A systematic search in MEDLINE PubMed was performed with the use of various combinations of the following search terms: alternate day fasting, intermittent fasting, fasting, intermittent energy restriction, meal frequency, meal skipping, meal timing, late day eating, late day meals, evening eating, evening meals, obesity, body weight, weight loss, cardiovascular risk, coronary heart disease (CHD), cholesterol, plasma lipids, lipid profile, blood pressure, glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance. Articles were excluded if they did not include original data; if they were editorials, letters, comments, or conferences proceedings; or if they did not meet the inclusion criteria described below. References of the retrieved articles were also screened for additional studies. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) randomized, controlled trials and nonrandomized trials; (2) cohort and observational studies; (3) sample size ≥7 subjects per study arm for intervention studies; (4) primary end points of body weight or ≥1 relevant cardiovascular risk parameters; (5) age between 18 and 75 years; (6) nonsmokers; and (7) sedentary or moderately active individuals. Exclusion criteria included (1) trials that included dietary supplements, pharmacological substances, or exercise; (2) individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus; and (3) very active individuals or athletes. This search was limited to clinical trials with human subjects reported in the English language.
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Athletes
Athletes
Athletes are individuals who partcipate in physical sports and activities, often at a high level of performance.
They may engage in a variety of competitive events, from individual sports like running and swimming to team sports like soccer and basketball.
Athletes typically undergo rigorous training regimens to develop their physical skills, endurance, and strength.
They may also work with coaches, nutritionists, and other support staff to optimize their performance and recovery.
Maintaining good health and preventing injuries are crucial for athletes to succeed in their chosen sports.
Overall, athletes are dedicated individuals who push the boundaries of human physical capabilities through their commitment to their craft.
They may engage in a variety of competitive events, from individual sports like running and swimming to team sports like soccer and basketball.
Athletes typically undergo rigorous training regimens to develop their physical skills, endurance, and strength.
They may also work with coaches, nutritionists, and other support staff to optimize their performance and recovery.
Maintaining good health and preventing injuries are crucial for athletes to succeed in their chosen sports.
Overall, athletes are dedicated individuals who push the boundaries of human physical capabilities through their commitment to their craft.
Most cited protocols related to «Athletes»
Athletes
Blood Pressure
Body Weight
Cholesterol
Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent
Dietary Supplements
Glucose
Heart Disease, Coronary
Insulin
Insulin Resistance
Lipids
Non-Smokers
Obesity
Plasma
The RR-interval recordings of 159 orthostatic tests from three elite athletes (53 tests each) have been gathered (Schmitt et al., 2015b (link)). Subjects 1 and 3 are males and subjects 2 is female. Each of the three athletes has won between one and four Olympic medals, either in swimming or biathlon, plus several other titles in international and national championships. The tests selected for the work represent a follow-up between four (subject 1) and 11 (subject 3) years for each athlete. The detailed procedure of the orthostatic test can be found in details elsewhere (Schmitt et al., 2013 (link)). Briefly, the orthostatic test relied on a 13-min RR-interval recording at rest with 7 min supine (SU) followed by 6 min standing (ST). The procedures were approved by the Necker Hospital Ethic Committee (Paris, France). All the subjects provided written, voluntary, informed consent. The data analyses are based on the RR-intervals between the 3rd and 7th min SU, and between the 9th and 13th min ST. Inside those two 4-min windows, the HRV analyses were repeated on the entire 4 min (0–4) as the reference analyses and then on eight different fractioned windows: the first min (0–1), the second min (1–2) the third min (2–3), the fourth min (3–4), the first 2 min (0–2), the last 2 min (2–4), the first 3 min (0–3), and the last 3 min (1–4). Analyses were performed separately for SU and ST. Measurement of the interval duration between two R-waves of the cardiac electrical activity was performed with a HR monitor (T6, Suunto®, Vantaa, Finland).
Heartbeats that are not originated from the sino-atrial node have been shown to have drastic effects on the outcome of HRV indexes (1996 (link)). To this end, the RR-intervals from the orthostatic tests were first analyzed to remove ectopic beats from the recordings using automatic and visual inspections of the RR series. Ectopic beats were then compensated by means of interpolation to calculate normal to normal (NN) intervals. From the NN-intervals, HRV parameters were extracted namely: mean HR, RMSSD, LF (0.04–0.15 Hz) HF, (0.15–0.40 Hz), and total power (LF + HF) in ms2 (Schmitt et al., 2015b (link)). The spectral power was estimated using the Fast Fourier Transform on the resampled NN-intervals (4 Hz; Vesin et al., 2016 ). All procedures were carried out in agreement with the Task Force recommendations (1996 (link)).
The statistical analyses include correlation and Bland & Altman (B&A) plots between the reference window (0–4) and each of the tested windows both in SU or ST. Statistical significance was set at an alpha level of 0.05. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess normality of the data. All the parameters presented in this work were normally distributed. All computations were performed separately for SU and ST positions using MATLAB® (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA).
Heartbeats that are not originated from the sino-atrial node have been shown to have drastic effects on the outcome of HRV indexes (1996 (link)). To this end, the RR-intervals from the orthostatic tests were first analyzed to remove ectopic beats from the recordings using automatic and visual inspections of the RR series. Ectopic beats were then compensated by means of interpolation to calculate normal to normal (NN) intervals. From the NN-intervals, HRV parameters were extracted namely: mean HR, RMSSD, LF (0.04–0.15 Hz) HF, (0.15–0.40 Hz), and total power (LF + HF) in ms2 (Schmitt et al., 2015b (link)). The spectral power was estimated using the Fast Fourier Transform on the resampled NN-intervals (4 Hz; Vesin et al., 2016 ). All procedures were carried out in agreement with the Task Force recommendations (1996 (link)).
The statistical analyses include correlation and Bland & Altman (B&A) plots between the reference window (0–4) and each of the tested windows both in SU or ST. Statistical significance was set at an alpha level of 0.05. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess normality of the data. All the parameters presented in this work were normally distributed. All computations were performed separately for SU and ST positions using MATLAB® (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA).
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Athletes
Electricity
Elite Athletes
Ethics Committees, Clinical
Females
Heart
Males
Premature Cardiac Complex
Pulse Rate
Sinoatrial Node
Three weeks before the onset of the experimental sessions, participants performed two familiarization sessions separated by 4-5 days. During the familiarization sessions, participants performed 5 sets of 2 repetitions of the BP with approximately 70% of their self-reported 1RM. To restrict any possible learning effects, every set was performed with a different movement tempo described above. One week before the first experimental session, initial 1RM testing was performed. For 1 RM testing, participants arrived at the laboratory at the same time of day as the upcoming experimental sessions and cycled on an ergometer for 5 minutes, followed by a general upper body warm-up of 10 body weight pull ups and 15 body weight push-ups. Next, athletes performed 15, 10, and 5 BP repetitions using 20%, 50%, and 70% of their estimated 1RM, respectively. The first testing load was set to an estimated 80% 1RM, and was increased by 2.5 to 5 kg and the process was repeated until failure. During the 1RM test, participants executed one repetition with a tempo of V/0/V/0 and 5 min rest intervals between successful trials. Hand placement on the barbell was set at 150% of the individual bi-acromial distance. The positioning of the hands was recorded to ensure consistent hand placement during all experimental sessions.
Acromion
Athletes
Body Weight
Movement
A novel eight-step validation method for the development of a nutrition knowledge questionnaire was designed based on an extensive review of the literature and used to validate this questionnaire [35 ]. The steps include: (1) Definition of Sports Nutrition Knowledge (2) Generation of items to represent sports nutrition knowledge (3) Choice of scoring system (4) Assessment of content validity by panel of experts (5) Assessment of face validity by student athletes (6) CTT analysis: Removal of items on the basis of item difficulty, item discrimination and distractor utility (7) Rasch analysis: Assessment of dimensionality and removal of item on the basis of not meeting assumptions that difficult questions are less likely to be answered correctly, and well-scoring participants are more likely to answer individual items correctly (8) Assessment of construct validity by comparing nutrition and non-nutrition students; assessment of test-retest reliability (consistency over time) by assessing correlation of test on two attempts; and re-checking of steps six and seven. The steps that make this methodology novel are the quantitative assessment of content validity, the assessment of distractor utility (how feasible incorrect multiple choice options are) and the inclusion of Rasch analysis.
Figure1 provides a summary of the methods and results.![]()
Figure
Flow chart of 8-step methadology used to develop and validate the Nutrition for Sport Questionnaire (UNSQ). * Content Validity = the measure covers all relevant topics related to sports nutrition. † CVI = Number of experts who rated an item ‘very relevant’ or ‘relevant’ divided by total number of experts; > 0.78 is adequate. ‡ Face Validity = the measure, on face value is an adequate reflection of sports nutrition. § Difficulty index = frequency with which items were answered correctly; <20% = too hard; >80% = too easy. ǁ Discrimination index = average score of top 10% of participants minus average score of bottom 10% of participants; > 0.3 is adequate. ¶ Distractor utility = frequency with which each multi-choice option is selected; > 5% = effective distractor. **Fit residuals between −2.5 and 2.5 indicate observed = expected responses. ††DIF assessed using ANOVA; non-significant p-value = no differences in response pattern based on participant characteristics; ‡‡ Disordered thresholds are assessed graphically. §§ Perc5% statistic <5% = scale is unidimensional (assessing one concept). ǁ ǁ SD of 0 and Mean of 1for the overall item/person interaction = perfect fit to Rasch model; a SD > 1.5 = misfit. ¶¶ Significant differences in known-group comparison scores = construct validity (questionnaire test what it is supposed to). *** Pearson’s r > 0.7 = test-retest reliability (stability overtime). ††† KR-20 > 0.7 = Internal reliability (consistency in items)
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Athletes
Discrimination, Psychology
Face
neuro-oncological ventral antigen 2, human
Reflex
Student
All athletes underwent a 1 repetition maximal (1RM) bench press test twice, with a 48 h rest between tests. After a standardized warm-up, each subject started the attempts with a weight that he believed could be lifted only once using maximum effort. Increases in weight were added until the maximum load that could be lifted once was reached. If the athlete failed to perform a single repetition, 2.5% of the load used in the test were subtracted [12 ]. The subjects rested for 3–5 min between attempts. The largest record between the two sessions was taken as the individual´s 1RM. Coefficient of variation between the two measures was ICC > 93%.
On the subsequent two weeks, participants underwent a training session with bench press exercises with one week in between. All participants randomly trained using the two different recovery methods: ingesting placebo (PLA) or ibuprofen (IBU). All assessments were carried out 30 min before the training started, immediately at the end, 24 h and 48 h after the training (Table 1 ). Assessments included: (i) Measurement of muscle function; (ii) thermography; and (iii) blood collections.
The intervention protocol consisted of warm-up for upper limbs, using three exercises (abduction of the shoulders with dumbbells, elbow extension in the pulley and rotation of the shoulders with dumbbells) with three sets of 10 to 20 repetitions [13 ]. Soon after, a specific warm-up was performed on the bench press with a 30% load of 1RM, 10 slow repetitions (3:1 s, eccentric: concentric) and 10 fast repetitions (1:1 s, eccentric: concentric). This was followed with five sets of bench press of five maximum repetitions (5 sets—85 at 90% RM), using a fixed load. The complete session lasted for 1 h 30 min. During the test, athletes received verbal encouragement to achieve maximum performance [13 ]. To perform the bench press, an official straight bench (Eleiko, Chicago, IL, USA), approved by the International Paralympic Committee [11 ] was used.
Ingestion of IBU (ibuprofen) or PLA (placebo) occurred 15 min before and 5 h post-training, according to De Souza et al. [10 (link)]. Participants received two capsules of IBU (each capsule containing 400 mg) and were instructed to ingest one capsule before training and one capsule post-training. In the control condition, two flour capsules were delivered. Both IBU and PLA were packaged in identical capsules. The experiment was double-blind, and the order of distribution of the capsules was determined at random.
On the subsequent two weeks, participants underwent a training session with bench press exercises with one week in between. All participants randomly trained using the two different recovery methods: ingesting placebo (PLA) or ibuprofen (IBU). All assessments were carried out 30 min before the training started, immediately at the end, 24 h and 48 h after the training (
The intervention protocol consisted of warm-up for upper limbs, using three exercises (abduction of the shoulders with dumbbells, elbow extension in the pulley and rotation of the shoulders with dumbbells) with three sets of 10 to 20 repetitions [13 ]. Soon after, a specific warm-up was performed on the bench press with a 30% load of 1RM, 10 slow repetitions (3:1 s, eccentric: concentric) and 10 fast repetitions (1:1 s, eccentric: concentric). This was followed with five sets of bench press of five maximum repetitions (5 sets—85 at 90% RM), using a fixed load. The complete session lasted for 1 h 30 min. During the test, athletes received verbal encouragement to achieve maximum performance [13 ]. To perform the bench press, an official straight bench (Eleiko, Chicago, IL, USA), approved by the International Paralympic Committee [11 ] was used.
Ingestion of IBU (ibuprofen) or PLA (placebo) occurred 15 min before and 5 h post-training, according to De Souza et al. [10 (link)]. Participants received two capsules of IBU (each capsule containing 400 mg) and were instructed to ingest one capsule before training and one capsule post-training. In the control condition, two flour capsules were delivered. Both IBU and PLA were packaged in identical capsules. The experiment was double-blind, and the order of distribution of the capsules was determined at random.
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Athletes
BLOOD
Capsule
Elbow
Flour
Ibuprofen
Muscle Tissue
Placebos
Shoulder
Thermography
Upper Extremity
Most recents protocols related to «Athletes»
An electronic survey was used to gather information on weight and height in order to calculate each participant’s Body Mass Index (BMI). Climbing level for the last 12 months was collected and classified according to the recommendations of the IRCRA [18 (link)]. The prevalence of jumping descent in bouldering was recorded through questions designed by the authors.
The Nordic questionnaire of back pain [19 (link)], adjusted for sport specific settings [20 (link)], was used to examine the lifetime and one-year prevalence of thoracolumbar back pain as well as training volume of the participants. The Nordic questionnaire of back pain has shown acceptable test–retest reliability and validity to clinical examination [19 (link), 20 (link)]. Based on the sport adjusted Nordic questionnaire, questions focusing on training volume between 10 and 20 years of age were computed, since athletes are plausibly more susceptible to develop radiographic spinal changes of the spine during the growth spurt [13 (link), 21 (link)]. The Oswestry back pain disability index [22 (link)] was used to examine disability associated to thoracic and lumbar back pain.
The Nordic questionnaire of back pain [19 (link)], adjusted for sport specific settings [20 (link)], was used to examine the lifetime and one-year prevalence of thoracolumbar back pain as well as training volume of the participants. The Nordic questionnaire of back pain has shown acceptable test–retest reliability and validity to clinical examination [19 (link), 20 (link)]. Based on the sport adjusted Nordic questionnaire, questions focusing on training volume between 10 and 20 years of age were computed, since athletes are plausibly more susceptible to develop radiographic spinal changes of the spine during the growth spurt [13 (link), 21 (link)]. The Oswestry back pain disability index [22 (link)] was used to examine disability associated to thoracic and lumbar back pain.
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Athletes
Back Pain
Disabled Persons
Index, Body Mass
Low Back Pain
Physical Examination
Vertebral Column
X-Rays, Diagnostic
The athletes’ take-off height was calculated by using the take-off time, and the calculation formula was as follows: , g = 9.8 m/s, where is the take-off time of athletes.
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Athletes
Tennis’ service action could be divided into three stages: take-off before service, leaving, and landing cushioning, according to the literature (Harriss and Atkinson, 2009 (link)). In this study, the kinematics and dynamics of athletes’ takeoff and landing cushions were primarily examined.
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Athletes
The kinematic data of both lower limbs of FUS were gathered in this study using the plug-in gait lower limb model (Figure 1 ). The experimental operators calibrated the athletes once they became accustomed to the experimental setting and constructed the three - dimensional image before the experiment. Then, using a ruler, the scientist completed the work required for personalized static modeling and measured the athletes’ bilateral lower limbs’ leg length, knee width, and ankle width. The lower limb joints of the athletes were then calibrated using reflecting markers by a scientist. The plug-in gait had 16 anatomical positions, including the left anterior superior spine (LASI), the right anterior superior spine (RASI), the left posterior superior spine (LPSI), the right posterior superior spine (RPSI), the left and right knees, the left and right tibias, the left and right ankles, the left and right toes, and the left and right heels (RTOE).
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Ankle
Athletes
Heel
Joints
Knee
Knee Joint
Lower Extremity
Tibia
Toes
Vertebral Column
A total of 32 female college tennis players participated in the test, and seven of them withdrew from the test due to test time, competition, and professional course conflicts. Finally, 25 female college tennis players, including seven national level 1 athletes (height: 178.0 ± 3.15 cm, weight: 58.5 ± 6.36 kg, and BMI: 18.46 ± 2.20 kg m-2), eight national level 2 athletes (height: 174 ± 2.10 cm, weight: 56 ± 2.83 kg, and BMI: 18.06 ± 1.20 kg m-2), and 10 students majored in the tennis special class (height: 168.5 ± 1.10 cm, weight: 54 ± 1.70 kg, and BMI: 19.01 ± 0.11 kg m-2), participated in the biomechanical test for FUS. Criteria for subject recruitment were as follows: 1) the right hand of subject was the dominant hand; 2) subject had received professional tennis training for at least 1 year; 3) lower limbs and feet had no injuries or diseases in the past 6 months; and 4) participants had no other factors that could affect completing FUS.
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Athletes
Foot
Injuries
Lower Extremity
Student
Woman
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More about "Athletes"
Athletes are dedicated individuals who participate in physical sports and activities, often at a high level of performance.
They may engage in a variety of competitive events, from individual sports like running and swimming to team sports like soccer and basketball.
Sportspersons, players, and competitors are synonymous terms for athletes.
These individuals typically undergo rigorous training regimens to develop their physical skills, endurance, and strength.
They may work with coaches, nutritionists, and other support staff to optimize their performance and recovery.
Maintaining good health and preventing injuries are crucial for athletes to succeed in their chosen sports.
Specialized equipment and technologies are often used by athletes to enhance their performance.
For example, SPSS Statistics, a statistical software suite, can be utilized for data analysis and performance tracking.
The Optojump system, a popular optical measurement technology, is used to assess factors like jump height and ground contact time.
Athletes may also rely on SPSS version 25, SPSS Statistics for Windows, or other SPSS software versions for in-depth data processing and analysis.
In addition, medical tools like the BD Vacutainer, a blood collection system, can help athletes monitor their health and recovery.
Other technologies, such as SPSS version 22.0, SPSS version 26, and SPSS version 21, may be employed by athletes, coaches, and sports scientists to gain insights and optimize training and performance.
Overall, athletes are dedicated individuals who push the boundaires of human physical capabilities through their commitment to their craft.
They leverage a range of technologies and support systems to enhance their performance and achieve their goals.
They may engage in a variety of competitive events, from individual sports like running and swimming to team sports like soccer and basketball.
Sportspersons, players, and competitors are synonymous terms for athletes.
These individuals typically undergo rigorous training regimens to develop their physical skills, endurance, and strength.
They may work with coaches, nutritionists, and other support staff to optimize their performance and recovery.
Maintaining good health and preventing injuries are crucial for athletes to succeed in their chosen sports.
Specialized equipment and technologies are often used by athletes to enhance their performance.
For example, SPSS Statistics, a statistical software suite, can be utilized for data analysis and performance tracking.
The Optojump system, a popular optical measurement technology, is used to assess factors like jump height and ground contact time.
Athletes may also rely on SPSS version 25, SPSS Statistics for Windows, or other SPSS software versions for in-depth data processing and analysis.
In addition, medical tools like the BD Vacutainer, a blood collection system, can help athletes monitor their health and recovery.
Other technologies, such as SPSS version 22.0, SPSS version 26, and SPSS version 21, may be employed by athletes, coaches, and sports scientists to gain insights and optimize training and performance.
Overall, athletes are dedicated individuals who push the boundaires of human physical capabilities through their commitment to their craft.
They leverage a range of technologies and support systems to enhance their performance and achieve their goals.