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Optometrist

Optometrists are healthcare professionals who specialize in the examination, diagnosis, and treatment of visual disorders.
They assess, manage, and provide comprehensive eye care services to patients of all ages.
Optometrists prescribe corrective lenses, diagnose and treat eye diseases, and promote overall eye health.
They utilize advanced technology and techniques to detect and manage conditions like refractive errors, glaucoma, cataracts, and macular degeneration.
Optometrists play a crucial role in preventng vision loss and ensuirng optimal visual function for their patients.

Most cited protocols related to «Optometrist»

1
Eligibility Criteria for Vision Study
CITT-trained and certified optometrists or ophthalmologists using a previously described standardized protocol performed all testing (baseline and masked). An unmasked examiner performed eligibility testing, which included the following: best-corrected visual acuity at distance and near; cover testing at distance and near with objective prism neutralization; near point of convergence; positive and negative fusional vergence at near (fusional convergence and divergence amplitudes); near stereoacuity; monocular accommodative amplitude; and monocular accommodative facility (the ability to quickly achieve clear vision while alternately viewing 20/30 equivalent print through +2 D and −2 D lenses); cycloplegic refraction with 1% cyclopentolate; and an ocular health evaluation. All near testing with at 40cm. A masked examiner administered the CISS.
Major eligibility criteria for the study included best-corrected visual acuity at distance and near of 20/25 or better, no strabismus, heterophoria at near between 2Δ esophoria and 8Δ exophoria, near point of convergence closer than 6.0 cm break, negative fusional vergence at near greater than 7Δ BI-break and 5Δ BI-recovery, positive fusional vergence at near greater than 10Δ BO-break and 7Δ BO-recovery, monocular amplitude of accommodation in diopters greater than 15 minus 25% of the child’s age, and at least 500 seconds of arc of random dot stereopsis on the Randot® Stereotest (Stereo Optical Co, Chicago, IL). A refractive correction was required when the magnitude of uncorrected refractive error or change in refractive error (based on a cycloplegic refraction performed within 2 months) in either eye differed from the current prescription by 0.50 D or more in spherical equivalent of myopia, 1.50D or greater in spherical equivalent of hyperopia, or 0.75 D or greater of astigmatism. Table 1 has the complete listing of eligibility and exclusion criteria.
Validity of the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey: A Confirmatory Study. (2009). Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 86(4), 357-363.
Publication 2009
Astigmatism Child CISH protein, human Cyclopentolate Cycloplegics Depth Perception Eligibility Determination Esophoria Exophoria Heterophoria Hyperopia Lens, Crystalline Myopia Neoplasm Metastasis Ocular Accommodation Ocular Refraction Ophthalmologists Optometrist prisma Refractive Errors Strabismus Vision Visual Acuity
2
Validation of Pocket Vision Screener
Subjects were recruited from the Outpatient Department of the Rural Eye Hospital, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai. One hundred consecutive patients who could read English alphabets and who had unaided visual acuity better than or equal to 6/60 so as to exclude people with severe visual impairment. Consecutive patients visiting the optometrist room, which was standardized for testing and who met the required criteria were included in the study. After obtaining oral consent from the subjects, unaided visual acuity was tested by a trained optometrist using both the newly constructed Pocket Vision Screener and logMAR visual acuity chart. All visual acuity testing was performed by a single examiner. For each subject, right eye was chosen as the testing eye and the other eye was occluded. The chart to be read first was chosen randomly. The randomization was done using the pseudo-random number generator in Microsoft Excel. Subjects were seated at a distance of 3 m from the chart. In the case of visual acuity measurement using the logMAR chart, the subjects were instructed to read from the top left and stop reading until they were not able to read anymore letters. Every correctly read letter was assigned a score of 0.02 and every incorrectly read or unread letter was assigned a score of 0.00. Visual acuity (logMAR) for each subject was determined using the formula:
VA (logMAR) =1.1–0.02 × number of correctly read letters
In the case of the Pocket Vision Screener, the subjects were instructed to read all the letters in the middle line. Correct response of any three letters out of the middle five in the middle line was considered to have passed the screening as more than 50% of the letters were rightly identified. The time taken to measure visual acuity was recorded using a stopwatch for both the logMAR chart and Pocket Vision Screener.
Data analysis was done using Microsoft Office Excel 2003 (Microsoft) and SPSS version 12.0 (SPSS Inc.).
Raja M., Ramamurthy D., Srinivasan K, & Varadharajan L.S. (2014). Development of Pocket Vision Screener and its effectiveness at screening visual acuity deficits. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, 62(12), 1152-1155.
Publication 2014
Low Vision Optometrist Outpatients Patients Vision Visual Acuity
3
Plasma 25(OH)D Prediction Model from U.S. Cohorts
Participants were selected from three U.S. prospective cohort studies. NHS was established in 1976, when 121 700 female nurses aged 30–55 years completed a self-administered questionnaire on risk factors for cancer and other diseases. From 1989–1990, 32 826 participants provided blood samples for analysis. NHSII began in 1989 when 116 671 female nurses aged 25–42 years completed and returned a baseline questionnaire. Between 1996 and 1999, 29 611 participants (aged 32–54 years) provided blood samples. HPFS comprises 51 529 male dentists, optometrists, osteopaths, podiatrists, pharmacists, and veterinarians aged 40–75 years at baseline in 1986. Blood samples were provided by 18 225 of these men between 1993 and 1994. Blood samples have been stored in liquid nitrogen freezers (≤ −130°C) since collection. For all three cohorts, biennial questionnaires are sent to participants to update information on risk factors and to identify newly diagnosed diseases. Diet is assessed by a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire approximately every 4 years(35 (link)–38 (link)).
Plasma 25(OH)D measurements were available from men and women who served as controls in previous nested case-control studies of chronic diseases. None of the participants had a history of cancer at the time of blood draw. For each cohort, we selected two independent samples: a “training” sample was used to develop the 25(OH)D prediction model and a “test” sample served as a validation dataset. Training samples comprised controls from all completed and on-going nested case-control studies with 25(OH)D assay results when analyses began. Test samples were drawn from more recently established nested case-control studies as this project unfolded and additional plasma 25(OH)D assay results became available. Prior to exclusions for missing data, the training sets consisted of 2246 women in NHS, 1646 women in NHSII, and 1255 men in HPFS. An additional 818 women in NHS, 479 women in NHSII, and 841 men in HPFS were available for the test sets.
In 2000 and 2001, all women in NHS who gave blood in 1989–1990 and were alive were invited to provide a second blood sample. Of the 18 473 women who participated in the second blood collection, 443 women with no history of cancer had measured 25(OH)D available at both time points. These samples were used to assess within-person variability of plasma 25(OH)D concentrations over 10–11 years.
This study was approved by the institutional review boards of the Harvard School of Public Health and Brigham and Women's Hospital. All participants gave written informed consent at enrollment.
Bertrand K.A., Giovannucci E., Liu Y., Malspeis S., Eliassen A.H., Wu K., Holmes M.D., Laden F, & Feskanich D. (2012). Determinants of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and development of prediction models in three U.S. cohorts. The British journal of nutrition, 108(10), 1889-1896.
Publication 2012
A-factor (Streptomyces) Biological Assay BLOOD Dentist Diet Ethics Committees, Research factor A Females Food Hematologic Tests Males Malignant Neoplasms Nitrogen Nurses Optometrist Osteopathic Physician Plasma Veterinarian Woman
4
Empowering African-American Seniors' Eye Health

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Publication 2008
African American ARID1A protein, human Ethics Committees, Research Eyeglasses Health Belief Model Health Educators Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy Interviewers Ophthalmologists Optometrist Physicians Social Learning Theory Vision
5
Prospective Observational Study of Usual LVR Care
A total of 764 patients from 28 clinical centers in the United States were enrolled between April 25, 2008, and May 2, 2011, in a prospective observational study of usual LVR care. Participating centers included university-based clinics, private practice settings, and multidisciplinary rehabilitation centers. Appeal for center participation was publicized at professional conferences and research meetings (Envision and the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology) between 2007 and 2010 and by word of mouth. Participation was open to any LVR center in the United States that provided direct care by an optometrist or ophthalmologist and had the ability to comply with the study protocol. The study was approved by The Johns Hopkins University institutional review board and adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. In addition, all the study sites complied with the requirements of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and, when required, also obtained separate institutional review board approval for their participating centers. All the patients provided oral consent for their study participation before enrollment.
The inclusion criteria were as follows: new patients to LVR (no LVR services from the physician or subspecialty group practice in the past 3 years), age 18 years or older, and ability to hear and respond to questions in English over the telephone. No VA, visual field, or diagnosis requirements were defined because the study objective was to evaluate typical patients seeking LVR services.
Patients were recruited via telephone by each of the 28 sites. A designated individual from each site contacted new patients who had an appointment scheduled 2 weeks or longer after the time of the call. Variation likely existed between centers, and many, but not all, new patients were able to be contacted in advance. After providing verbal agreement to consider participation, each prospective study patient was mailed a contact authorization form in large print that had to be signed and returned in the provided self-addressed stamped envelope to the coordinating center at The Johns Hopkins University before the patient could be contacted. On receipt of the signed contact authorization, a research assistant called the patient, described the study further, and obtained oral consent on the telephone to participate in the study. At that time, either an appointment was scheduled for a future telephone interview or, if the patient was available, the interview began immediately.
Goldstein J.E., Massof R.W., Deremeik J.T., Braudway S., Jackson M.L., Kehler K.B., Primo S.A, & Sunness J.S. (2012). Baseline Traits of Low Vision Patients Served by Private Outpatient Clinical Centers in the United States. Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960), 130(8), 1028-1037.
Publication 2012
Conferences Diagnosis Ethics Committees, Research Hearing Ophthalmologists Optometrist Oral Cavity Patients Physicians Vision

Most recents protocols related to «Optometrist»

1
Retrospective Cohort Study of IHS Teleophthalmology Program
This was a retrospective cohort study using deidentified medical record data obtained during routine clinical operations of the IHS teleophthalmology program at 75 primary care clinics distributed among 20 states. The IHS serves enrolled members of federally recognized tribes. The study was reviewed and approved by the IHS institutional review board at Phoenix Indian Medical Center under the exempt process. Written informed consent from participants was not required or obtained.
Details regarding the teleophthalmology program’s origins, protocols, distribution, and outcomes have been previously described.13 (link) Briefly, the program evaluates patients from participating primary care clinics. It is a validated American Telemedicine Association Category 3 program and its graders identify the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS)–defined clinical levels of DR and diabetic macular edema (DME) severity.13 (link),14 (link),15 (link) Graders are certified and licensed optometrists who render a diagnosis using standardized protocols. The program currently recommends that patients receive annual DR examinations.
Before selecting the analytic cohort for this study, we defined a baseline period of January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2015, and a follow-up period of January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2019. Eligible patients had at least 1 IHS teleophthalmology examination with the program in both periods. Additionally, eligible patients were 20 years or older and had no evidence of DR or had mild nonproliferative DR (NPDR; ETDRS levels 10, 14, 15, 20) in the baseline period. Patients with severe/very severe NPDR (ETDRS levels 53 a-e), proliferative DR (PDR; ETDRS levels 61, 65, 71, 75, 81, 85), and/or any level of DME are referred out of the teleophthalmology program to specialty eye care; therefore, these patients were excluded. Referral recommendations of patients with moderate NPDR (ETDRS levels 35, 43, 47) are dependent on risk factors; therefore, these patients were also excluded. This study followed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) reporting guidelines.
Fonda S.J., Bursell S.E., Lewis D.G., Clary D., Shahon D, & Cavallerano J. (2023). Incidence and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy in American Indian and Alaska Native Individuals Served by the Indian Health Service, 2015-2019. JAMA Ophthalmology, 141(4), 366-375.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Diabetic Retinopathy Diagnosis Edema, Macular Ethics Committees, Research Optometrist Patients Physical Examination Primary Health Care Telemedicine Tribes
2
Comprehensive Pediatric Eye Examination
In this group, the children underwent visual acuity testing and refraction by an optometrist. The pediatric ophthalmologist performed a detailed ocular examination and advised necessary investigations to diagnose and formulate a treatment plan. Basic counseling was done by the consultant regarding the ocular condition, treatment, and need for follow-up. No additional counseling or reminders were offered to these patients.
Shrestha M., Bhandari G., Kamalakannan S., Murthy G.V., Rathi S.K., Gudlavalleti A.G., Agiwal V., Pant H., Pandey B., Ghimire R., Ale D., Kayastha S., Karki R., Chaudhary D.S, & Byanju R. (2023). Evaluating the Effectiveness of Interventions to Improve the Follow-up Rate for Children With Visual Disabilities in an Eye Hospital in Nepal: Nonrandomized Study. JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting, 6, e43814.
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Publication 2023
Child Consultant Diagnosis Ocular Refraction Ophthalmologists Optometrist Patients Vision
3
Community-Based Diabetic Retinopathy Screening
We invited the entire population with DM living in communities to participate in the DR screening program at local community health centers. All the participants underwent a series of screening tests conducted by trained general practitioners, ophthalmic technicians, optometrists, and ophthalmologists. The screening included a vision acuity test, refraction measurement by an autorefractor, and fundus photography using a non–mydriatic fundus camera. The data were transferred to the corresponding designated diagnosis center through a telemedicine platform after the completion of all the tests. After all the participants in 1 community health center completed the annual screening, the community health center contacted the designated diagnosis center, and 2 retinal experts (ophthalmologists) began to make the diagnosis based on retinal photography. In 2 weeks, screening results were provided as feedback to the community health center, where residents could receive medical advice from the general practitioners. Finally, patients with suspected STDR were referred to specialized ophthalmic hospitals or tertiary hospitals for a detailed re-examination to confirm the diagnosis (Multimedia Appendix 5 shows the screening and referral pathway). Those who were confirmed to have STDR were assumed to receive appropriate treatment and routine clinical care according to the severity of DR.
Lin S., Ma Y., Xu Y., Lu L., He J., Zhu J., Peng Y., Yu T., Congdon N, & Zou H. (2023). Artificial Intelligence in Community-Based Diabetic Retinopathy Telemedicine Screening in Urban China: Cost-effectiveness and Cost-Utility Analyses With Real-world Data. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 9, e41624.
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Publication 2023
Diagnosis General Practitioners Healthy Volunteers Mydriatics Ocular Refraction Ophthalmologists Optometrist Patients Retina Telemedicine Vision Tests
4
Neuro-Ophthalmological Evaluation of Study Participants
In parallel to the cognitive assessment, study participants underwent a complete neuro-ophthalmological evaluation, which lasted about 20 min and was performed by an optometrist. The evaluation comprised: (1) a review of past ophthalmological diseases, treatments and surgeries, (2) monocular visual acuity assessment with the participants wearing their habitual correction for refractive error using a pinhole occluder and the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart (Chew et al., 2009 (link); Bokinni et al., 2015 (link)), (3) intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement by Icare tonometry (Pakrou et al., 2008 (link)), and (4) swept source (SS) OCT scan. More details can be found elsewhere (Marquié et al., 2022 (link)). The ophthalmologist and neurologists were blind to each other’s diagnosis.
Marquié M., García-Sánchez A., Alarcón-Martín E., Martínez J., Castilla-Martí M., Castilla-Martí L., Orellana A., Montrreal L., de Rojas I., García-González P., Puerta R., Olivé C., Cano A., Hernández I., Rosende-Roca M., Vargas L., Tartari J.P., Esteban-De Antonio E., Bojaryn U., Ricciardi M., Ariton D.M., Pytel V., Alegret M., Ortega G., Espinosa A., Pérez-Cordón A., Sanabria Á., Muñoz N., Lleonart N., Aguilera N., Tárraga L., Valero S., Ruiz A, & Boada M. (2023). Macular vessel density in the superficial plexus is not associated to cerebrospinal fluid core biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease in individuals with mild cognitive impairment: The NORFACE cohort. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 17, 1076177.
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Publication 2023
Chewing Cognition Diabetic Retinopathy Diagnosis Eye Disorders Neurologists Operative Surgical Procedures Ophthalmologists Optometrist Radionuclide Imaging Refractive Errors Tonometry Tonometry, Ocular Visual Acuity Visually Impaired Persons
5
Amharic Questionnaire for Glaucoma Patients' MCS
An Amharic version of a pretested, structured questionnaire with questions about socio-demographic characteristics, MCS in glaucoma patients, and related factors was used to collect data and the English version of the questionnaire was available as a Supplementary Material. Three trained optometrists conducted face-to-face interviews to gauge MCS and examined patients’ medical records using a checklist to identify clinical variables. The study was overseen by one MSc optometrist and one principal investigator.
One of the most often employed validated coping measures is the Brief COPE inventory instrument which was uploaded as a supplementary material as part of the data collection tool of this study. The Brief COPE inventory instrument was created by Professor Charles Carver at the University of Miami. It is a 28-item questionnaire with 14 different scales for chronic disease stress (2 questions per category). Active coping, planning, positive reframing, acceptance, humor, religion, emotional support, and instrumental assistance are among the eight adaptive coping mechanism subscales. Additionally, it includes six unhealthy coping mechanisms, including self-distraction, denial, venting, substance abuse, behavioral disengagement, and self-blame.24 Due to the fact that this study solely focused on the MCS, it only utilized the tool’s maladaptive component. Each item was measured on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (I do not do this at all) to 4 (I do this a lot). Higher scores indicated greater usage of that coping strategy, which was determined by adding the results of each sub-scale separately. This scale was validated using a pre-test at Felege Hiwot referral hospital. The items’ reliability was checked by calculating Cronbach’s alpha value (0.78).
Birhan G.S., Belete G.T., Eticha B.L, & Ayele F.A. (2023). Magnitude of Maladaptive Coping Strategy and Its Associated Factors Among Adult Glaucoma Patients Attending Tertiary Eye Care Center in Ethiopia. Clinical Ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.), 17, 711-723.
Publication 2023
Acclimatization Denial, Psychology Disease, Chronic Emotions Face Glaucoma Hospital Referral Optometrist Patients Substance Abuse

Top products related to «Optometrist»

1
Iol master by Zeiss
Sourced in Germany, United States, Ireland, Japan, United Kingdom, Lao People's Democratic Republic
The IOL Master is a non-contact optical biometry device used to measure various parameters of the eye, including axial length, anterior chamber depth, and corneal curvature. It provides precise measurements that are essential for calculating the appropriate intraocular lens power for cataract surgery.
2
Kr 8900 by Topcon
Sourced in Japan
The KR-8900 is a high-performance automated refractor-keratometer designed for comprehensive vision assessments. The device measures refractive errors and corneal curvature data, providing essential information for prescribing corrective lenses.
3
Iolmaster 500 by Zeiss
Sourced in Germany, United States, Japan, Ireland, Switzerland, China
The IOLMaster 500 is a non-contact optical biometry device designed for ocular measurements. It utilizes optical coherence technology to precisely measure axial length, anterior chamber depth, and corneal curvature. The IOLMaster 500 is a diagnostic tool used in pre-operative evaluations for cataract and refractive surgery.
4
Lenstar ls 900 by Haag-Streit
Sourced in Switzerland, United States, Germany, Japan
The Lenstar LS 900 is an optical biometry device designed for measuring the axial length of the eye, keratometry, and other biometric parameters. It utilizes high-resolution optical coherence interferometry technology to provide precise measurements.
5
Ark 700a by Nidek
Sourced in Japan
The ARK-700A is a computerized autorefractor/keratometer developed by Nidek. It measures refractive errors and corneal curvature to assist in the assessment of vision and prescription of corrective lenses.
6
Pentacam by Oculus
Sourced in Germany, United States, Japan
The Pentacam is a diagnostic device that captures a 3D image of the anterior segment of the eye. It uses rotating Scheimpflug camera technology to obtain detailed measurements of the cornea, anterior chamber, lens, and iris.
7
Iolmaster 700 by Zeiss
Sourced in Germany, United States, Ireland, Italy, Japan
The IOLMaster 700 is an optical biometry device designed for accurate measurement of the eye's components. It utilizes optical coherence tomography (OCT) technology to provide precise data on the axial length, anterior chamber depth, and corneal curvature of the eye.
8
Opd scan 3 by Nidek
Sourced in Japan
The OPD-Scan III is a diagnostic device designed for comprehensive eye examinations. It provides objective measurements of the eye's optical properties, including wavefront aberrations, corneal topography, and pupillometry, to assist eye care professionals in evaluating and managing various vision conditions.
9
Kr 800 by Topcon
Sourced in Japan
The KR-800 is a fully automated refraction system designed for efficient and accurate eye examinations. It features an advanced optical system and a user-friendly interface to provide reliable measurements of refractive errors.
10
Cyclopentolate hydrochloride 1 by Bausch & Lomb
Sourced in United States
Cyclopentolate hydrochloride 1% is a pharmaceutical product manufactured by Bausch & Lomb. It is a cycloplegic and mydriatic agent used to temporarily paralyze the muscles involved in eye focusing and pupil dilation.

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