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Fruit, Citrus

Fruit and Citrus refer to the edible, fleshy seed-associated structures of flowering plants.
This diverse group includes a wide variety of botanically distinct items, such as apples, oranges, lemons, bananas, and tomatoes.
Fruits and Citrus are an important part of a healthy diet, providing essential vitamins, minerals, and fiber.
Research in this area focuses on optimizing cultivation techniques, nutritional profiles, and postharvest handling to enhance the quality and availability of these important food sources.
Pepare to discover the power of PubCompare.ai, your AI-driven platform for enhancing reproducibility and accuracy in Fruit and Citrus research.

Most cited protocols related to «Fruit, Citrus»

Case-Control Study on Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer

A case–control study on OCP cancer was conducted between 1997 and 2009 in the greater Milan area, Italy and in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. Cases were 768 patients (593 men and 175 women) under age 79 years (median 58 years, range: 22–79 years) with incident, histologically confirmed squamous cell cancers of OCP (excluding cancers of the lip, salivary glands and nasopharynx), admitted to major teaching or general hospitals in the areas under investigation. Controls were 2078 subjects (1368 men and 710 women, median age 59 years, range: 19–79) with no previous history of cancer, admitted to the same hospitals for acute, nonneoplastic conditions unrelated to tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking or long-term dietary modifications. Among controls, 19% were admitted for traumas, 21% for other orthopaedic conditions, 51% for acute surgical conditions and 9% for other miscellaneous conditions. In Italy, less than 5% of the cases and controls approached refused to participate in the study; in Switzerland, the proportion of refunds was about 15%.
Trained personnel interviewed both cases and controls during their hospital stay using a structured questionnaire, including information on sociodemographic characteristics, anthropometric measures and selected lifestyle habits (including tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking). Subjects' dietary habits during the 2 years before cancer diagnosis or hospitalisation (for controls) were assessed through a valid (Decarli et al, 1996 (link)) and reproducible (Franceschi et al, 1993 (link), 1995 (link)) food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), including information on weekly consumption of 78 foods, recipes and beverages. For a few vegetables and fruits, seasonal consumptions and corresponding durations were elicited. Food items were combined into 18 food groups: milk and yoghurt; cereals; soups; eggs; poultry; red meat; processed meat; fish; cheese; raw vegetables; cooked vegetables; all vegetables; potatoes; citrus fruits; other fruits; all fruits; desserts; and sugars. To estimate the daily intake of nutrients and total energy, we used an Italian food composition database (Gnagnarella et al, 2004 ). To evaluate the role of macronutrients independently from total energy intake, we derived energy-adjusted nutrients according to the residual method (Willett and Stampfer, 1986 (link)).
We categorised food groups, micronutrients and energy-adjusted macronutrients into quintiles (or quartiles/tertiles for a few foods with low frequency of consumption), according to the distribution among the control population. The ORs and corresponding confidence intervals for quantiles of intakes were estimated using multiple logistic regression models, including terms for age (5-year groups), sex, centre (Italy, Switzerland), education (<7, 7 to <12, ⩾12 years), year of interview (continuous), body mass index (BMI, <20, 20 to <25, 25 to <30 kg m⁻²), tobacco smoking (never smoker, ex-smoker, current smoker of: <15, 15–24, ⩾25 cigarettes per day), duration of smoking (<30, 30–39, ⩾40 years), total alcohol drinking (<2, 2 to <4, 4 to <8, ⩾8 drinks per day), duration of alcohol (<30, 30–39, ⩾40 years) and nonalcohol energy intake (quintiles) (Breslow and Day, 1980 ).
We also estimated the ORs for combinations of selected food groups (i.e., fruit, vegetable and meat) and lifestyle habits (i.e., tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking), and we tested the corresponding interaction by likelihood ratio tests.

Bravi F., Bosetti C., Filomeno M., Levi F., Garavello W., Galimberti S., Negri E, & La Vecchia C. (2013). Foods, nutrients and the risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer. British Journal of Cancer, 109(11), 2904-2910.

Publication 2013

Acute Disease Beverages Cancer of Lip Cereals Cheese Diagnosis Dietary Modification Eggs Ethanol Ex-Smokers Fishes Food Fowls, Domestic Fruit Fruit, Citrus Index, Body Mass Macronutrient Malignant Neoplasms Meat Micronutrients Milk, Cow's Nasopharynx Nutrient Intake Nutrients Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Potato Red Meat Salivary Glands Squamous Cell Cancer Sugars Vegetables Woman Wounds and Injuries Yogurt

Comprehensive Dietary Assessment via FFQ

The self-administered FFQ includes question items on the average frequency of consumption during the past year with the following eight possible responses: almost never, 1–3 times per month, 1–2 times per week, 3–4 times per week, 5–6 times per week, once per day, twice per day, and ≥ 3 times per day. These responses are then converted into intake scores of 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 1, 2, and 3, respectively, to approximate the intake frequency per day. The consumption of foods is tabulated in grams for 20 food groups based on the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan (seventh revised edition) [14 ]. The food groups (shown as the number of items: description) were rice (1), bread (1), noodles (1), potatoes (1), soybean products (4: tofu in miso soup, tofu dishes, fermented soybeans [nattō], and fried tofu [ganmodoki]), green vegetables (5: pumpkin, carrot, broccoli, green-leaf vegetables, and other green-yellow vegetables), other vegetables (5: cabbage, radish, dried radish [kiriboshi-daikon], bamboo shoots, and other vegetables), fruit (2: citrus fruits and other fruits), mushrooms (1), seaweeds (1), fish (7: fish, bone-edible small fish, canned tuna, octopus/shrimp/crab, shellfish, fish eggs, and fish paste products), meat (4: chicken, beef/pork, liver, and ham/sausage/bacon), eggs (1), milk (2: milk and yogurt), oils (6: margarine, butter, mayonnaise, deep-fried dishes, light-fried dishes/sauté, and peanuts/almonds), confectionery (2: Western- and Japanese-style confectioneries), green tea (1), coffee (1), alcoholic beverages (1), and soybean paste (1).
The FFQ contains no question items on usual portion size for 43 food items, so we applied the standard portion sizes based on DRs in a population from Aichi Prefecture [3 (link)]. However, portion sizes are requested for three kinds of staple foods in Japan (rice, bread, and noodles). The daily consumption of each food item was computed by multiplying the portion size by the intake score. For alcoholic beverages, the amount and frequency per week or month were asked for the following 10 items: sake, Japanese liquor (shōchū), shōchū highball, large bottle of beer (633 mL), medium-sized bottle of beer (500 mL), 350 mL of canned beer, 250 mL of canned beer, single whiskey, double whiskey, and wine. Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) were not included in the short FFQ.

Imaeda N., Goto C., Sasakabe T., Mikami H., Oze I., Hosono A., Naito M., Miyagawa N., Ozaki E., Ikezaki H., Nanri H., Nakahata N.T., Kamano S.K., Kuriki K., Yaguchi Y.T., Kayama T., Kurihara A., Harada S, & Wakai K. (2021). Reproducibility and validity of food group intake in a short food frequency questionnaire for the middle-aged Japanese population. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 26, 28.

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Publication 2021

Agaricales Alcoholic Beverages Almonds Amniotic Fluid Arachis hypogaea Bacon Beef Beer Bones Brachyura Bread Broccoli Butter Cabbage Carrots Chickens Coffee Eggs Fishes Fish Products Food Fruit Fruit, Citrus Green Tea Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Japanese Light Liver Margarine Meat Milk, Cow's Miso Octopus Oils Oryza sativa Paste Plant Leaves Pork Potato Pumpkins Raphanus Seaweed Shellfish Soybeans Staple, Surgical Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Tofu Tuna Vegetables Wine Yogurt

Carotenoid Extraction and Analysis in Citrus

Carotenoid extraction and analysis using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was conducted as previously described (Paine et al., 2005 ; Liu et al., 2007 (link)). For the calli, a 0.2 g homogeneous lyophilized sample was extracted. Because of the abundant carotenoid esters in citrus fruits, the extracts from 0.3 g of lyophilized flavedos were saponified with 15% (w/v) KOH:methanol. The RP-HPLC analysis was performed in a Waters liquid chromatography system equipped with a model 600E solvent delivery system, a model 2996 photodiode array detection (PAD) system, a model 717 plus autosampler and an Empower chromatography manager. A C30 carotenoid column (150×4.6 mm; YMC, Japan) was used to elute the carotenoids. The carotenoids were identified by their characteristic absorption spectra and typical retention time based on the literature and standards from CaroNature Co. (Bern, Switzerland). The quantification of the carotenoids was achieved using calibration curves for standards including violaxanthin, lutein, phytoene, α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and lycopene; phytofluene was quantified as phytoene, and α-cryptoxanthin was quantified as β-cryptoxanthin.

Cao H., Zhang J., Xu J., Ye J., Yun Z., Xu Q., Xu J, & Deng X. (2012). Comprehending crystalline β-carotene accumulation by comparing engineered cell models and the natural carotenoid-rich system of citrus. Journal of Experimental Botany, 63(12), 4403-4417.

Publication 2012

(all-E) phytoene Biological Models Callosities Carotene Carotenoids Chromatography Chromatography, Reversed-Phase Liquid Cryptoxanthins Esters Fruit, Citrus Liquid Chromatography Lutein Lycopene Methanol Obstetric Delivery phytofluene Retention (Psychology) Solvents violaxanthin

Characterization of Bergamot Juice Flavonoids

The flavonoid fraction of bergamot juice (BJe) has been provided by the company “Agrumaria Corleone” (Palermo, Italy). The fruits of Citrus bergamia were coming from crops located in the province of Reggio Calabria (Italy). The extract was centrifuged at 6000 rpm/min for 15 minutes to remove any impurities and successively transformed into a dry powder by the method of spray drying. Small aliquots of BJe were stored at −20°C. Finally, the drug was defrosted, diluted in culture media, pH adjusted to 7.4 and filtered just prior to use.
Chemical composition of BJe was investigated as previously described [32] (link). Briefly, BJe was solubilized in methanol to a concentration of 1 mg/mL, ultrasonicated and filtered by a 0.2 µm nylon membrane (Millipore, Milan, Italy). Qualitative and quantitative determination of flavonoids in BJe was performed using a UHPLC coupled online to an LCMS–IT-TOF mass spectrometer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). Flavonoids were identified on the basis of diode array spectra, MS molecular ions and MS/MS fragmentation patterns. Data obtained were compared with those available in scientific literature. Molecular formula was calculated by the Formula Predictor software (Shimadzu).

Risitano R., Currò M., Cirmi S., Ferlazzo N., Campiglia P., Caccamo D., Ientile R, & Navarra M. (2014). Flavonoid Fraction of Bergamot Juice Reduces LPS-Induced Inflammatory Response through SIRT1-Mediated NF-κB Inhibition in THP-1 Monocytes. PLoS ONE, 9(9), e107431.

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Publication 2014

Agricultural Crops chemical composition Culture Media Flavonoids Fruit, Citrus Ions Laser Capture Microdissection Methanol Nylons Pharmaceutical Preparations Powder Tandem Mass Spectrometry Tissue, Membrane

Transient Transformation of Citrus Plants

Agrobacterium tumefaciens cultures were prepared using the same method detailed for subcellular localization. For citrus leaves, the suspensions expressing target genes and empty pBI121 vector (as control) were injected in different sides of the same leaf on opposite sides of the main vein (Li et al., 2017). For citrus fruit, the suspensions carrying control and target genes were injected into the peel on opposite sides of the equatorial plane of the same fruit (Yin et al., 2016). The fruit of Ougan used for infiltration was harvested from an orchard in Hangzhou, China, at 170 DAFB, and the Ougan seedlings used for transient transformation in leaves were maintained under a 16‐h light/8‐h dark cycle at 25 °C. After infiltration, the seedlings and fruits were kept in the dark for 1 day and maintained under 16‐h light/8‐h dark condition. The metabolites were analysed at 5 days after infiltration and measured by HPLC.

Zhao C., Liu X., Gong Q., Cao J., Shen W., Yin X., Grierson D., Zhang B., Xu C., Li X., Chen K, & Sun C. (2020). Three AP2/ERF family members modulate flavonoid synthesis by regulating type IV chalcone isomerase in citrus. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 19(4), 671-688.

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Publication 2020

Agrobacterium tumefaciens Citrus Cloning Vectors Fruit Fruit, Citrus Genes Hartnup Disease High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Light Seedlings Transients Veins

Most recents protocols related to «Fruit, Citrus»

Analytical Methods for Oxamyl Residues

The availability of the analytical enforcement methods for the determination of residues of oxamyl according to the existing enforcement residue definition (i.e., oxamyl alone), was investigated both in the MRL review and in the EU pesticides peer review on the renewal of the approval of the active substance (EFSA, 2010 (link), 2022 (link)).
The MRL review concluded that suitable analytical methods are available for enforcement of parent oxamyl in commodities with high water content, high acid content and dry commodities at the validated LOQ of 0.01 mg/kg (EFSA, 2010 (link)). The availability of analytical enforcement method for the determination of residues in commodities of animal origin was not further investigated due to insignificant livestock exposure to oxamyl residues.
The EU pesticides peer review on the renewal of the approval concluded that oxamyl residues can be monitored in food and feed of plant origin by the quick, easy, cheap, effective and safe (QuEChERS) method using high‐performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) with a LOQ of 0.01 mg/kg in the four major plant matrices and dried tobacco leaf. The lack of studies on matrix effects and the verification of the extraction efficiency were identified as data gaps (EFSA, 2022 (link)). In food of animal origin oxamyl residues can be determined either by a multi‐residue QuEChERS method or by a single residue method using HPLC–MS/MS determination with a validated LOQ of 0.01 mg/kg in all animal matrices. Also, for these methods matrix effects were not examined and the extraction efficiency has not been verified (EFSA, 2022 (link)).
Noting potential consumer intake concerns related to oxamyl residues at the LOQ, the European Commission requested the EURLs to investigate whether a lower LOQs could be achieved in plant and animal matrices. The EURLs provided information that a lower LOQs could be achieved for the following crops/commodities:

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0.002 mg/kg in oranges and tomatoes.

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0.001 mg/kg in commodities of high water and high acid content11: citrus fruits (except oranges), pome fruits, stone fruits, berries and small fruits, miscellaneous fruit (except table olives, avocados), root and tuber vegetables, bulb vegetables, fruiting vegetables (except tomatoes), brassica vegetables, leaf vegetables, fresh herbs and edible flowers, legume vegetables, stem vegetables, fungi, sugar plants.

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0.005 mg/kg in avocados, cereals, meat of mammals12 and bird's eggs.

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0.001 mg/kg in cow's milk.

The information provided by the EURLs will be further considered in the consumer exposure assessment.

Statement on the risk assessment of maximum residue levels (MRLs) for oxamyl in view of consumer protection. (2023). EFSA Journal, 21(3), e07823.

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Publication 2023

Acids Agricultural Crops Animals Berries Brassica Calculi Carbohydrates Cereals Eggs Europeans Fabaceae Feeds, Animal Flowers Food Fruit, Citrus Fungi Genes, Plant High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Livestock Lycopersicon esculentum Meat Milk, Cow's Nicotiana Olives oxamyl Parent Peer Review Persea americana Pesticides Plant Bulb Plant Leaves Plant Roots Plants Plant Tubers Reproduction Stem, Plant Tandem Mass Spectrometry Vegetables

NIR Spectroscopy Analysis of Citrus Peels

A portable NIR spectroscopy device (Isuzu Optics Corp., Zhubei, Taiwan) was used to collect spectral information of citrus peels in reflectance mode. The machine mainly consists of four sections including a spectrograph (covering spectral range of 900–1700 nm, 1 mm InGaAs detector), a ring-shaped Halogen lamp (20 W), a glass plate (diameter, 60 mm; height, 10 mm). and spectral analysis software (NIRez 2.0 Rice, Isuzu Optics Corp., Taiwan). The device was operated by setting the exposure time of 0.63 ms and the scan number of 5. Before the spectral collection of samples, the device was calibrated by scanning a white tile bar with reflectance of 99.99% and then turning off the light source to ensure 0.00% reflectance.
Before each test, several citrus fruit were taken out and one piece of peel with size of 20 mm × 20 mm (length × width) from each citrus fruit was cut to put into the glass plate of NIR device. Each citrus peel was scanned five times to obtain the average spectra. Finally, a total of 249 spectra of citrus peel samples were prepared for further analysis. The spectra in the range of 912–1667 nm (375 wavelengths) was only considered and analyzed, because of obvious noises existed in the two regions of 900–912 nm and 1667–1700 nm.
The process of spectral collection is always negatively influenced by several factors such as sample status, light scattering, stray light, baseline drift, instrument response and the surrounding environment [33 (link)]. Therefore, it is quite necessary to perform spectra preprocessing to minimize or even eliminate the undesirable effects, improving the signal-to-noise ratio of spectra and predictive ability of subsequent constructed model. In this study, six preprocessing methods including SGS, NC, MSC, 1st Der, 2nd Der, BC, SNV, and MCT were applied to preprocess the collected raw spectra, respectively.
SGS uses polynomials to achieve data smoothing, based on the PLS algorithm, retaining useful information in signal analysis and eliminating random noise [34 (link)]. NC is used to eliminate influence of changes in optical path or sample dilution on spectra [35 (link)]. MSC can eliminate noises caused by specular reflection and non-uniformity of sample, spectral baseline drift and non-repeatability [36 (link)]. Derivation is an effective preprocessing method used to eliminate baseline drift and improve spectral resolution. The 1st Der and 2nd Der can remove the constant baseline and the first functional baseline, respectively [37 (link)]. BC can effectively correct drifts originated from electronic offset, dark current and readout noise [38 (link)]. SNV is applied to reduce influences of uneven particle size and non-specific scattering of particle surface [39 (link)]. MCT is realized using sample spectra minus mean spectra of calibration set to increase the difference between sample spectra, thus improving robustness and prediction ability of model [40 (link)].
All the spectral preprocessing were completed using software Unscramble 10.3X (CAMO, Oslo, Norway).

Zhang W., Lin M., He H., Wang Y., Wang J, & Liu H. (2023). Toward Achieving Rapid Estimation of Vitamin C in Citrus Peels by NIR Spectra Coupled with a Linear Algorithm. Molecules, 28(4), 1681.

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Publication 2023

Citrus Eye Fruit, Citrus Halogens Light Medical Devices Oryza sativa Reflex Specimen Collection Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared Technique, Dilution

External Validation of Citrus Peel Vitamin C

To further evaluate the applicability and validity of the established calibration model, it is necessary to conduct external validation using a set of independent samples. For achieving the stable and effective prediction of vitamin C, 40 independent citrus peel samples were randomly collected from fresh harvested citrus fruit and used to validate the best optimized PLS model externally. The operation of the external validation was executed in software Unscramble 10.3X (CAMO, Oslo, Norway).

Zhang W., Lin M., He H., Wang Y., Wang J, & Liu H. (2023). Toward Achieving Rapid Estimation of Vitamin C in Citrus Peels by NIR Spectra Coupled with a Linear Algorithm. Molecules, 28(4), 1681.

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Publication 2023

Ascorbic Acid Citrus Fruit, Citrus

Citrus Fruit Spectral Analysis Protocol

Two hundred and forty-nine fresh intact and undamaged citrus fruit (50 varieties and five of each (four of the Xuegan variety): Judaro, Miyagawa wase, Nanfengmiju, Nankou,,Kaixuangan, Red Sene, Clementine, Amakusa, Owari, Yura Wase, Taguchi wase, Cocktail grapefruit, Bendizao, Huyou, Hongyugan, Ueno Wase, Hongmeiren, Aoshima, Ougan, Green Ougan, Ponkan, Navel orange, 439, Honeybelle tangelo, Himekoharu, 60, Okitsu No.60, Lime, Sweet Spring, Gaocheng, Flame grapefruit, Valencia orange, Gonggan, Seihou, Chachigan, Huyou, Asumi, Washington Sanguine blood orange, Tarocco blood orange, Xuegan, Jincheng, Gaotaocheng, 123-1, Tsunokaori Tangor, Murcott, Manju, Moro blood orange, Haruka, Orah, Liubencheng, Sokitsu) were randomly selected after harvesting from the Citrus Breeding Base of Zhejiang Citrus Research Institute, Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province, China and immediately transported to the laboratory to be stored at cold temperature (4 ± 0.5 °C) for further spectral acquisition and vitamin C determination. Before the test, the peel surface was examined carefully again, and a simple cleaning was performed to guarantee minimal impact on further spectral collection.

Zhang W., Lin M., He H., Wang Y., Wang J, & Liu H. (2023). Toward Achieving Rapid Estimation of Vitamin C in Citrus Peels by NIR Spectra Coupled with a Linear Algorithm. Molecules, 28(4), 1681.

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Publication 2023

Ascorbic Acid Blood Citrus Citrus aurantiifolia Citrus paradisi Citrus sinensis Cold Temperature Fruit, Citrus

Citrus Pathogen C. gloeosporioides Isolation and Characterization

C. gloeosporioides isolate, obtained from citrus fruit showing typical symptoms of disease and previously identified, belongs to Di3A collection (Dipartimento di Agricoltura Alimentazione e Ambiente, University of Catania, Italy) [16 (link)]. The isolate, kept in Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA, Oxoid, Basingstoke Hempshire, UK) at 4 °C, was used in the in vitro and in growth chamber assays. Subcultures were grown for 10 days at 25 °C in the dark before each assay.

Lombardo M.F., Panebianco S., Azzaro A., Catara V, & Cirvilleri G. (2023). Assessing Copper-Alternative Products for the Control of Pre- and Postharvest Citrus Anthracnose. Plants, 12(4), 904.

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Publication 2023

Agar Biological Assay Fruit, Citrus Glucose Solanum tuberosum

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Gallic acid is a naturally occurring organic compound that can be used as a laboratory reagent. It is a white to light tan crystalline solid with the chemical formula C6H2(OH)3COOH. Gallic acid is commonly used in various analytical and research applications.

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More about "Fruit, Citrus"

Discover the power of PubCompare.ai, your AI-driven platform for enhancing reproducibility and accuracy in Fruit and Citrus research.
Fruits, including citrus varieties like oranges, lemons, and limes, are a vital part of a healthy diet, providing essential vitamins, minerals, and fiber.
These edible, fleshy seed-associated structures of flowering plants come in a wide variety of botanically distinct items, such as apples, bananas, and even tomatoes.
Research in this area focuses on optimizing cultivation techniques, nutritional profiles, and postharvest handling to enhance the quality and availability of these important food sources.
Leverage AI-driven comparisons on PubCompare.ai to identify the best protocols and products for your Fruit and Citrus experiments, drawing on insights from the scientific literature, preprints, and patents.
Improve your research outcomes with PubCompare.ai - your one-stop shop for optimizing Fruit and Citrus research.
Explore topics like Gallic acid, Pectin, SYPRO Orange, Limonene, Galacturonic acid, P9561, DNeasy Plant Mini Kit, Sodium hydroxide, and Sabouraud dextrose broth to enhance your understanding of these key compounds and methodologies.
With PubCompare.ai, you can take your Fruit and Citrus research to the next level and achieve more reliable, accurate results.