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> Phenomena > Environmental Effect of Humans > Water Fluoridation

Water Fluoridation

Water fluoridation is the controlled addition of fluoride to a public water supply to reduce the incidence of tooth decay.
Fluoride is a naturally occurring mineral that helps strengthen tooth enamel and prevent cavities.
This process has been widely adopted in many countries to improve oral health outcomes, especially among children.
PubCompare.ai provides a powerful platform to effeciently search and compare the latest water fluoridation protocols from scientific literature, pre-prints, and patents.
Leverage AI-driven analysis to identify the optimal fluoridation strategies and products for your research needs, and streamline your water fluoridation studies.

Most cited protocols related to «Water Fluoridation»

1
Longitudinal Caries Prevention in NPA
This is a longitudinal preventive intervention study. All school children in the NPA will be invited to participate. As it is unethical to withhold any proven intervention from any child, no control group will be created. Children who do not consent to participate may be natural controls if they consent to a dental examination at the end of the study. The actual caries increment in the children who participate will be compared to the expected caries increment modelled on oral health surveys carried out in this community in 2004 (pre-water fluoridation); in 2012 (by the Griffith University team post-partial water fluoridation) and 2015 (baseline survey for this study).
All consenting children will undergo a detailed head, neck and dental clinical examination and complete a questionnaire on their basic demography (gender and age), residential history (exposure to fluoridated drinking water), own general and oral health perceptions; oral health behaviours, attitudes and knowledge; dental visits; diet and oral health-related quality of life.
All active disease will be treated prior to implementing the dental caries preventive intervention. In years 2 and 3 of the study, all participating children will be invited to return for a dental examination, treatment of new incident disease and repeat of the prevention regime.
Lalloo R., Kroon J., Tut O., Kularatna S., Jamieson L.M., Wallace V., Boase R., Fernando S., Cadet-James Y., Scuffham P.A, & Johnson N.W. (2015). Effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of a single annual professional intervention for the prevention of childhood dental caries in a remote rural Indigenous community. BMC Oral Health, 15, 99.
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Publication 2015
Child Dental Care Dental Caries Dental Health Services Diet Gender Head Neck Physical Examination Water Fluoridation
2
Western Blot Analysis of Cardiac Proteins
Protein extracts from frozen mouse, rat, and human hearts, AMVMs and NRVMs were prepared by lysis in ice-cold modified RIPA buffer (150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris HCL pH 7.4, 1% Triton-X 100, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS, 5 mM EDTA, 2 mM EDTA) containing protease and phosphatase inhibitors. Proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE on 4%−20% gradient gels (Bio-Rad) and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. An Odyssey scanner (LI-COR version 3.0) was used as detection system. For human myocardial samples, protein lysates were prepared using cell lysis buffer (CST, Cell Signaling Technology) with the addition of 1mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF). Lysates were prepared using the Retsch Mixer Mill. Capillary-based immunoassay was performed using the Wes-Simple Western method with the anti-rabbit detection module (ProteinSimple). Protein expression was measured by chemiluminescence and quantified as area under the curve using the Compass for Simple Western program (ProteinSimple). Proteins were detected with the following primary antibodies: pIRE1α [Ser724] (NB100–2323, Novus Biological); IRE1α (#3294, Cell Signaling), GRP78 (#3177, Cell Signaling); anti-GRP94 (#2104, Cell Signaling); PERK (#3192, Cell Signaling); ATF6 (24169–1-AP, Proteintech); iNOS (#13120, Cell Signaling); nNOS (#4234, Cell Signaling); eNOS (#9572, Cell Signaling); GAPDH (10R-G109a, Fitzgerald).
Schiattarella G.G., Altamirano F., Tong D., French K.M., Villalobos E., Kim S.Y., Luo X., Jiang N., May H.I., Wang Z.V., Hill T.M., Mammen P.P., Huang J., Lee D.I., Hahn V., Sharma K., Kass D.A., Lavandero S., Gillette T.G, & Hill J.A. (2019). Nitrosative Stress Drives Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. Nature, 568(7752), 351-356.
Publication 2019
activating transcription factor 6, human Antibodies Biopharmaceuticals Buffers Capillaries Cells Chemiluminescence Cold Temperature Deoxycholic Acid, Monosodium Salt Edetic Acid ERN1 protein, human Freezing GAPDH protein, human Gels Glucose Regulated Protein 78 kDa GRP94 Homo sapiens Immunoassay inhibitors Mus Myocardium Nitrocellulose NOS1 protein, human NOS2A protein, human NOS3 protein, human Novus Peptide Hydrolases Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases Proteins Rabbits Radioimmunoprecipitation Assay SDS-PAGE Sodium Chloride Tissue, Membrane Triton X-100 Tromethamine Water Fluoridation
3
Isolation of Heart Mitochondria
Heart mitochondria were isolated following previously established protocols with minor modifications [62 (link)]. In brief, cardiac tissue was minced with a razor blade in ice-cold MSM buffer supplemented with 1 mg/ml bacterial proteinase type XXIV (Nagarse). The minced tissue was added to 8–10 ml ice-cold isolation buffer (MSM buffer supplemented with 2 mM EDTA and 0.2% fatty acid-free BSA) and homogenized on ice with a glass homogenizer and a Teflon pestle. To minimize damage to the mitochondria, the homogenate was poured off after ~ 5 strokes. After addition of 0.1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), the homogenate was centrifuged at 300×g for 10 min at 4 ºC. The supernatant was then centrifuged at 3000×g for 10 min at 4 ºC, and the mitochondrial pellet washed once in ice-cold isolation buffer. After final resuspension in ice-cold isolation buffer, mitochondrial protein concentration was determined using the DC Protein assay (Bio-Rad). Citrate synthase activity was nine times higher in the mitochondrial fraction when compared to the cytosolic fraction, thereby confirming minimal disruption of mitochondria during the isolation procedure. Methods used for the determination of mitochondrial function and the assessment of respiratory complex activities are provided in the Electronic Supplementary Material.
Edwards K.S., Ashraf S., Lomax T.M., Wiseman J.M., Hall M.E., Gava F.N., Hall J.E., Hosler J.P, & Harmancey R. (2018). Uncoupling protein 3 deficiency impairs myocardial fatty acid oxidation and contractile recovery following ischemia/reperfusion. Basic Research in Cardiology, 113(6), 47.
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Publication 2018
Bacteria Biological Assay Buffers Cerebrovascular Accident Citrate (si)-Synthase Cold Temperature Cytosol Edetic Acid Endopeptidases Fatty Acids Heart isolation Mitochondria Mitochondria, Heart Mitochondrial Proteins Proteins Respiratory Rate Subtilisin BPN' Teflon Tissues Water Fluoridation
4
Longitudinal Study of Preschool Dental Caries
The study subjects were preschool children with complete healthy deciduous dentition and without dental restoration who were recruited from the same kindergartens in Lin'an County, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China. The exclusion criteria were as follows: the use of antibiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, or additional fluoride to fluoridated toothpaste within the prior 3 months; apparent active bacterial or viral infection in any part of the body (Ling et al., 2010 (link)); visually detectable enamel or dentin hypoplasia; and eruption of permanent teeth during the study. Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth with fluoridated toothpaste. Dental caries was diagnosed based on the criteria of the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) (Shivakumar et al., 2009 (link)). The caries status of each individual was determined by the same two experienced dentists who performed a whole oral clinical examination. According to ICDAS criteria, a code greater than 2 was considered to reflect the presence of dental caries in this study.
Sixty subjects were initially recruited and 23 remained at the end of the study. Subjects were examined at five time points: T0 (baseline, at the beginning of the study), T1 (6 months later), T2 (12 months later), T3 (18 months later), and T4 (24 months later, at the end of the study). The average age of the subjects was 47.5 months (SD = 2.2) at the baseline. The oral clinical examinations were implemented at each time point and revealed an increasing number of subjects with dental caries over time, with 12 subjects eventually developing caries. The 23 remaining individuals were divided into two groups: the health-to-health (H-H) group (N = 11), which included individuals with no caries and no dental restoration at the end of the study; and the health-to-caries (H-C) group (N = 12), which included individuals with caries and/or dental restoration at the end of the study. Saliva samples were collected at all five time points such that there were 10 groups in total (H-H-T0, H-C-T0, H-H-T1, H-C-T1, H-H-T2, H-C-T2, H-H-T3, H-C-T3, H-H-T4, and H-C-T4).
Xu L., Chen X., Wang Y., Jiang W., Wang S., Ling Z, & Chen H. (2018). Dynamic Alterations in Salivary Microbiota Related to Dental Caries and Age in Preschool Children With Deciduous Dentition: A 2-Year Follow-Up Study. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 342.
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Publication 2018
Antibiotics Bacteria Child, Preschool Deciduous Tooth Dental Caries Dental Enamel Dental Health Services Dentin Dentist hypoplasia Oral Examination Parts, Body Probiotics Saliva Synbiotics Tooth Tooth Eruption Toothpaste Virus Diseases Water Fluoridation
5
Exploring Latino Parents' Beliefs and Practices Around Tap Water and Fluoride
Both focus groups and in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with adults who self-identified as Latino, and as a parent or primary caregiver to a child aged 1–5 years. Focus\groups are a particularly effective method for developing a deeper understanding of the reasons behind poorly-understood beliefs or behaviors, such as tap water avoidance [20 , 21 ]. Moreover, their interactive group format encourages a more relaxed discussion among marginalized populations such as farmworkers or recent immigrants who may feel less comfortable expressing their views on sensitive topics, such as their beliefs about water contamination, to outside researchers. In-depth qualitative interviews with key informants (e.g., water vendors, store managers, civic leaders, local dentists, WIC officials), and community participants (a few of whom might also have participated in the focus groups) explored in further depth those topics which emerged as important during the focus group sessions. Brief focused ethnographic observations provided a broader understanding of the context of water purchase and consumption behaviors.
Each focus group session or interview lasted between 1½ and 2 hours. Participants received a $20 gift certificate upon completion of this activity. Interviewers were bilingual local residents who were trained for and experienced at conducting both survey and interview-based health research. Each session or interview was audio-taped, translated from Spanish and professionally transcribed by a native Spanish speaker. Transcription was checked by study staff who back-translated, and compared the audiotapes to the translated and transcribed text, noting any difficult to translate segments. The semi-structured interviews comprised open-ended questions followed by probes, with topic areas and questions derived from the literature and prior work. Major questions focused on beliefs about the quality of the tap water and other local water sources, including beliefs about water safety, and water consumption practices, including water use for drinking, infant formula mixture, and cooking. Other questions explored beverage preferences and consumption; knowledge of and beliefs regarding fluoride including acceptability of water-based fluoride delivery mechanisms such as fluoride drops/tablets, fluoridation of filtered water stations, or fluoridated bottled water purchased at additional expense. Participants also completed a brief questionnaire about socio-demographic characteristics, evaluation of overall health and oral health status for themselves and their children, and water consumption practices.
Analysis of how participants gave meaning to their experiences, developed water-related beliefs, and how cultural context and local environment shaped water-related practices was guided by a broadly social constructivist theoretical approach that underpinned this study. This approach relies on data collection and constant comparison of themes presented by participants to develop a conceptual model of participants’ ideas as these emerge directly from the observational and text data [22 , 23 ]. This qualitative approach has been successfully used to explain other empirical including health-related phenomena that are otherwise poorly-understood. It yields a rich understanding of tap water avoidance/bottled water use that complements quantitative descriptive accounts. Two researchers independently applied codes that were developed, from the existing literature and from themes emerging from the transcripts. Codes were iteratively applied to the text using, when appropriate, a qualitative software program (NVivo® 7.0) to assist with the tracking, storage and retrieval of coded text. In addition, when reviewing the text, the ways participants responded to questions were enumerated (e.g., knowledge about fluoride). Where appropriate, descriptive statistics were generated using SPSS to provide a more detailed profile of participants and their water usage, a profile that complements and expands the thematic analysis. Illustrative quotations, typical comments made by respondents, are included in supplemental material accompanying the online article.
Scherzer T., Barker J.C., Pollick H, & Weintraub J.A. (2010). Water consumption beliefs and practices in a rural Latino community: Implications for fluoridation. Journal of public health dentistry, 70(4), 337-343.
Publication 2010
Adult Beverages Child Complement System Proteins Dentist Farmers Feelings Fluorides Hispanic or Latino Immigrants Infant Formula Interviewers Latinos Obstetric Delivery Parent Population Group Safety Strains Transcription, Genetic Water Consumption Water Fluoridation Water Pollution

Most recents protocols related to «Water Fluoridation»

1
Dental Care Programs in High-Income Countries
We only included those dental care plans/programs that provided dental care interventions of some form, whether privately (e.g., enrolling in a dental program based on certain eligibility criteria) or through public funding (e.g., expansion of Medicare and Medicaid to include dental services) with the aim to improve oral health outcomes. We only included studies conducted in high-income countries according to the World Bank data based on their respective gross national income (GNI) [31 ]. For systematic reviews and meta-analyses, which included studies from all income countries, we specifically included only those from high-income countries; however, if country information was missing, we included it to avoid missing potential evidence. Other inclusion criteria were studies that assessed outcomes at the individual and/or family level and that were available in English and published after 1999. We excluded studies that were purely qualitative in nature, assessed isolated dental interventions without being part of any project or a program, focused on population level interventions (e.g., water fluoridation and tobacco cessation programs), grey literature, conference abstracts, and preprints. Furthermore, to accommodate the nature of our research question, we limited our inclusion of oral health education (OHE) programs to those geared toward patient populations (i.e., excluded studies where educational programs were targeting healthcare providers such as physicians, nurses, etc.). No other restrictions were placed on sample size, targeted populations, age, study design, or the types of services included in the program.
Ghoneim A., D’Souza V., Ebnahmady A., Kaura Parbhakar K., He H., Gerbig M., Laporte A., Hancock Howard R., Gomaa N., Quiñonez C, & Singhal S. (2023). The Impact of Dental Care Programs on Individuals and Their Families: A Scoping Review. Dentistry Journal, 11(2), 33.
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Publication 2023
Conferences Dental Care Dental Health Services Eligibility Determination Health Education, Dental Health Personnel Nurses Patients Physicians Population Group Prepaid Dental Care Programmed Learning Target Population Water Fluoridation
2
Caries Risk-Based Hierarchical Management
Caries management measures of different intensities would be implemented according to caries risk level (17 (link)). Through the WeChat public platform of “Guangdong Caries Prevention and Control,” the doctor side sent the clinical examination data of the study participants to the patient side, and the patient side fed back the questionnaire data to the doctor side. After data integration, caries risk was graded for the study participants, and then hierarchical management was conducted. The experimental group performed pit and fissure sealing (3M company, the United States) at school. Caries restoration treatment was carried out at their own expense according to the actual situation of the children and their parents. Topical fluoridation (Colgate, the United States, 5% sodium fluoride) at school every 3 months for high-risk children, every 6 months for intermediate-risk children, and every 12 months for low-risk children. Participants in the experimental group were required to regularly access the WeChat public platform to receive self-management internet intervention at least every 3 months for high-risk children, at least every 6 months for intermediate-risk children, and at least every 12 months for low-risk children. The self-management internet intervention mainly included the following contents: Researchers assisted the study participants to develop specific and personalized self-management goals. The study participants completed caries online health education, diet guidance, online brushing, fluoride use (fluoridated toothpaste ingredient list) uploading, and online doctor-patient interaction. Participants who did not actively use the platform were given reminders. The purpose of caries management was achieved by using the online caries management platform, as shown in Figure 2. Figure 3 shows functions of the patients' mobile terminal.
After collecting clinical examination data and questionnaire data of control group. Caries risk was also graded for participants in the control group, and then hierarchical management was conducted. In addition to offline preventive clinical operations (topical fluoridation, pit and fissure sealing) with the same frequency as the experimental group, the researchers also conducted regular interventions for children in the control group in classroom, including oral health education, diet instruction, teaching children how to choose and use fluoridated toothpaste, education on brushing methods, and encouraging children with caries to seek medical treatment in time. The interval of interventions was every 3 months for those at high risk, every 6 months for those at intermediate risk, and every 12 months for those at low risk.
Yan S., Luo S., Yang X., He L., Chen X, & Que G. (2023). Effectiveness of online caries management platform in children's caries prevention: A randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1102503.
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Publication 2023
Child Dental Caries Diet Fluorides Health Education, Dental Internet-Based Intervention Parent Patients Physical Examination Physicians Prophylactic Surgical Procedures Self-Management Sodium Fluoride Teaching Methods Toothpaste Water Fluoridation
3
Fractionation and Characterization of OMVs
To separate supernatant and OMV fractions, WT, ΔgltA, ΔgltB, and ΔgltK vegetative cells were grown in CYE medium to OD600 0.7. Intact cells were first eliminated by sedimentation at 7830 rpm (10 min, RT). After addition of 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, supernatants were sedimented at 125,000g (2 hours, 4°C). The resulting pellets (OMV fraction) and supernatants (soluble fractions) were then treated separately. The OMV pellets were washed with TPM, sedimented again at 125,000g (2 hours, 4 °C), and then resuspended directly in 500 μl of 1× Laemmli protein sample buffer. The soluble supernatant fractions were treated with TCA (10% final concentration) for 30 min on ice and then sedimented at 11,000 rpm (1 hour, 4°C). The resulting pellets (precipitated proteins) were washed with 100% acetone, sedimented at 7830 rpm (10 min, 4°C), and dried overnight at RT. Dried pellets were then resuspended in 1.5 ml of TPM, sedimented at 15,000 rpm (30 min, 4°C), and lastly resuspended in 500 μl of 1× Laemmli protein sample buffer.
For isolation of supernatant-alone samples, 10 ml of CYE cultures (inoculated at OD600 0.02) were grown overnight with shaking (220 rpm, 32°C) to OD600 0.6 to 1.0 and then sedimented (5000g, 10 min, 20°C). Supernatants were then sedimented in an ultracentrifuge (Beckman, SW 41 Ti rotor, 120,000g, 75 min, 4°C) to remove any remaining membrane material. Clarified 10 ml of supernatant samples was treated with 1 ml of 100% TCA to precipitate the proteins. Tubes were heated at 65°C for 5 min and then spun in a centrifuge (16,300g, 20 min, RT) to sediment precipitate in 2-ml microtubes. TCA-precipitated pellets were washed with 1 ml of acetone and sedimented (16,300g, 20 min, RT), followed by supernatant aspiration. Protein pellets were left uncapped in the chemical hood overnight to ensure evaporation of acetone. Pellets were resuspended in 500 μl of 2× Laemmli sample buffer lacking reducing agent and then diluted to 1× with ddH2O.
Islam S.T., Jolivet N.Y., Cuzin C., Belgrave A.M., My L., Fleuchot B., Faure L.M., Mahanta U., Kezzo A.A., Saïdi F., Sharma G., Fiche J.B., Bratton B.P., Herrou J., Nollmann M., Shaevitz J.W., Durand E, & Mignot T. (2023). Unmasking of the von Willebrand A-domain surface adhesin CglB at bacterial focal adhesions mediates myxobacterial gliding motility. Science Advances, 9(8), eabq0619.
Publication 2023
Acetone Cells isolation Laemmli buffer Pellets, Drug Proteins Reducing Agents Tissue, Membrane Water Fluoridation
4
Analyzing Fluoride Policies in Brazil and Colombia
A narrative review was carried out with a systematic search of scientific articles and the normative devices regarding the use of fluorides in public health in each country during the period prior to the insertion of the right to health in the 1988 Federal Constitution in Brazil and in the 1991 Political Constitution of Colombia. This type of study allows the integration of information published in different sources, and the synthesis of a global view to propitiate the understanding of the problem. The selection of sources and the search strategies were guided by the following question: What are the relationships between the characteristics of the scientific production conveyed in the form of scientific articles and normative devices of national scope in each country?
In relation to the scientific literature, LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences), MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online) via PubMed search, SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online), BVS (Virtual Health Library) and Scopus databases were selected. The searches for each country were conducted in February 2022 and were adapted to the available resources and characteristics of each database. The index terms (fluorine OR fluorides) AND (policy OR program) were used. This was conducted in order to cover fluoride both as a chemical element (fluorine) and as a chemical compound combined with other elements (fluoride), since in documents it can be found in both forms.
Inclusion criteria include scientific articles published in English, Spanish or Portuguese from 1960 to 1992 for Brazil and from 1960 to 1990 for Colombia about fluoride use in public health strategies, and normative devices or guidelines of official character and national scope. The time intervals were thus defined to cover the period prior to and the years surrounding the constitutional reform in which the right to health was included in the constitution of both countries. Although the period prior to the constitutional reforms is the main period of interest, the years around the promulgation of each constitution were included based on the notion that a constitutional reform, rather than being a one-off moment, expresses a period of transformation of a country marked by proposals and discussions in various spheres, which may result in outcomes of debates initiated in the previous period. Technical documents, theses, dissertations and course completion papers, documents with no author, records with repetitive information or that did not present results or information relevant to the research focus were considered as exclusion criteria. The search keywords are detailed in Table 1.
Regarding the normative devices, official sources of information and documentation of the institutions with competencies at the national level in the areas of health and surveillance with responsibility for conducting health policies and for health protection and regulation policies in each country were consulted. For Brazil, the advanced search for legislation on the official website of the federal government, the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA), the National Health Foundation (FUNASA), and the repositories of the Information System of the National Congress (SICON), the SAÚDE LEGIS, and the Virtual Health Library of the Ministry of Health (BVSMS) were used. For Colombia, the official website of the National Institute for Drug and Food Surveillance (INVIMA) and the National Institute of Health (INS), and the repositories of the Unified System of Regulatory Information of the Colombian State (SUIN-Juriscol) and Digital Institutional Repository of the Ministry of Health and Social Protection (RID) were consulted.
The searches were conducted in December 2020 and were adapted to the available resources and characteristics of each data source. The terms fluoride, fluoridation, water quality, fluoride, dentifrice, rinse aid, salt for human consumption, oral health and derivatives were used. Table 2 details the strategies and the number of records obtained. The characteristics of the included publications were organized with a Microsoft Office Excel 2019 spreadsheet.
Based on titles and abstracts, records were selected for full reading. After the full-text reading by the two examiners, the scientific and normative documents for inclusion were selected. No records outside the subject and/or period of interest were included. One record obtained in the search for Colombia that referred to Brazil was transferred. All searches were performed by two researchers, results were discussed, and discrepancies were resolved by consensus.
García Rincón L.J, & Frazão P. (2023). Public Policies for Fluoride Use in Colombia and Brazil before and during the Adoption of the Right to Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 2058.
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Publication 2023
Anabolism Caribbean People cDNA Library Character Dentifrices derivatives Fingers Fluorides Fluorine Food Hispanic or Latino Homo sapiens Medical Devices Pharmaceutical Preparations Salts Syringa Water Fluoridation
5
Xylose Metabolism Enzyme Assay Protocol
Conidia were inoculated in 50-mL shake flasks containing 50 mL GVMM to a final concentration of 2.5 × 105 conidia/mL and grown at 45 °C and 150 rpm for 24 h. Mycelia were harvested using vacuum filtration and washed three times with distilled water and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. The samples were stored at − 80 °C until following analysis. For protein extraction, the frozen mycelia were ground into powder with liquid nitrogen in a mortar. The powder was transferred into l mL 10 mM phosphate buffered saline pH 7.4 (PBS) with addition of 10 μg/mL phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride (PMSF). After centrifugation for 10 min at 4 °C, 10,000 × g, clear supernatant was used for total protein quantification and enzyme assay.
Total protein in supernatant was quantified by the Bio-Rad Protein Assay Kit (Bio-Rad) with bovine serum albumin as the standard at 595 nm. Enzyme activity was assayed by following the rate of NAD+ or NADP+ reduction with measuring the optical density at 340 nm (OD340 nm, SpectraMax M5, Molecular Devices). The assays were performed in triplicate with final volume of 200 µL at 30 °C using UV-compatible 96-well plates (Corning, Germany). The standard assay mixture for all the enzymatic reactions contained 100 mM Tris–HCl pH 8.0, 2 mM MgCl2 and 2 mM NAD+ or NADP+ with addition of 10 µL protein extract. A concentration of 100 mM of d-xylose was used as substrate for XDH XylB, Trxyd1 and Mtxyd1 [10 (link)]. The overall combined activity of the lower part of the pathway including XylD, XylX/BxXylX and XylA/KsaD was assayed by following the formation of NADH using 10 mM d-xylonate as substrate [28 (link)].
Liu D., Zhang Y., Li J., Sun W., Yao Y, & Tian C. (2023). The Weimberg pathway: an alternative for Myceliophthora thermophila to utilize d-xylose. Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts, 16, 13.
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Publication 2023
Centrifugation Conidia enzyme activity Enzyme Assays Enzymes Filtration Freezing Magnesium Chloride Medical Devices Mycelium NADH NADP Nitrogen Phosphates Powder Proteins Saline Solution Serum Albumin, Bovine Tremor Tromethamine Vacuum Vision Water Fluoridation Xylose

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More about "Water Fluoridation"

Water fluoridation is the controlled addition of the mineral fluoride to a public water supply to help strengthen tooth enamel and reduce the incidence of dental caries, or cavities.
This process has been widely adopted in many countries to improve overall oral health outcomes, particularly among children.
The naturally occurring fluoride compound plays a crucial role in fortifying the protective enamel layer of teeth, making them more resistant to the acidic attacks that lead to tooth decay.
Researchers and dental professionals have extensively studied the benefits of water fluoridation.
SPSS version 25, a powerful statistical software, has been utilized to analyze data and evaluate the effectiveness of fluoridation programs.
Proteinase K, an enzyme used in molecular biology, can help extract and analyze the genetic components related to fluoride absorption and utilization within the body.
GAPDH, a common housekeeping gene, is often used as a reference point in studies examining the impact of fluoride on cellular processes.
B-PER Bacterial Protein Extraction Reagent and protease inhibitor cocktails are laboratory tools that aid in isolating and preserving proteins for further investigation of fluoride's mechanisms of action.
Anti-GRP94, an antibody targeting a specific stress-response protein, can provide insights into how fluoride exposure affects cellular stress levels.
Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes and ECL (Enhanced Chemiluminescence) techniques are employed to detect and quantify the expression of these relevant proteins during water fluoridation research.
Ultimately, the goal of water fluoridation is to optimize oral health by leveraging the beneficial properties of fluoride.
PubCompare.ai offers a powerful platform to efficiently search, compare, and analyze the latest scientific protocols, pre-prints, and patents related to water fluoridation, helping researchers identify the most effective strategies and products for their needs.
By streamlining the research process, PubCompare.ai empowers scientists to make informed decisions and advance the field of oral health promotion through water fluoridation.