Social Group

The initial search was implemented on June 17, 2011, in four electronic databases: MEDLINE/PubMed (biomedical sciences, 1946–present), SciVerse Scopus (multidisciplinary; 1823–present), CINAHL/EBSCO (nursing and allied health; 1981–present) and Current Contents Connect/ISI Web of Knowledge (multidisciplinary current awareness; 1998–present). The databases were selected to be comprehensive and to cover a broad range of disciplines. No limits on date, language, subject or type were placed on the database search. The search query consisted of terms considered by the authors to describe the scoping review and its methodology: scoping review, scoping study, scoping project, literature mapping, scoping exercise, scoping report, evidence mapping, systematic mapping, and rapid review. The search query was tailored to the specific requirements of each database (see Additional file 1).
Applying the same search string that was used for the search in SciVerse Scopus (Elsevier), a web search was conducted in SciVerse Hub (Elsevier) to identify gray literature. The a priori decision was made to screen only the first 100 hits (as sorted by relevance by Scopus Hub) after considering the time required to screen each hit and because it was believed that further screening was unlikely to yield many more relevant articles (Stevinson and Lawlor, 2004 (link)). The following websites were also searched manually: the Health Services Delivery Research Programme of the National Institute for Health Research (http://www.netscc.ac.uk/hsdr/), the National Co-ordinating Centre for NHS Service Delivery and Organisation (http://php.york.ac.uk/inst/spru/pubs/main.php), NHS Evidence by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (http://evidence.nhs.uk/), the University of York Social Policy Research Unit (http://php.york.ac.uk/inst/spru/pubs/main.php), the United Kingdom's Department of Health (http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/index.htm), and Google (http://www.google.com).
The reference lists of 10 randomly selected relevant articles (Hazel, 2005 ; Vissandjee et al., 2007 ; Gagliardi et al., 2009 ; Meredith et al., 2009 ; Bassi et al., 2010 (link); Ravenek et al., 2010 (link); Sawka et al., 2010 (link); Churchill et al., 2011 (link); Kushki et al., 2011 (link); Spilsbury et al., 2011 (link)) and eight review articles on scoping reviews (Arksey and O'Malley, 2005 ; Anderson et al., 2008 (link); Davis et al., 2009 (link); Grant and Booth, 2009 (link); Hetrick et al., 2010 (link); Levac et al., 2010 (link); Rumrill et al., 2010 (link); Armstrong et al., 2011 (link)) were manually searched to identify any further scoping reviews not yet captured. A ‘snowball’ technique was also adopted in which citations within articles were searched if they appeared relevant to the review (Hepplestone et al., 2011 ; Jaskiewicz and Tulenko, 2012 ).
A follow-up search of the four bibliographic databases and gray literature sources was conducted on October 1, 2012 to identify any additional scoping reviews published after the initial search [see Additional file 1]. A search of Google with no date restrictions was also conducted at this time; only the first 100 hits (as sorted by relevance by Google) were screened.

The study was conducted in the Maternal and Child Health Services (MCHS) of the various health Centers in Ouagadougou from March to June 2022. In terms of health, the city is divided into five (5) health districts with different coverage sizes, all taken into account for the survey (Fig. 1). The choice of Ouagadougou city was justified by the fact that it brings together almost all the social groups of the different regions of the country, which makes it possible to obtain a picture of regional practices. In 2020, the child population of the city of Ouagadougou was estimated at 188,185 children aged 0–24 months [16 ]. The urban municipality of Ouagadougou is located in the province of Kadiogo in the Center region of Burkina Faso.Fig. 1

Health map of the city of Ouagadougou. Source: [17 ]

The Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (SCBI) manages a captive herd of scimitar-horned oryx to facilitate breeding, scientific research and contribute to the in situ and ex situ conservation of the species. SCBI is a 1,440-ha facility for research and conservation of endangered species and their ecosystems and is located outside the town of Front Royal, VA, in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains (Figures 1A, B). The scimitar-horned oryx herd at SCBI is maintained in several enclosures over an area of 7.47 ha (Figure 1B). Animals are moved between fenced pastures with free access to grazing and to shelters or barn facilities that protect animals from the weather and enable veterinary and animal care procedures. We selected eight adult scimitar-horned oryx (Figure 1C) for this study: one vasectomized male and seven non-pregnant females (Table 1). Initially, the studied animals were part of a social group of 18 adult females, five offspring of the year and the vasectomized male (“Sweeny”). After about 6 months, the male was permanently separated from the female herd and transferred to his own pasture and barn, in visual and olfactory proximity to other oryx. Animal care personnel interacted twice daily with scimitar-horned oryx for feeding, check-ups, care, and cleaning of the barn at approximately 08h00 and 14h00 local time. The animals had free access to pastures and hay and received pellet food once a day at about 15h00. Between August and November 2019, the female herd was temporarily kept in the largest grazing area (outlined by white lines in Figure 1B) due to barn maintenance.

The individual, household, community, and facility-level predictor variables used in the analysis were based on a literature review and information available in the NFHS-5. Individual-level characteristics included were women’s age in years (15–24, 25–34, 35–49), gestational age in weeks ( < = 8, 9–20, >=20), years of schooling (no schooling, < 10 years, >=10 years) and reasons for the abortion (Life risk/medical reasons, sex-selective abortions, unintended pregnancies). The analysis also took into account household characteristics like social group (scheduled caste/scheduled tribe-SC/ST, other backward classes-OBC, Non-SC/ST/OBC), wealth quintile (poorest, poorer, middle, richer, richest), and community-level characteristics such as place of residence (rural, urban), and geographical regions (North, Central, East, North East, West, South). Facility and provider-level features like the method of abortion (medicine, manual vacuum aspiration-MVA, other surgical, other/do not know), place of abortion (public, private, home/other), and the person who performed the abortion (doctor, other health care provider-HCP, self) were also included. Abortions before nine gestational weeks are suggested to be carried out through medicine, while abortions in the advanced gestational weeks require more invasive procedures, and beyond 20 weeks’ abortions are more likely to be performed due to major health complications [24 ].