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Garlic

Garlic (Allium sativum) is a perennial bulbous plant in the family Amaryllidaceae.
It is commonly used as a culinary herb and has a long history of medicinal use.
Garlic exhibits a wide range of potential health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties.
Its active compounds, such as allicin and alliin, have been studied for their effects on cardiovascular health, immune function, and cancer prevention.
Reseach on garlic's therapeutic applications continues to evolve, with ongoing investigations into optimal cultivation methods, extraction techniques, and product standardization.
Leveraging AI-driven platforms like PubCompare.ai can help researchers efficiently identify the most effective garlic products and methodologies to advance this field of study.

Most cited protocols related to «Garlic»

1
Mediterranean Diet Adherence Assessment
At baseline, registered dietitians completed a 14-item Mediterranean Diet adherence screener (Table 1) in a face-to-face interview with the participant [21] (link), [27] –[29] (link). The dietitians had been previously trained and certified to implement the PREDIMED protocol and had been hired to work full-time for the trial. The 14-item tool was developed in a Spanish case-control study of myocardial infarction [30] (link), where the best cut-off points for discriminating between cases and controls were selected for each food or food group. With this first step, 9 of the 14 items were obtained [31] (link). Five additional items that were felt to be especially relevant to assess adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet were subsequently added. Two of these items used short questions to inquire on food habits: Do you use olive oil as the principal source of fat for cooking? and Do you prefer to eat chicken, turkey or rabbit instead of beef, pork, hamburgers or sausages? The other 3 items inquired on frequency of consumption of nuts, soda drinks and a typical Mediterranean sauce (“sofrito”): How many times do you consume nuts per week? How many carbonated and/or sugar-sweetened beverages do you consume per day? How many times per week do you consume boiled vegetables, pasta, rice, or other dishes with a sauce (“sofrito”) of tomato, garlic, onion, or leeks sauteed in olive oil?[26] (link).
The baseline 14-item questionnaire (Table 1) was the primary measure used in this study to appraise adherence of participants to the Mediterranean diet. In addition, a full-length 137-item validated FFQ [32] (link) was also administered to all participants. We obtained information about total energy intake and alcohol intake (only with descriptive purposes) from this FFQ. In the validation study, the score obtained with brief 14-item questionnaire correlated significantly with that obtained from the full-length FFQ score (Pearson correlation coefficient (r) = 0.52; intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.51). Associations in the anticipated directions for the different dietary intakes reported on the FFQ were found [26] (link). Significant inverse correlations of the 14-item tool with fasting glucose, total:HDL cholesterol ratio, triglycerides and the 10-y estimated coronary artery disease risk also supported the validity of this brief Mediterranean diet adherence screener [26] (link).
Also a general medical questionnaire, and the validated Spanish version of the Minnesota Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire [33] (link)–[34] (link) were collected by the dietitians in the personal interview with each participant [21] (link). Weight, height and WC were directly measured by registered nurses who had been previously trained and certified to implement the PREDIMED protocol and were hired to work full-time for this trial, as previously described [21] (link), [27] –[29] (link). The WHtR was calculated as WC divided by height, both in centimeters.
Martínez-González M.A., García-Arellano A., Toledo E., Salas-Salvadó J., Buil-Cosiales P., Corella D., Covas M.I., Schröder H., Arós F., Gómez-Gracia E., Fiol M., Ruiz-Gutiérrez V., Lapetra J., Lamuela-Raventos R.M., Serra-Majem L., Pintó X., Muñoz M.A., Wärnberg J., Ros E, & Estruch R. (2012). A 14-Item Mediterranean Diet Assessment Tool and Obesity Indexes among High-Risk Subjects: The PREDIMED Trial. PLoS ONE, 7(8), e43134.
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Publication 2012
Allium cepa Beef Chickens Coronary Arteriosclerosis Diet, Mediterranean Dietitian Face Feelings Food Garlic Glucose High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Hispanic or Latino Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Leeks Myocardial Infarction Nuts Oil, Olive Oryza sativa Pastes Physical Examination Pork Rabbits Registered Nurse Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Tomatoes Triglycerides Vegetables
2
Dietary Inflammation Index Development and Validation

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Publication 2015
Anthocyanidins Anti-Inflammatory Agents Biological Markers Cell Culture Techniques Diet Eugenol flavan-3-ol Flavones Flavonols Food Garlic Homo sapiens IL10 protein, human Inflammation Interleukin-1 beta Nutrients Origanum vulgare Piper nigrum Population Group Saffron Tumeric Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Zingiber officinale
3
Public Perceptions of COVID-19 Myths
Data were collected using the online questionnaire shown in Multimedia Appendix 1. Participants received US $1.50 (equivalent to £1.17 on March 1, 2020) for completing the questionnaire. Following an informed consent form, the questionnaire asked participants about the cause, current state, and future development of the COVID-19 epidemic; the risk of a fatal disease course; knowledge of symptoms and recommended health care–seeking behavior; measures to prevent an infection with SARS-CoV-2; and their perception of the risk posed by individuals of East-Asian ethnicity in their community. In order to investigate to what degree dis- and misinformation about COVID-19 has affected the general public’s beliefs about the condition, participants were directly asked whether they believed several falsehoods listed on the WHO’s “myth busters” website [12 ], which the WHO selected because these myths were circulating on social media [13 ]. Specifically, the questionnaire asked whether receiving a letter or package from China poses a risk of infection and whether using hand dryers, rinsing your nose with saline, eating garlic, applying sesame oil to the skin, taking antibiotics, and vaccinating against pneumonia are effective in preventing a SARS-CoV-2 infection. The questionnaire was built using Qualtrics software. Participants had to answer a question to reach the next question. Numerical entry questions did not allow for nonsensical inputs (eg, percentage questions were restricted to inputs between 0 and 100).
, & Geldsetzer P. (2020). Use of Rapid Online Surveys to Assess People's Perceptions During Infectious Disease Outbreaks: A Cross-sectional Survey on COVID-19. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(4), e18790.
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Publication 2020
Antibiotics COVID 19 Disease Progression East Asian People Epidemics Ethnicity Garlic Infection Mutation, Nonsense Nose Pneumonia Saline Solution Sesame Oil Skin
4
Arabidopsis Flowering Time Measurement
Seeds were obtained from the Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre and from colleagues. The stock numbers of accessions and mutants used are given in Table S1. T-DNA insertion lines for CO (co-9) were obtained from Syngenta (Garlic-24-H04.b.1a.Lb3Fa; Basel, Switzerland). A SALK T-DNA line (Stock Centre number N641971) for FLM was isolated (flm-3) and verified to be an RNA-null allele (Min-Chul Kim and DW, unpublished data). Plants were cultivated in paired incubators (Percival Scientific, Perry, Iowa, United States) or growth rooms. Short days were 8 h of light/16 h of dark; long days were 16 h of light/8 h of dark. Ten to 12 plants per genotype were grown in a completely randomized design, in order to minimize environmental variation, and scored for their flowering time, which was measured by counting total leaf number (TLN, partitioned into Rosette [RLN] and Cauline [CLN] leaf number). Thermal induction was robust at 25 °C in incubators, but required 27 °C in the growth rooms. Therefore, induction experiments in the growth rooms were done at 27 °C. Growth chamber experiments were done at 25 °C, including microarray studies. There were no strong differences in the spectral quality between the chambers and the growth rooms, indicating that the observed differences could possibly be due to small temperature fluctuations in the chambers compared to the better ventilated growth rooms, which have only little variation (±0.1 °C).
Balasubramanian S., Sureshkumar S., Lempe J, & Weigel D. (2006). Potent Induction of Arabidopsis thaliana Flowering by Elevated Growth Temperature. PLoS Genetics, 2(7), e106.
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Publication 2006
Alleles Arabidopsis Garlic Genotype Light Microarray Analysis Plant Embryos Plant Leaves Plants T-DNA
5
Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis of UK Supermarket Ready Meals and Pizzas
For cross-sectional analysis of ready meals and pizzas, a single weekly snapshot of the six major UK supermarkets (Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury’s, Morrisons, Waitrose, Ocado) taken in March 2018 was used. These six supermarkets account for over 75% of the grocery market in the UK.23 All products available within supermarket categories of ready meals and pizzas were manually curated to exclude products that would not be eaten as a standalone meal (eg, pasta sauces, burgers without buns, garlic bread and so on). In order to define product groups for the example analyses, we first examined the existing supermarket hierarchies to select all potential ready meal and pizza products, and then filtered these using regular expressions to include/exclude specific subcategories and products. The ready-meal product categories selected required particular care due to the fact that they contain a diverse range of products, including whole meals (eg, vegetable masala and rice), components of such meals (eg, a portion of precooked rice) and supplementary items (often within meal deals, eg, small pots of chutney, soft drinks and so on). Duplicate products (ready meals or pizzas of a particular brand and type that appear in more than one supermarket) were removed. Using data extracted from the websites, a traffic light ‘healthiness’ score was generated for all ready meals and pizzas. This score ranks the perceived healthiness of foods based only on the front-of-pack traffic light colours for total fat, saturated fat, total sugar and salt, based on the results of a choice experiment conducted with supermarket shoppers.24 (link) We assessed the distribution of each traffic light nutrient and the traffic light healthiness score across the products.
To test the relationship between price and levels of fat, saturated fat, sugar and salt, the full dataset without removal of duplicates was used (since the same product in different supermarkets can have different prices). We categorised the dataset into the lowest 50% and highest 50% of products by price (£ per 100 g) and looked at differences in traffic light healthiness scores between the two categories using Mann-Whitney tests.
For the longitudinal analyses, we used data on all pizzas appearing in the six supermarkets between 30 November 2017 and 1 June 2018, which included 27 weekly snapshots (NB: the Tesco dataset contained only 26 snapshots in this time period, due to errors in data collection on the week of 30 December 2018). To evaluate the stability of the pizza market over this time period, all products were categorised into four groups depending on their availability: products present in every collected snapshot; products usually present (defined as being available in all snapshots except gaps of 1 or 2 weeks); products with line change (defined either as products entering the market—first time available after the initial snapshot—or leaving the market—last time available before the final snapshot); and products with any other pattern of availability.
To evaluate the degree of product reformulation over this time period, the percentage of pizzas that changed their content of at least one of the four traffic light nutrients (total fat, saturated fat, total sugars and salt) were calculated, as well as the percentage where the change in nutritional content was enough to prompt a change in a traffic light colour for the front-of-pack label.
Analyses were carried out using MySQL and Python V.2.7 using the Python libraries numpy V.1.1425 and Pandas V.0.22,26 and visualisations created using Matplotlib V.2.2.27
Harrington R.A., Adhikari V., Rayner M, & Scarborough P. (2019). Nutrient composition databases in the age of big data: foodDB, a comprehensive, real-time database infrastructure. BMJ Open, 9(6), e026652.
Publication 2019
Bread Carbohydrates Eating Food Garlic Light Marijuana Abuse Nutrients Oryza sativa Pastes Python Saturated Fatty Acid Sodium Chloride Soft Drinks Sugars Vegetables

Most recents protocols related to «Garlic»

1
Boosting Wheat Yields with Amendments
The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications, and each plot area was 12 m2 (4 m × 3 m). In all treatments recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) was applied except T1 (control), where no RDN was used. The research was carried out through growing wheat variety (HD 2967) with 10 treatments in respective plots, namely labelled as T1 (control), T2 (RDN @ 150 kg ha−1), T3 (RDN + NBPT (N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide) @ 0.5% w/w RDN), T4 (RDN +HQ (hydroquinone) @ 0.3% w/w of RDN), T5 (RDN + calcium carbide @ 1% w/w of RDN), T6 (RDN + VAM (vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza @ 10 kg ha−1), T7 (RDN + azotobacter @ 50 g kg−1 seeds) T8 (RDN + garlic powder @ 0.8% w/w of RDN), T9 (RDN + linseed oil @ 0.06% w/w of RDN), and T10 (RDN + pongamia oil @ 0.06% w/w of RDN). Each dose was finalized based on the current usage of these amendments by firms, which were applied in two splits (one at the time of sowing and the second split application 30 days after sowing).
In order to study the effect of organic and inorganic amendments together, three inorganic amendments, two bio-fertilizers, and three organic amendments were chosen based on popularity and literature review. N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (Zanin et al., 2015 (link)), hydroquinone (Modolo et al., 2018 (link)), calcium carbide (Sakariyawo et al., 2020 (link)), Garlic powder (Ramli et al., 2014 ), Linseed oil, and Pongamia oil (Majumdar, 2008 ) were mixed with urea (RDN) as per the dosage. Wheat seeds were treated with Azotobater spp. and used for sowing in T7. Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (as per ICAR RABI Agro-Advisory for Farmers, https://icar.org.in/content/icar-rabi-agro-advisory-farmers) was applied directly into the soil during sowing with an RDN. The recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) for wheat was applied as N: P2O5:K2O (150:60:40 kg ha−1). Urea, single super phosphate (SSP), and muriate of potash (MOP) were used as a source of N, P2O5, and K2O, respectively.
L. Ramalingappa P., Shrivastava M., Dhar S., Bandyopadhyay K., Prasad S., Langyan S., Tomer R., Khandelwal A., Darjee S, & Singh R. (2023). Reducing options of ammonia volatilization and improving nitrogen use efficiency via organic and inorganic amendments in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). PeerJ, 11, e14965.
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Publication 2023
Azotobacter calcium carbide Carbimide, Calcium DNA Replication Farmers Garlic hydroquinone Icar Linseed oil Mycorrhizae Nitrogen phosphoric anhydride Plant Embryos Pongamia Potassium Chloride Powder superphosphate Triticum aestivum Urea
2
Assessing Mediterranean Diet Adherence

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Publication 2023
Acclimatization Allium cepa Animals Biological Markers BLOOD Candy Diet Diet, Mediterranean Dietitian Fishes Food Fruit Garlic Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Interviewers Leeks Mental Recall Myocardial Infarction Nuts Oil, Olive Pulses Savory Seafood Snacks Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Tomatoes Vegetables Wine
3
Ripeness Effects on Strawberry Water Transport
The effects of ripeness on osmotic water uptake and transpirational water loss were identified using six stages of ripeness (Fig. 2). The ripeness stages were: white, 1/2 light red, 3/4 light red, 1/2 red, 3/4 red, dark red21 (link). Fruits of ‘Florentina’ were selected based on color (CM-2600 d, orifice 3 mm diameter; Konica Minolta, Tokyo, Japan). The fruit selected ranged from white to dark red. Color was expressed as the hue angle. Rates of water uptake and transpiration were determined as indicated above. Additionally, juice was extracted from the fruit using a garlic press and its osmotic potential quantified by vapor pressure osmometry (VAPRO 5600; Wescor, Utah, USA). The skin permeances for transpiration (Pt; m s−1) and osmotic water uptake (Pf, m s−1) were determined from rates of water movement22 (link). Briefly, Pt was calculated from Eq. (1). The rate of transpiration (Ft; kg s−1) was divided by the product of the fruit surface area (A; m2), the density of water (ρw; kg m−3), and the gradient in water activity (Δɑw; dimensionless) across the fruit skin23 . Since the humidity above dry silica is practically zero, Δɑw equals the water activity of the strawberry juice, which is approximately one.
The value of Pf (m s−1) was determined using the filtration permeability relation in Eq. (2); where Ff (kg s−1) represents the rate of osmotic uptake, Afruit the fruit surface area (m2), R (m3 MPa mol−1 K−1) the universal gas constant, T (K) the absolute temperature, Vw (m3 mol−1) the molar volume of water and ρw (kg m−3) the density of water and ΔΨ (MPa) the difference in water potential between the water potential of the fruit (Ψfruit) and that of the incubation solution (Ψ)24 . For fruit incubated in water (Ψ = 0) the driving force for osmotic uptake is essentially equal to the water potential of the fruit (Ψfruit). The fruit water potential equals the sum of the fruit’s turgor and the osmotic potential of the expressed juice (ΨΠ). Because the fruit turgor is negligibly low in strawberry6 (link), the value of ΨΠ essentially equals the Ψfruit. Pt=FtAfruit·ρw·Δaw Pf=FfAfruit·ΔΨ·RTρ·Vw¯
Fruit surface area was calculated from a solid geometrical model comprising a truncated cone capped by two halves of rotational prolate ellipsoids6 (link). The respective dimensions were estimated from calibrated photographs by image analysis (cellSens Dimension 1.7.1; Olympus Soft Imaging Solutions, Münster, Germany). The relationship between mass and the measured surface area was plotted and an empirical regression model was fitted. Data from a compilation between different cultivars and development stages ranging from green fruitlets to fully mature fruit were used (see supplementary information). The total number of individual fruit replications was 200.
Hurtado G, & Knoche M. (2023). Detached, wetted strawberries take up substantial water in the calyx region. Scientific Reports, 13, 3895.
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Publication 2023
DNA Replication Filtration Fruit Garlic Humidity Light Molar Osmometry Osmosis Permeability Prolate Retinal Cone Silicon Dioxide Skin Strawberries Vapor Pressure
4
Headstarting Blanding's Turtle in RNUP
We conducted our research at the RNUP in Toronto, Ontario, Canada (43.8188° N, 79.1728° W). The RNUP is the first urban national park in Canada and is part of a pilot project carried out by Parks Canada to conserve urban biodiversity, Indigenous cultural landscapes, and agricultural heritage of the area [27 ]. It is an ecologically protected zone established in 2015 under the Rouge National Urban Park Act [28 ] that encompasses 80 km2 of forests, meadows, rivers, wetlands, and fragments of rare habitats such as oak savannah and Carolinian woodlands [27 ]. Situated at the center of the Canada’s largest metropolitan area (Fig 1), the park is surrounded by major highways, freight and passenger railways, residential, commercial, and industrial developments, and agricultural lands [27 ].
Our study site is situated in the southern portion of the RNUP. In the early 1990s, the area was restored to a wetland complex of vernal pools, and more permanent ponds of various sizes with littoral vegetation including alders (Alnus spp.), cattails (Typha spp.), sedges (Carex spp.), and willows (Salix spp.) [21 ]. More recently, invasive species, such as European common reed (Phragmites australis), garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolate), purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), and reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) have become ubiquitous. Once restoration efforts were completed, the Toronto Zoo’s Adopt-A-Pond Wetland Conservation Program began wetland surveys to evaluate species occurrence in the area. The surveys found three at-risk turtle species: Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta), Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina), and the globally endangered [33 ] Blanding’s Turtle. In Canada, Painted and Snapping turtles are designated as ‘Special Concern’ by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) [34 , 35 ], and Blanding’s Turtle is designated as ‘Endangered’ [36 ].
In 2005, the Blanding’s Turtle population within the park boundary was known to be comprised of three adult turtles (two males and one female) and a juvenile. Two additional adult turtles (one male and one female) were discovered in 2006 in an adjacent creek approximately 4 km from the RNUP (Toronto Zoo [Unpublished]). Given that the Blanding’s Turtle population in the RNUP was presumed functionally extinct, the Toronto Zoo initiated a headstarting program in 2012 to supplement the wild population [21 ]. A preliminary population viability analysis (PVA) showed that 40 headstarted turtles with 1:1.5 male:female sex ratio would need to be released each year for 20 years to reach a self-sustaining population of 150 adult Blanding’s Turtles (Toronto Zoo [Unpublished]). The first release occurred in 2014 with 10 juveniles, followed by 21 in 2015, 36 in 2016, 49 in 2017, 49 in 2018, 48 in 2019, 57 in 2020 for a total of 270 headstarted turtles released to date (Toronto Zoo [Unpublished]). An additional 184 hatchlings were released without headstarting because the number of eggs that hatched exceeded the capacity of the Toronto Zoo rearing facility.
Wijewardena T., Keevil M.G., Mandrak N.E., Lentini A.M, & Litzgus J.D. (2023). Evaluation of headstarting as a conservation tool to recover Blanding’s Turtles (Emydoidea blandingii) in a highly fragmented urban landscape. PLOS ONE, 18(3), e0279833.
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Publication 2023
Adult Alnus Carex Plant Dietary Supplements Eggs Europeans Extinction, Psychological Females Forests Garlic Invasive Species Lythrum salicaria Males Mustard Natural Springs Phalaris Rivers Turtle Typha Wetlands Willow
5
Olfactory Function Assessment with OSIT-J

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Publication 2023
Cacosmia Garlic Hyposmia Japanese melamine Mentha Microcapsules Milk, Cow's Odorants Odors Oils, Volatile Pastes Pheromone Pinus Resins, Plant Sense of Smell

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