(6), 628-645.

Publication 2012

Adult African American Autopsy Biopharmaceuticals Brain Brothers Cognition Dementia Disabled Persons Disorders, Cognitive Ethics Committees, Research Family Member Hispanic or Latino Hispanics Life Experiences Missionaries Muscle Tissue Nervousness Nuns Organ Transplantation Phenotype Priests Roman Catholics Spinal Cord

TARA Study: African-American Body Characteristics

Body characteristics for participants in the TARA study are shown in Table 1. Subjects were 223 African Americans (Table 1, 43.5% male), age 35 years (34.8 ± 7.7), range 20–50 years, BMI 30.0 ± 7.7, range 18.5–54.7 kg/m². The BMI range of TARA participants was similar to that of the BetaGene subjects. Data from the TARA subjects have been previously reported (18 (link),19 (link)). Subjects were born in the United States and each subject reported that both parents were African-American. Oral glucose tolerance tests revealed previously unknown impaired glucose tolerance in 25% and diabetes in 2%. Twenty percent were hypertensive. Women were premenopausal; 41% of the females were obese. Recruitment was accomplished through flyers, newsletters, and websites. The institutional review board of National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (NIDDK) approved the study, and all subjects gave informed consent.
Hip circumference in all TARA participants was measured by a single observer (N.G.S.) over nonrestrictive underwear or light-weight shorts, at the level of the maximum extension of the buttocks posteriorly in a horizontal plane. The mean of the three determinations was recorded. Similar to the BetaGene study, whole-body composition measurements were performed with a Hologic QDR4500A dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer (Hologic) in the array mode using software version 5.71A.

Bergman R.N., Stefanovski D., Buchanan T.A., Sumner A.E., Reynolds J.C., Sebring N.G., Xiang A.H, & Watanabe R.M. (2011). A Better Index of Body Adiposity. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 19(5), 1083-1089.

Publication 2011

African American Buttocks Childbirth Diabetes Mellitus Diabetic Nephropathy Digestive System Digestive System Disorders Ethics Committees, Research Females Human Body Intolerances, Glucose Kidney Kidney Diseases Light Males Measure, Body Obesity Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Parent Radiography Woman

Biomedical Assessment Recruitment Protocol

The overarching objective was to allow for broad participation in the biomedical assessments. Thus, all living Project 1 (national survey) respondents were considered eligible for participation if their existing health information indicated an ability to travel to the clinic without excessive risk to the respondent or project staff. Siblings of main sample respondents were not part of the recruitment pool (primarily because of cost), but members of the twin sample were included. Members of the Milwaukee sample of African Americans, newly recruited at MIDUS II, were also part of the recruitment pool. Eligible respondents were first sent a letter explaining what the biological project was about. A brochure sent with the letter sketched the key objectives of the biomedical assessments, outlined what would be included in the clinic visit, and explained how financial matters related to respondents’ time and travel would be handled. Follow-up phone calls were then made to provide additional details and answer any questions the respondent might have. All travel expenses to and from the clinics were covered, and project staff also helped arrange travel itineraries. For aged individuals, or those concerned about traveling alone, an option was provided to travel to the clinic with a companion. Respondents were given $200 in consideration of their two-day visit to the medical clinic. For some, childcare costs were also provided. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at each participating center, and informed written consent was obtained for all participants.

Love G.D., Seeman T.E., Weinstein M, & Ryff C.D. (2010). Bioindicators in the MIDUS National Study: Protocol, Measures, Sample, and Comparative Context. Journal of aging and health, 22(8), 1059-1080.

Publication 2010

African American Aged Biopharmaceuticals Clinic Visits Companions Ethics Committees, Research Sibling Twins

Most recents protocols related to «African American»

Elevated Endothelin-1 Levels in HIVAN Patients

Not available on PMC !

Example 2

As shown in FIG. 1, ET-1 in HIVAN patients was significantly elevated (4.66±0.20 pg/ml) compared to African American HIV positive (2.66±0.13 pg/ml), Caucasian HIV positive patients (1.76±0.09 pg/ml) and healthy African American (0.3±0.08 pg/ml) and Caucasian (0.44±0.12) controls (P<0.001 for all groups). All HIV positive patients had higher concentrations of ET-1 when compared to controls without HIV infection in the following order: HIVAN (n=65)>African American HIV⁺ patients (n=63) (P=<0.001)>Caucasian HIV⁺ patients (n=59) (P<0.001)>healthy African American (n=77) and Caucasian (n=58) controls (P<0.001). Brackets denote significant differences between groups.

US11874283B2. Method and compositions for the treatment and detection of endothelin-1 related kidney diseases (2024-01-16). MOREHOUSE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE [US]. Inventors: Gale W. Newman [US], James W. Lillard, Jr. [US], Chamberlain Obialo [US].

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Patent 2024

African American HIV Infections Patients Plasma White Person

Ethnic Differences in Macrophage ECE-1 Expression

Not available on PMC !

Example 5

ECE-1 converts biologically inactive big ET-1 into the biologically active ET-1 peptide. Thus, over-expression of ECE-1 can lead to increased production of ET-1. Peripheral blood derived macrophages from the above described ethnic groups were treated as described above. ECE-1 mRNA was detected using real time quantitative PCR and normalized against 18s rRNA. Differences in macrophage ECE-1 mRNA expression between ethnic and treatment groups are shown in FIG. 4. Brackets denote significant differences between groups.

HIV Nef induced the greatest amount of ECE-1 mRNA in African American HIV positive macrophages, which was significantly higher than all the other groups (P<0.02). Macrophages from African American HIV positive and HIVAN patients had significantly increased ECE-1 mRNA expression when cultured in media only or treated with HIV Nef (P<0.02 and P<0.001, respectively) compared to the healthy controls and Caucasian HIV positive patients. LPS treatment did not significantly increase ECE-1 mRNA in any groups when compared to the other treatments. No significant differences were found between the Caucasian HIV positive patients responses and the healthy group. HIV gp120 did not induce any detectable ECE-1 mRNA from any of the macrophages (data not shown).

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Patent 2024

African American Culture Media Grouping, Blood HIV Envelope Protein gp120 HIV Seropositivity Macrophage Patients Peptides Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA, Messenger RNA, Ribosomal, 18S White Person

Preproendothelin-1 Expression in HIV Macrophages

Not available on PMC !

Example 4

Preproendothelin-1 (ppET-1) is the precursor polypeptide processed to big ET-1 and then cleaved by ECE-1 to produce the active ET-1 peptide. Peripheral blood derived macrophage were cultured with media only (control), 100 ng/ml LPS, 10 ng/ml HIV Nef or 10 ng/ml HIV gp120 for 4 hours. PpET-1 mRNA was detected using real time quantitative PCR and normalized against 18s rRNA. All other significant differences are denoted by the brackets. As shown in FIG. 3, all HIV positive patients had significantly higher expression of ppET-1 mRNA when compared to the healthy controls under all treatment conditions (P<0.003). ppET-1 mRNA expression was highest in macrophages from HIVAN patients treated with HIV Nef when compared to all other groups (P<0.003). African American HIV positive patients, including HIVAN patients, had significantly higher amounts of ppET-1 mRNA expressed in cells cultured in media or treated with HIV Nef compared to HIV⁺ Caucasian patients (P<0.003). LPS treatment of HIVAN patients' macrophages stimulated significantly more ppET-1 (P<0.03) than LPS treatment of macrophages from Caucasian HIV positive patients. In all cases, except cells from the healthy controls, LPS increased ppET-1 mRNA expression when compared to cells cultured in media only (P<0.02).

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Patent 2024

African American BLOOD Caucasoid Races Cells Culture Media HIV Envelope Protein gp120 HIV Seropositivity Macrophage Patients Peptides Polypeptides PPET Preproendothelin-1 Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA, Messenger RNA, Ribosomal, 18S

Preoperative Renal Function Assessment

Preoperative factors (age, sex, race, height, weight, medical comorbidities, and preoperative laboratory values), intraoperative factors (surgical duration and procedure type), and complications (progressive renal insufficiency and acute renal failure) were extracted from NSQIP and included in this study. NSQIP collects data for 30 days postoperatively, therefore all complications including AKI are within one month after surgery. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using height and weight.
The eGFR was calculated using the following equations, utilizing the preoperative sCr taken closest to the time before surgery:

MDRD II equation [11 (link)]: eGFR = 186 × sCr − 1.154 × Age − 0.203 × (0.742 if female) × (1.210 if African − American)

Re-expressed MDRD II equation [12 (link)]: eGFR = 175 × sCr − 1.154 × Age − 0.203 × (0.742 if female) × (1.210 if African − American)

CG equation [13 (link)]: eGFR = [(140 − Age) × Weight/(72 × sCr)] × (0.85 if female)

This equation is adjusted for body surface area: (1.73 m² × CG)/BSA，where BSA = 0.007184 × weight 0.425 × height 0.725

Mayo equation [14 (link)]: eGFR = exp [1.911 + 5.249/sCr − 2.114/sCr² − 0.00686 × Age − (0.205 if female)], if sCr < 0.8 mg/dL then sCr = 0.8

CKD-EPI Equation [15 (link)]: eGFR = 141 × min (sCr/κ, 1)α × max (sCr/κ, 1) − 1.209 × 0.993Age × 1.018 [if female] × 1.159 [if African − American], where κ is 0.9 for males and 0.7 for females, α is –0.411 for males and –0.329 for females, min demonstrates the minimum of sCr/κ or 1, and max demonstrates the maximum of sCR/κ or 1 [15 (link)].

The preoperative eGFRs calculated by the five different equations were stratified into categories based on KDIGO classification: Stage 1: ≥ 90, Stage 2: < 90–60, Stage 3a: < 60–45, Stage 3b: < 45–30, Stage 4: < 30–15, and Stage 5: < 15 mL/min/1.73 m² [6 (link)].

Mekkawy K.L., Chaudhry Y.P., Rao S.S., Raad M., Amin R.M, & Khanuja H.S. (2023). Comparing five equations to calculate estimated glomerular filtration rate to predict acute kidney injury following total joint arthroplasty. Arthroplasty, 5, 14.

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Publication 2023

African American Body Surface Area EGFR protein, human Females Index, Body Mass Kidney Failure, Acute Males Operative Surgical Procedures Renal Insufficiency

Preterm Birth and Neonatal Outcomes Analysis

Preterm birth was the primary outcome of this study, which was defined as births before 37 completed weeks of gestation. The World Health Organization (WHO) further subdivided preterm birth based on gestational age: extremely preterm (< 28 weeks), very preterm (28 to < 32 weeks), and moderate or late preterm (32 to < 37 weeks) [23 (link)]. Secondary outcomes were NICU admission, low birthweight and small for gestational age. Low birthweight was defined as a birthweight < 2500 g, and small for gestational age was defined as a birthweight less than the 10th percentile. The following variables were collected: maternal age at delivery (years), race [Asian, Black (Black or African American), White, other (American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and more than one race)], education [less than 12 grade, high school/general educational development (GED), some college or associate degree (AA), bachelor or higher], pre-pregnancy weight (lb), pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) (BMI < 18.5 kg/m², underweight; BMI = 18.5–24.9 kg/m², normal; BMI = 25.0–29.9 kg/m², overweight; BMI = 30.0–34.9 kg/m², obesity), delivery weight (lb), weight gain (lb), smoking before pregnancy (yes or no), smoking status 1st/2nd/3rd trimester (mother-reported smoking in the three trimesters of pregnancy, yes or no), hypertension eclampsia (yes or no), gestational hypertension (yes or no), pre-pregnancy hypertension (yes or no), number of prenatal visits, the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC, receipt of WIC food for the mother during this pregnancy, yes or no), plurality, prior birth now living, prior birth now dead, prior other terminations, total birth order, gestational age (weeks), newborn sex (female or male), birth weight (g), infertility treatment used (yes or no), pregnancy method (natural pregnancy, pregnancy via ART), method of delivery [spontaneous, non-spontaneous (forceps, vacuum, cesarean)], preterm birth [extremely preterm, very preterm, moderate or late preterm; spontaneous, indicated (forceps, vacuum, cesarean)], NICU admission, low birthweight (yes or no), and small for gestational age (yes or no). WIC is a program intended to help low income pregnant women, infants, and children through age 5 receive proper nutrition by providing vouchers for food, nutrition counseling, health care screenings and referrals; it is administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Dataset_Documentation/DVS/natality/UserGuide2019-508.pdf). Infertility treatment referred to using fertility enhancing drugs, artificial insemination, intrauterine insemination, or using ART. ART included in vitro fertilization (IVF), gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), and zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT). Information on variables is available at https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/index.htm.

Lu L., He L., Hu J, & Li J. (2023). Association between very advanced maternal age women with gestational diabetes mellitus and the risks of adverse infant outcomes: a cohort study from the NVSS 2014–2019. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 23, 158.

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Publication 2023

African American Alaskan Natives American Indians Artificial Insemination Asian Americans Birth Birth Weight Child Eclampsia Fertility Agents Fertilization in Vitro Food Forceps Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer Gestational Age High Blood Pressures Index, Body Mass Infant Infant, Newborn Insemination Males Mothers Native Hawaiians Obesity Obstetric Delivery Pacific Islander Americans Pregnancy Pregnant Women Prehypertension Premature Birth Screening Sterility, Reproductive Transient Hypertension, Pregnancy Vacuum Woman Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer

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More about "African American"

African American individuals, also known as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, are a diverse population with origins in the Black racial groups of Africa.
This community often faces unique health challenges and requires specialized research protocols to address disparities.
PubCompare.ai, a powerful AI-driven platform, helps researchers optimize their African American health investigations by identifying the most effective study designs and products.
Leveraging advanced artificial intelligence, PubCompare.ai streamlines the discovery process, enabling researchers to easily locate the best protocols and products from literature, pre-prints, and patents.
The platform provides cutting-edge insights to help investigators uncover the most effective research strategies for their African American studies.
Researchers can utilize PubCompare.ai to explore a wide range of relevant topics, including the use of statistical software like SAS 9.4, Stata 15, and Stata 14 for data analysis.
Additionally, the platform can assist with the selection of appropriate genetic analysis tools, such as the Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0 and TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays, to uncover genetic factors that may contribute to health disparities in the African American community.
Furhter, PubCompare.ai can guide researchers in the use of common cell culture reagents, like Penicillin/streptomycin and FBS, to ensure their African American health studies are conducted with the utmost rigor and precision.
By leveraging the power of PubCompare.ai, researchers can optimize their investigations and make significant strides in addressing the unique health challenges faced by the African American population.