Acute- and convalescent-phase serum samples were tested by IgG ELISA with ZIKV antigen as described for detection of IgG to arboviruses (12 (link)). Samples were also tested by IgM ELISA as described with the following viral antigens: ZIKV, DENV 1–4 mixture, yellow fever virus (YFV), Japanese encephalitis virus, and Murray Valley encephalitis virus (13 (link)). Testing for IgM to West Nile virus (WNV) and St. Louis encephalitis virus was performed by using a microsphere immunoassay (14 (link)). Ratios of patient optical density values to negative control values (P/Ns) were calculated for IgG and IgM ELISAs. Values >3 were considered positive, and values 2–3 were considered equivocal. Neutralizing antibody titers were determined by using a PRNT with a 90% cut-off value (15 (link)).
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West Nile virus
West Nile virus
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Most cited protocols related to «West Nile virus»
Antibodies, Neutralizing
Antigens
Antigens, Viral
Arboviruses
Encephalitis Virus, Murray Valley
Encephalitis Viruses
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Immunoassay
Microspheres
Patients
Serum
Virus, Japanese Encephalitis
Vision
West Nile virus
Yellow fever virus
Zika Virus
CHIKVs were isolated from either human serum or CSF (
Table 1 ).
A. albopictus C6/36 cells were inoculated with 1 ml of serum or CSF diluted 1:10 in Leibovitz-L15 medium (Invitrogen/Gibco, Carlsbad, California, United States). The cells were grown at 28 °C in Leibovitz-L15 medium supplemented with 5% heat-inactivated foetal bovine serum (FBS) and 10% tryptose-phosphate. Cells and supernatants were harvested after the first passage (5 d) and the second passage (7 d). The virus isolates were identified as CHIKV by indirect immunofluorescence using anti-CHIKV HMAF. In the case of clinical isolates 05.115, 06.21, 06.27, and 06.49, whose genomes were sequenced, absence of yellow fever virus, dengue type-1 virus, and West Nile virus was confirmed by immunofluorescence assay using specific HMAF.
Extraction of viral RNA from the CHIKV isolates was performed using the NucleoSpin RNA II kit (Machery-Nagel, Düren, Germany) or the QIAAmp Viral Minikit (Qiagen, Courtaboeuf Cedex, France) according to manufacturer's recommended procedures. The sequence of the non-structural region of isolates 05.115, 06.21, 06.27, and 06.49 was determined from RNA extracted from supernatants harvested after the second passage. All other CHIKV isolates sequences were obtained using template RNA extracted from the first passage. Extraction of viral RNA from biological specimens was performed using the QIAAmp Viral Minikit.
Extraction of viral RNA from the CHIKV isolates was performed using the NucleoSpin RNA II kit (Machery-Nagel, Düren, Germany) or the QIAAmp Viral Minikit (Qiagen, Courtaboeuf Cedex, France) according to manufacturer's recommended procedures. The sequence of the non-structural region of isolates 05.115, 06.21, 06.27, and 06.49 was determined from RNA extracted from supernatants harvested after the second passage. All other CHIKV isolates sequences were obtained using template RNA extracted from the first passage. Extraction of viral RNA from biological specimens was performed using the QIAAmp Viral Minikit.
Biopharmaceuticals
Cedax
Cells
Dengue Virus
Fetal Bovine Serum
Genome
Homo sapiens
Immunofluorescence
Indirect Immunofluorescence
L15 culture medium
MAFG protein, human
Phosphates
RNA, Viral
RNA II
Serum
tryptose
Virus
West Nile virus
Yellow fever virus
We used a simple target cell limited model to describe SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV viral dynamics [20 (link),24 (link),67 (link)]. Target cell limited models have proved very valuable in understanding infection dynamics and therapy for chronic viral infections such as HIV [61 (link),68 (link)], HCV [69 (link)], and HBV [70 (link)] and for acute infections such as influenza [71 (link)], West Nile virus [72 (link)], Zika virus [73 (link)], and SARS-CoV-2 [17 (link),74 (link),75 (link)]. Although the model does not explicitly describe immune responses, the effects of immune responses are implicitly included in model parameters such as the infection rate, which can be influenced by innate responses, and the death rate of infected cells, which can be influenced by adaptive immune responses. Because of the simplicity of the model, these parameters can be estimated and compared among the 3 different coronaviruses. The form of the model that we use was first introduced to model influenza infection [71 (link)] and is given by
where the variables T(t), I(t), and V(t) are the number of uninfected target cells, the number of infected target cells, and the amount of virus at time t (note: we used time after symptom onset as the timescale), respectively. Symptom onset is defined slightly differently between papers, but it essentially means when any coronavirus-related symptoms (fever, cough, and shortness of breath) appear [76 ]. The parameters β, δ, p, and c represent the rate constant for virus infection, the death rate of infected cells, the per cell viral production rate, and the per capita clearance rate of the virus, respectively. Since the clearance rate of the virus is typically much larger than the death rate of the infected cells in vivo [27 (link),67 (link),77 ], we made a quasi-steady state (QSS) assumption, dV(t)/dt = 0, and replacedEq 3 with V(t) = pI(t)/c. Because data on the numbers of coronavirus RNA copies, V(t), rather than the number of infected cells, I(t), were available, I(t) = cV(t)/p was substituted into Eq 2 to obtain
Furthermore, we replaced T(t) by the fraction of target cells remaining at time t, i.e., f(t) = T(t)/T(0), where T(0) is the initial number of uninfected target cells. Note f(0) = 1. Accordingly, we obtained the following simplified mathematical model, which we employed to analyze the viral load data in this study:
where γ = pβT(0)/c corresponds to the maximum viral replication rate under the assumption that target cells are continuously depleted during the course of infection. Thus, f(t) is equal to or less than 1 and continuously declines.
In our analyses, the variable V(t) corresponds to the viral load for SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV (copies/ml). Because all of them cause acute infection, loss of target cells by physiological turnover can be ignored, considering the long lifespan of the target cells.
where the variables T(t), I(t), and V(t) are the number of uninfected target cells, the number of infected target cells, and the amount of virus at time t (note: we used time after symptom onset as the timescale), respectively. Symptom onset is defined slightly differently between papers, but it essentially means when any coronavirus-related symptoms (fever, cough, and shortness of breath) appear [76 ]. The parameters β, δ, p, and c represent the rate constant for virus infection, the death rate of infected cells, the per cell viral production rate, and the per capita clearance rate of the virus, respectively. Since the clearance rate of the virus is typically much larger than the death rate of the infected cells in vivo [27 (link),67 (link),77 ], we made a quasi-steady state (QSS) assumption, dV(t)/dt = 0, and replaced
Furthermore, we replaced T(t) by the fraction of target cells remaining at time t, i.e., f(t) = T(t)/T(0), where T(0) is the initial number of uninfected target cells. Note f(0) = 1. Accordingly, we obtained the following simplified mathematical model, which we employed to analyze the viral load data in this study:
where γ = pβT(0)/c corresponds to the maximum viral replication rate under the assumption that target cells are continuously depleted during the course of infection. Thus, f(t) is equal to or less than 1 and continuously declines.
In our analyses, the variable V(t) corresponds to the viral load for SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV (copies/ml). Because all of them cause acute infection, loss of target cells by physiological turnover can be ignored, considering the long lifespan of the target cells.
Cell Death
Chronic Infection
Coronavirus Infections
Cough
Dyspnea
Fever
Head
Infection
Influenza
Metabolic Clearance Rate
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
physiology
Response, Humoral Immune
Response, Immune
SARS-CoV-2
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
Therapeutics
Virus
Virus Diseases
Virus Replication
West Nile virus
Zika Virus
Adult
B-Lymphocytes
Base Sequence
BLOOD
Chimera
Clone Cells
Dengue Fever
DNA Insertion Elements
Gene Deletion
Gene Insertion
Genes
Germ Line
Healthy Volunteers
Infection
Influenza
Insertion Mutation
Memory
Myasthenia Gravis
PBMC Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Plasma
Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell
Sequence Insertion
Vaccination
West Nile virus
The specificity of the DENV RT-PCR assay was evaluated by testing RNA extracted from preparations of the following: DENV-1 (strains West Pac., Hawaii, and 8356/10), DENV-2 (strains NewGuinea C. and 4397/11), DENV-3 (strains H-87 and 3140/09), DENV-4 (strains H-241 and 3274/09), other human pathogenic members of the Flaviviridae family (Japanese encephalitis virus [JEV; strain Nakayama], tick-borne encephalitis virus [TBEV; strains Hochosterwitz, Sofjin, and Latvia], West Nile virus [WNV; strains Eg101, MgAn 786/6/1995, WN_0304, and Ug_1937], Zika virus [ZIKV; strain MR766], Usutu virus [USUV; strain g39], and yellow fever virus [YFV; strain Asibi]), and six non-flaviviruses representing the three virus families Togaviridae (chikungunya virus [CHIKV; strains 23161 and Malaysia], Areanaviridae (Lassa virus [LASV; strain Josiah]), and Bunyaviridae (Rift Valley fever virus [RVFV; strain ZH548], Dobrava virus [DOBV; strain H119/99], Hantaan virus [HTNV; strain 76–118], and Seoul virus [SEOV; strain R22]). Conditions for virus propagation are described in S1 Text . Handling of infectious material was performed in biosafety level 3 or 4 containment laboratories depending on classification of each virus.
Three external DENV control panels were obtained from Quality Control for Molecular Diagnosis (QCMD,http://www.qcmd.org/ ) in the years 2011, 2012, and 2013. These panels consisted of 12 samples each: 10 containing DENV serotypes 1–4 and two control samples.
Three external DENV control panels were obtained from Quality Control for Molecular Diagnosis (QCMD,
Biological Assay
Chikungunya virus
Dobrava-Belgrade Virus
Family Member
Flaviviridae
Flavivirus
H 241
Hantaan virus
Hereditary Diseases
Homo sapiens
Infection
Lassa virus
Molecular Diagnostics
Orthobunyavirus
Pathogenicity
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Rift Valley fever virus
Seoul virus
Strains
Tick-Borne Encephalitis Viruses
Togaviridae
Usutu virus
Virus
Virus, Japanese Encephalitis
West Nile virus
Yellow fever virus
Zika Virus
Most recents protocols related to «West Nile virus»
Example 10
Antiviral Agents
Cytidine
Dengue Fever
Infection
Influenza
Influenza in Birds
Measles
Nucleosides
Nucleotides
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Tacaribe virus
Viral Structures
Virus Physiological Phenomena
West Nile virus
The solved structure of Dengue serotype 2 was downloaded from PDB (Berman et al. 2000 (link)) (PDB ID: 406B) (Akey et al. 2014 (link)). In this model, the loop from the wing domain was incomplete. Therefore, the complete model was generated by modeling loops using multi-template homology modeling by MODELLER 9.22 (Eswar et al. 2006 ). Blastp (Altschul et al. 1990 (link)) was performed on the PDB database to find the closest homolog. The closest predicted homolog “West Nile virus NS1” also had similar unresolved loop regions. Therefore, the second closest homologue, “Zika virus NS1” (PDB ID: −5GS6) (Xu et al. 2016 (link)), with query coverage 99% and sequence identity of 53.60%, was considered as template. Corresponding missing loop regions were selected from the Zika structure, and homology models were obtained. Individual sequence identity for loop1 (9–14), loop2 (109–132), and loop3 (160–167) were 40%, 35%, and 75%, respectively. Models were filtered according to the DOPE score. The top three predicted models were then validated using SAVES 5.0 and ProSA server (Wiederstein and Sippl 2007 (link)). The final selected model was simulated at 300 K temperature, 1 bar pressure for 100 ns in an OPLS force field (Jorgensen et al. 1996 ). GROMACS (Berendsen et al. 1995 ) was used for Molecular dynamic simulations.
Dengue Fever
Pressure
West Nile virus
Zika Virus
The carcass of a 2-year-old Quarter Horse gelding from southern Alberta, Canada that died suddenly was submitted to the Diagnostic Services Unit at University of Calgary’s Faculty of Veterinary Medicine for post-mortem examination. Gross examination revealed lesions of trauma consistent with the horse being down and thrashing prior to death. Histopathology revealed severe nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis as the cause of death. Immunohistochemistry was negative for rabies virus, West Nile virus and Sarcocystis neurona. PCR was negative for eastern equine encephalitis virus and western equine encephalitis virus. Post-mortem liver, lung, spleen, brain and kidney tissue samples were submitted to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency’s National Center for Foreign Animal Disease Genomics Unit for characterization via HTS.
Animal Diseases
Autopsy
Brain
Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine
Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine
Equus caballus
Faculty
Food Inspection
Immunohistochemistry
Kidney
Liver
Lung
Meningoencephalitis
Rabies virus
Sarcocystis
Spleen
Tissues
West Nile virus
Wounds and Injuries
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV, CNS769_Laos_2009; GenBank accession number KC196115.1) was kindly provided by Remi Charrel, Aix-Marseille Université, France. West Nile virus (WNV, NY99–35, GenBank accession number DQ211652.1) was kindly provided by Martin Groschup, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Germany. DENV-2 was kindly provided by Dr. Katja Fink, Singapore Immunology Network, Singapore). The low passage clinical isolate of Asian lineage ZIKV (PRVABC59, GenBank accession number KX377337) was obtained from Public Health England (PHE). Yellow fever virus (YFV, UVE/YFV/UNK/XX/Vaccinal strain 17D; GenBank accession number EU074025.1) was obtained at the European Virus Archive Global (EVAg). All flaviviruses were propagated in Vero cells (CCL-81, ATCC) cultured in DMEM (Gibco—Thermo Fisher Scientific, Reinach, Switzerland) supplemented with 10% FBS (Gibco) at 37 °C, 5% CO2. Flavivirus titers were determined in Vero cells using an immunoperoxidase assay using the anti-flavivirus group antigen antibody 4G2 (clone D1-4G2-4–15, ATCC, HB-112). Virus titers were calculated and expressed as 50% tissue culture infective dose per ml (TCID50/ml) using the Reed and Muench method [24 (link)].
Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic
Antigens
Asian Persons
Biological Assay
Clone Cells
Europeans
Flavivirus
Immunoperoxidase Techniques
Strains
Tissues
Vaccines
Vero Cells
Virus
Virus, Japanese Encephalitis
West Nile virus
Yellow fever virus
Zika Virus
Heart beating (brain death), non-heart-beating and exitus donors are screened for heart valves and vascular segments donation. A maximum warm ischemia time of 24 h is accepted if the body has been refrigerated within 6 h after asystolia, or 12 h if the body has not been refrigerated. Hearts from living donors (who have received a heart transplant) can also be obtained.
Complete donor evaluation is performed in order to discard any general or specific contraindication for CV donation. This evaluation includes, but is not limited to, a review of the medical and social history, serological and microbiological testing for transmissible diseases, physical examination of the body, autopsy findings if apply, as well as any other relevant information provided by relatives or team leader responsible for the retrieval. Compulsory serology testing includes HIV, hepatitis B and C, syphilis, HTLV and nucleic acid determination of HIV, hepatitis B and C, and nowadays also hepatitis E. Additionally, depending on the country of origin of the donor, the information obtained from the relatives, the travel history and the epidemiologic situation, this serology could be completed with additional determinations such as Trypanosoma Cruzy or West Nile Virus.
After complete donor evaluation and next of kin donation consent (or donor himself if living donation), tissue donation is performed. Tissue retrieval is always performed in an operating room (OR). BTB has the possibility of performing the retrieval in diferent locations: (a) specific facilities for tissue recovery located in two diferent hospitals and IMLCFC; (b) OR in hospitals authorized for tissue donation; or (C) transplant hospitals in case of living donation.
CV tissue is procured by the multi-tissue retrieval teams but, in heart-beating organ donors, the tissue can also be procured by the organ transplant team.
In multi-tissue donors, CV tissues are recovered simultaneously to muskulosqueletal, opening the thoracic cavity by esternotomy and the abdominal cavity, after ocular and skin tissue retrieval. Heart is retrieved preserving the aortic arch and pulmonary branches as long as possible. Standard recovered vascular segments are aorto-iliac bifurcation and femoral arteries, but other segments from descending thoracic aorta to abdominal aorta can be also recovered depending on the needs.
After recovery, CV tissues (heart and vascular segments) are packaged separately into sterile containers with isotonic solution (ringer lactate, saline solution), each one wrapped in sterile bag and kept in a thermobox to ensure a temperature between + 2/+8ºC. The container is labelled with Single European Code (given by the IT system in the DC) and forwarded to TE, where it is processed not later than 32 h after retrieval. The tissue is accompanied by documentation that guarantee full traceability, including the retrieval form with some compulsory identification data: donor ID, donation time and date, asystolia and retrieval data.
Complete donor evaluation is performed in order to discard any general or specific contraindication for CV donation. This evaluation includes, but is not limited to, a review of the medical and social history, serological and microbiological testing for transmissible diseases, physical examination of the body, autopsy findings if apply, as well as any other relevant information provided by relatives or team leader responsible for the retrieval. Compulsory serology testing includes HIV, hepatitis B and C, syphilis, HTLV and nucleic acid determination of HIV, hepatitis B and C, and nowadays also hepatitis E. Additionally, depending on the country of origin of the donor, the information obtained from the relatives, the travel history and the epidemiologic situation, this serology could be completed with additional determinations such as Trypanosoma Cruzy or West Nile Virus.
After complete donor evaluation and next of kin donation consent (or donor himself if living donation), tissue donation is performed. Tissue retrieval is always performed in an operating room (OR). BTB has the possibility of performing the retrieval in diferent locations: (a) specific facilities for tissue recovery located in two diferent hospitals and IMLCFC; (b) OR in hospitals authorized for tissue donation; or (C) transplant hospitals in case of living donation.
CV tissue is procured by the multi-tissue retrieval teams but, in heart-beating organ donors, the tissue can also be procured by the organ transplant team.
In multi-tissue donors, CV tissues are recovered simultaneously to muskulosqueletal, opening the thoracic cavity by esternotomy and the abdominal cavity, after ocular and skin tissue retrieval. Heart is retrieved preserving the aortic arch and pulmonary branches as long as possible. Standard recovered vascular segments are aorto-iliac bifurcation and femoral arteries, but other segments from descending thoracic aorta to abdominal aorta can be also recovered depending on the needs.
After recovery, CV tissues (heart and vascular segments) are packaged separately into sterile containers with isotonic solution (ringer lactate, saline solution), each one wrapped in sterile bag and kept in a thermobox to ensure a temperature between + 2/+8ºC. The container is labelled with Single European Code (given by the IT system in the DC) and forwarded to TE, where it is processed not later than 32 h after retrieval. The tissue is accompanied by documentation that guarantee full traceability, including the retrieval form with some compulsory identification data: donor ID, donation time and date, asystolia and retrieval data.
Abdominal Cavity
Aortas, Abdominal
Arch of the Aorta
Autopsy
Blood Donation
Blood Vessel
Brain Death
Cardiac Arrest
Compulsive Behavior
Donor, Organ
Donors
Europeans
Femoral Artery
Grafts
Heart
Heart Transplantation
Heart Valves
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis E
Human Body
Ilium
Isotonic Solutions
Lactated Ringer's Solution
Living Donors
Lung
Nucleic Acids
Organ Transplantation
Physical Examination
Saline Solution
Skin
Sterility, Reproductive
Syphilis
T-Cell Leukemia Viruses, Human
Thoracic Aorta
Thoracic Cavity
Tissue Donors
Tissues
Trypanosoma
Vision
West Nile virus
Top products related to «West Nile virus»
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The QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit is a laboratory equipment designed for the extraction and purification of viral RNA from various sample types. It utilizes a silica-based membrane technology to efficiently capture and isolate viral RNA, which can then be used for downstream applications such as RT-PCR analysis.
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Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
Sourced in Germany, United Kingdom, United States
AVL buffer is a reagent used in the nucleic acid extraction process. It is designed to facilitate the lysis and inactivation of samples prior to the purification of nucleic acids.
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Australia
The MagMAX-96 Viral RNA Isolation Kit is a laboratory equipment product designed for the purification of viral RNA from various sample types. It utilizes magnetic bead-based technology to efficiently extract and isolate viral RNA for downstream applications.
Goat anti-mouse HRP conjugate is a laboratory reagent that is used to detect the presence of mouse antibodies in biological samples. It is a conjugate of goat-derived anti-mouse antibodies and the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP).
The West Nile Virus anti-envelope clone E24 is a laboratory reagent used for the detection and identification of the West Nile Virus. It is an antibody clone that specifically binds to the envelope protein of the West Nile Virus, a critical component of the viral structure.
True Blue peroxidase substrate is a chromogenic substrate used for the detection of peroxidase enzyme activity in various biological applications. It produces a blue-colored reaction product upon enzymatic conversion, allowing for the visualization and quantification of peroxidase-labeled targets.
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The ON-TARGETplus SMARTpool is a gene silencing reagent designed to efficiently and specifically target and downregulate gene expression. It consists of a pool of four individual siRNA duplexes that are pre-designed and pre-validated to target a specific gene of interest.
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The Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay is a laboratory test used to detect the presence of bacterial endotoxins. It utilizes the blood cells (amebocytes) of the horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) to identify and quantify endotoxin levels in a variety of samples, including pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and other products.
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TRIzol LS is a guanidinium-based reagent used for the isolation of total RNA from various samples, including liquid samples. It is designed to effectively lyse cells and solubilize cellular components while maintaining the integrity of the extracted RNA.
More about "West Nile virus"
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West Nile virus (WNV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Flavivirus genus, which also includes other notable viruses such as Zika, dengue, and yellow fever.
Transmitted primarily by Culex mosquitoes, WNV can infect a wide range of hosts, including humans, birds, and other vertebrates.
Infection in humans can lead to a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic or mild febrile illness to more severe neuroinvasive disease, such as meningitis, encephalitis, and acute flaccid paralysis.
Researching WNV requires a variety of specialized techniques and tools.
The QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit, for example, is a commonly used method for extracting high-quality viral RNA from clinical or environmental samples.
The MagMAX-96 Viral RNA Isolation Kit offers another efficient approach for automated, high-throughput RNA purification.
Serology assays, such as those utilizing the Goat anti-mouse HRP conjugate and the West Nile Virus anti-envelope clone E24, can be employed to detect antibodies against the virus.
Functional genomics studies of WNV may involve the use of ON-TARGETplus SMARTpool siRNA reagents to investigate the role of host genes in viral replication and pathogenesis.
Additionally, the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay can be used to detect the presence of endotoxins, which is crucial for ensuring the quality and safety of reagents used in WNV research.
Explore the full potential of AI-driven research with PubCompare.ai and uncover the latest advancements in West Nile virus science.
Experiance the power of intelligent comparisons to optimize your studies and drive your research forward.
PubCompare.ai's platform helps you locate the most effective protocols, products, and methods from literature, preprints, and patents.
Optimize your research by identifying the best techniques to advance your understanding of this important arboviral disease.
West Nile virus (WNV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Flavivirus genus, which also includes other notable viruses such as Zika, dengue, and yellow fever.
Transmitted primarily by Culex mosquitoes, WNV can infect a wide range of hosts, including humans, birds, and other vertebrates.
Infection in humans can lead to a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic or mild febrile illness to more severe neuroinvasive disease, such as meningitis, encephalitis, and acute flaccid paralysis.
Researching WNV requires a variety of specialized techniques and tools.
The QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit, for example, is a commonly used method for extracting high-quality viral RNA from clinical or environmental samples.
The MagMAX-96 Viral RNA Isolation Kit offers another efficient approach for automated, high-throughput RNA purification.
Serology assays, such as those utilizing the Goat anti-mouse HRP conjugate and the West Nile Virus anti-envelope clone E24, can be employed to detect antibodies against the virus.
Functional genomics studies of WNV may involve the use of ON-TARGETplus SMARTpool siRNA reagents to investigate the role of host genes in viral replication and pathogenesis.
Additionally, the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay can be used to detect the presence of endotoxins, which is crucial for ensuring the quality and safety of reagents used in WNV research.
Explore the full potential of AI-driven research with PubCompare.ai and uncover the latest advancements in West Nile virus science.
Experiance the power of intelligent comparisons to optimize your studies and drive your research forward.