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> Phenomena > Human-caused Phenomenon or Process > Filtration

Filtration

Filtration is the process of separating particles or molecules from a fluid by passing the fluid through a porous medium or membrane.
This technique is widely used in various industries, such as water treatment, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and chemical processing, to purify, concentrate, or isolate desired components.
Filtration can be achieved through a variety of methods, including mechanical, electrical, or chemical means, and the choice of filtration method depends on the specific application and the properties of the fluid and particles involved.
Effective filtration is crucial for ensuring product quality, enhancing process efficiency, and minimizing environmental impact.
Researchers and professionals in the field of filtration continually strive to optimize filtration processes through innovative technologies and techniques, such as the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning tools like PubCompare.ai, to enhance reproducibility, accuracy, and workflow efficiency.

Most cited protocols related to «Filtration»

1
CKD-EPI Equations for Estimating GFR
CKD-EPI collaborators provided data from research studies and clinical populations (hereafter referred to as “studies”). Briefly, we identified studies from the Medline database and through investigators' and collaborators' contacts (Appendix Figure 1). Key inclusion criteria were measurement of GFR using exogenous filtration markers and ability to calibrate serum creatinine assay. Studies for development and internal validation of equations were restricted to those using urinary clearance of iothalamate. Studies for external validation included iothalamate and other filtration markers. Ten studies (6 research studies and 4 clinical populations) with a total of 8,254 participants were divided randomly into separate datasets for development (n=5,504) and internal validation (n=2,750) (Appendix Table 1) (3 (link), 9 (link)-15 (link)). Sixteen other studies (6 research studies and 10 clinical populations) with a total of 3,896 participants were used for external validation (Appendix Table 2).(13 (link), 16 (link)-28 (link))
Levey A.S., Stevens L.A., Schmid C.H., Zhang Y.(., Castro AF I.I.I., Feldman H.I., Kusek J.W., Eggers P., Van Lente F., Greene T, & Coresh J. (2009). A New Equation to Estimate Glomerular Filtration Rate. Annals of internal medicine, 150(9), 604-612.
Publication 2009
Biological Assay Creatinine Filtration Iothalamate Population Group Serum Urine
2
CKD-EPI Study of GFR Estimation
The Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) conducted the study under a cooperative agreement with the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). CKD-EPI collaborators provided data from clinical research studies and clinical populations.3 (link) GFR measurements were based on urinary or plasma clearance of exogenous filtration markers. Data from studies of urinary clearance of iothalamate were used for development and internal validation, and data from studies of other filtration markers were used for external validation. We included 13 studies with 5352 participants, who were randomly divided into separate data sets for development (3522) and internal validation (1830) (see Table S1a in the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this article at NEJM .org). We included 5 other studies with 1119 participants for external validation (Table S1b in the Supplementary Appendix). We excluded studies involving transplant recipients because our preliminary analyses showed large variations among these studies in the relationship between serum cystatin C levels and measured GFR. The institutional review boards of all participating institutions approved the study.
The NIDDK was substantially involved in the design of the study and in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data; the NIDDK was not required to approve the final manuscript before submission for publication. The first author had full access to all the data in the study, vouches for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis for the CKD-EPI database, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. For a list of collaborators who provided data, see the Supplementary Appendix.
Inker L.A., Schmid C.H., Tighiouart H., Eckfeldt J.H., Feldman H.I., Greene T., Kusek J.W., Manzi J., Van Lente F., Zhang Y.L., Coresh J, & Levey A.S. (2012). Estimating Glomerular Filtration Rate from Serum Creatinine and Cystatin C. The New England journal of medicine, 367(1), 20-29.
Publication 2012
Diabetic Nephropathy Digestive System Ethics Committees, Research Filtration Iothalamate Plasma Population Group Post-gamma-Globulin Serum Transplant Recipients Urine
3
Nuclei Isolation for ATAC-Seq Analysis
See Supplementary
Protocol 2 for a detailed protocol. This protocol is highly similar
to the INTACT method19 (link) and
either protocol can be used for the isolation of nuclei with equivalent results.
All of the steps were carried out at 4 °C. A frozen tissue fragment ~20
mg was placed into a pre-chilled 2-ml Dounce homogenizer containing 2 ml of cold
1× homogenization buffer (320 mM sucrose, 0.1 mM EDTA, 0.1%
NP40, 5 mM CaCl2, 3 mM Mg(Ac)2, 10 mM Tris pH 7.8,
1× protease inhibitors (Roche, cOmplete), and 167 μM
β-mercaptoethanol, in water). Tissue was homogenized with approximately
ten strokes with the loose ‘A’ pestle, followed by 20 strokes
with the tight ‘B’ pestle. Connective tissue and residual debris
were precleared by filtration through an 80-μm nylon mesh filter
followed by centrifugation for 1 min at 100 r.c.f. While avoiding the pelleted
debris, 400 μl was transferred to a pre-chilled 2-ml round bottom
Lo-Bind Eppendorf tube. An equal volume (400 μl) of a 50%
iodixanol solution (50% iodixanol in 1× homogenization buffer)
was added and mixed by pipetting to make a final concentration of 25%
iodixanol. 600 μl of a 29% iodixanol solution (29%
iodixanol in 1× homogenization buffer containing 480 mM sucrose) was
layered underneath the 25% iodixanol mixture. A clearly defined
interface should be visible. In a similar fashion, 600 μl of a
35% iodixanol solution (35% iodixanol in 1×
homogenization containing 480 mM sucrose) was layered underneath the 29%
iodixanol solution. Again, a clearly defined interface should be visible between
all three layers. In a swinging-bucket centrifuge, nuclei were centrifuged for
20 min at 3,000 r.c.f. After centrifugation, the nuclei were present at the
interface of the 29% and 35% iodixanol solutions. This band with
the nuclei was collected in a 300 μl volume and transferred to a
pre-chilled tube. Nuclei were counted after addition of trypan blue, which
stains all nuclei due to membrane permeabilization from freezing. 50,000 counted
nuclei were then transferred to a tube containing 1 ml of ATAC-seq RSB with
0.1% Tween-20. Nuclei were pelleted by centrifugation at 500 r.c.f. for
10 min in a pre-chilled (4 °C) fixed-angle centrifuge. Supernatant was
removed using the two pipetting steps described above. Because the nuclei were
already permeabilized, no lysis step was performed, and the transposition mix
(25 μl 2× TD buffer, 2.5 μl transposase (100 nM final),
16.5 μl PBS, 0.5 μl 1% digitonin, 0.5 μl
10% Tween-20, 5 μl water) was added directly to the nuclear
pellet and mixed by pipetting up and down six times. Transposition reactions
were incubated at 37 °C for 30 min in a thermomixer with shaking at
1,000 r.p.m. Reactions were cleaned up with Zymo DNA Clean and Concentrator 5
columns. The remainder of the ATAC-seq library preparation was performed as
described previously18 .
Corces M.R., Trevino A.E., Hamilton E.G., Greenside P.G., Sinnott-Armstrong N.A., Vesuna S., Satpathy A.T., Rubin A.J., Montine K.S., Wu B., Kathiria A., Cho S.W., Mumbach M.R., Carter A.C., Kasowski M., Orloff L.A., Risca V.I., Kundaje A., Khavari P.A., Montine T.J., Greenleaf W.J, & Chang H.Y. (2017). An improved ATAC-seq protocol reduces background and enables interrogation of frozen tissues. Nature methods, 14(10), 959-962.
Publication 2017
2-Mercaptoethanol ATAC-Seq Buffers Cell Nucleus Centrifugation Cerebrovascular Accident Connective Tissue Digitonin DNA Library Edetic Acid Filtration iodixanol isolation Nylons Protease Inhibitors Sucrose Tissue, Membrane Tissues Transposase Tromethamine Trypan Blue Tween 20
4
Comparative CKD-EPI Equation Evaluation
We compared performance of the multiple models developed in the development dataset to each other as well as to the MDRD Study equation using a pre-specified process. Comparisons were performed in the overall dataset and in subgroups defined by estimated GFR, clinical characteristics, and type of filtration marker (iothalamate vs. non-iothalamate). Equations were ranked on performance and ease of application. For all steps, sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate robustness of results across studies. A single model was selected as the best equation for general use and is referred to here as the “CKD-EPI equation”.
Levey A.S., Stevens L.A., Schmid C.H., Zhang Y.(., Castro AF I.I.I., Feldman H.I., Kusek J.W., Eggers P., Van Lente F., Greene T, & Coresh J. (2009). A New Equation to Estimate Glomerular Filtration Rate. Annals of internal medicine, 150(9), 604-612.
Publication 2009
Filtration Hypersensitivity Iothalamate
5
Preparation of cDNA for Illumina Sequencing
Preparation of cDNA followed the procedure described in Mortazavi et al.2 (link), with minor modifications as described below. Prior to fragmentation, a 7 uL aliquot (∼ 500 pgs total mass) containing known concentrations of 7 “spiked in” control transcripts from A. thaliana and the lambda phage genome were added to a 100 ng aliquot of mRNA from each time point. This mixture was then fragmented to an average length of 200 nts by metal ion/heat catalyzed hydrolysis. The hydrolysis was performed in a 25 uL volume at 94°C for 90 seconds. The 5X hydrolyis buffer components are: 200 mM Tris acetate, pH 8.2, 500 mM potassium acetate and 150 mM magnesium acetate. After removal of hydrolysis ions by G50 Sephadex filtration (USA Scientific catalog # 1415-1602), the fragmented mRNA was random primed with hexamers and reverse-transcribed using the Super Script II cDNA synthesis kit (Invitrogen catalog # 11917010). After second strand synthesis, the cDNA went through end-repair and ligation reactions according to the Illumina ChIP-Seq genomic DNA preparation kit protocol (Illumina catalog # IP102-1001), using the paired end adapters and amplification primers (Illumina Catalog # PE102-1004). Ligation of the adapters adds 94 bases to the length of the cDNA molecules.
Trapnell C., Williams B.A., Pertea G., Mortazavi A., Kwan G., van Baren M.J., Salzberg S.L., Wold B.J, & Pachter L. (2010). Transcript assembly and abundance estimation from RNA-Seq reveals thousands of new transcripts and switching among isoforms. Nature biotechnology, 28(5), 511-515.
Publication 2010
Acetate Anabolism Bacteriophage lambda Buffers Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing DNA, Complementary DNA Chips Filtration Genome Hydrolysis Ions Ligation magnesium acetate Metals Oligonucleotide Primers Potassium Acetate RNA, Messenger sephadex Tromethamine

Most recents protocols related to «Filtration»

1
Synthesis of 2,5-Difluoro-4-Aminophenyl Piperazine Derivative
Not available on PMC !

Example 161

[Figure (not displayed)]

To a solution of 2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethanol (0.73 g, 5.6 mmol, 1 eq.) in DMF (10 mL) was added K2CO3 (1.56 g, 11.3 mmol, 2 eq.) followed by 1,2,4-trifluoro-5-nitrobenzene (1 g, 5.6 mmol, 1 eq.) and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 hour. The mixture was poured into ice-water (100 mL), extracted by EA (3×40 mL), and the organic layers were combined, washed with brine (150 mL), concentrated and purified via column chromatography (10-95% CH3CN—H2O) to afford 2-(4-(2,5-difluoro-4-nitrophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanol (0.65 g, 41%) as a yellow solid.

[Figure (not displayed)]

To a solution of 2-(4-(2,5-difluoro-4-nitrophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanol (0.65 g, 2.3 mmol) in MeOH (50 mL) was added Pd/C (100 mg) and the resulting mixture was stirred at r.t. overnight. The Pd/C was removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated to afford 2-(4-(4-amino-2,5-difluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanol (0.58 g, 99%).

[Figure (not displayed)]

To a suspension of 2-(4-(4-amino-2,5-difluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanol (270 mg, 0.88 mmol, 1 eq.) and N-(3-(2-chloroquinazolin-8-yl)phenyl)acrylamide (225 mg, 0.88 mmol, 1 eq.) in n-BuOH (10 mL) was added TFA (0.5 mL, 4.4 mmol, 5 eq.) and the resulting mixture was stirred at 90° C. overnight. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with DCM (20 mL), washed with Na2CO3 solution (20 mL), dried, concentrated and purified via column chromatography (DCM/MeOH=10/1) to afford N-(3-(2-((2,5-difluoro-4-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)amino)quinazolin-8-yl)phenyl)acrylamide (120 mg, 26%) as yellow solid. LRMS (M+H+) m/z calculated 531.2, found 531.2. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz) δ 10.18 (s, 1H), 9.37 (s, 1H), 9.17 (s, 1H), 7.97-7.94 (m, 3H), 7.83-7.74 (m, 2H), 7.50-7.39 (m, 3H), 6.90-6.85 (m, 1H), 6.48-6.41 (m, 1H), 6.23 (dd, 1H), 5.73 (dd, 1H), 4.42 (t, 1H), 3.55-3.50 (m, 2H), 2.94-2.91 (m, 4H), 2.55-2.54 (m, 4H), 2.44 (t, 2H).

US11865120B2. Substituted quinazolines for inhibiting kinase activity (2024-01-09). NeuPharma, Inc [US]. Inventors: Xiangping Qian [US], Yong-Liang Zhu [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
1H NMR Acrylamide brine Chromatography Ethanol Filtration Ice Nitrobenzenes Piperazine potassium carbonate Sulfoxide, Dimethyl
2
Synthesis of Pyrrolidine Derivatives
Not available on PMC !

Example 26

[Figure (not displayed)]

Synthesis of 169-A.

A mixture of tert-butyl hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2(1H)-carboxylate (750 mg, 3.54 mmol), 1-methylpiperidin-4-one (800 mg, 7.08 mmol) and acetic acid (2 drops) in DCE (15 mL) was stirred at 50° C. for 2 h. Then Sodium triacetoxyborohydride (1.50 g, 7.08 mmol) was added into above mixture and stirred at 50° C. for another 2 h. After the reaction was completed according to LCMS, the solvent was diluted with water (10 mL) and then extracted by DCM (10 mL×3). The combined organics washed with brine (10 mL×3), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (DCM:MeOH=100:1˜50:1) to give 169-A (750 mg, 69%) as a yellow oil.

Synthesis of 169-B.

A solution of 169-A (400 mg, 1.29 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was added TFA (5 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 1 h. when LCMS showed the reaction was finished. The solvent was removed in vacuo to give 169-B as a crude product and used to next step directly.

Synthesis of 169-C.

A mixture of 143-C (306 mg, 0.65 mmol) and 169-B (crude product from last step) in acetonitrile (6 mL) was stirred at 50° C. for 30 min. Then Na2CO3 (624 mg, 6.50 mmol) was added into above mixture and stirred at 50° C. for 3 h. After the reaction was completed according to LCMS, the mixture was cooled to room temperature. The Na2CO3 was removed by filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (DCM:MeOH=100:1˜20:1) to give 169-C (230 mg, 76%) as a yellow solid.

Synthesis of 169.

A mixture of 169-C (230 mg, 0.49 mmol) and Pd/C (230 mg) in MeOH (10 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 30 min under H2 atmosphere. Pd/C was then removed by filtration through the Celite. The filtrate was concentrated and the residue was purified by Pre-TLC (DCM:MeOH=10:1) to give 169 (150 mg, 70%) as a white solid.

Compounds 152, 182, 199, 201, 202, 203, 235, 236 and 256 were synthesized in a similar manner using the appropriately substituted aldehyde or ketone variant of 169.

Compound 152.

50 mg, 36%, a light yellow solid.

Compound 182.

70 mg, 38%, a red solid.

Compound 199.

50 mg, 54%, a light yellow solid.

Compound 201.

30 mg, 42%, as a yellow solid.

Compound 202.

30 mg, 42%, a yellow solid.

Compound 203.

30 mg, 18%, a yellow solid.

Compound 235.

170 mg, 87%, a white solid.

Compound 236.

70 mg, 50%, a white solid.

Compound 256.

20 mg, 8%, a light yellow solid.

Compounds 210, 211, 215, 222, 223, 242 and 262 were synthesized in a similar manner using the appropriately substituted amine variant of 169.

Compound 210.

160 mg, 96%, a tan solid.

Compound 211.

70 mg, 40%, a white solid

Compound 215.

70 mg, 75%, a white solid.

Compound 222.

30 mg, 42%, a yellow solid.

Compound 223.

35 mg, 31%, a white solid.

Compound 242.

50 mg, 34%, a white solid.

Compound 262.

38 mg, 43%, a white solid.

US11858939B2. Hetero-halo inhibitors of histone deacetylase (2024-01-02). Alkermes, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Martin R. Jefson [US], John A. Lowe, III [US], Fabian Dey [CH], Andreas Bergmann [DE], Andreas Schoop [DE], Nathan Oliver Fuller [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Acetic Acid acetonitrile Aldehydes Amines Anabolism Atmosphere brine Celite Chromatography compound 26 compound 235 Filtration Ketones Light Lincomycin Pyrrole Silica Gel Sodium Solvents TERT protein, human
3
Indium Oxide Thin Film Deposition by ALD
Not available on PMC !

Example 1

InCl (1 eq.) was added to a Schlenk flask charged with LiCp(CH2)3NMe2 (11 mmol) in Et2O (50 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. After filtration of the reaction mixture, the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain a red oil. After distillation a yellow liquid final product was collected (mp˜5° C.). Various measurements were done to the final product. 1H NMR (C6D6, 400 MHz): δ 5.94 (t, 2H, Cp-H), 5.82 (t, 2H, Cp-H), 2.52 (t, 2H, N—CH2—), 2.21 (t, 2H, Cp-CH2—), 2.09 (s, 6H, N(CH3)2, 1.68 (q, 2H, C—CH2—C). Thermogravimetric (TG) measurement was carried out under the following measurement conditions: sample weight: 22.35 mg, atmosphere: N2 at 1 atm, and rate of temperature increase: 10.0° C./min. 97.2% of the compound mass had evaporated up to 250° C. (Residue <2.8%). T (50%)=208° C. Vacuum TG measurement was carried out under delivery conditions, under the following measurement conditions: sample weight: 5.46 mg, atmosphere: N2 at 20 mbar, and rate of temperature increase: 10.0° C./min. TG measurement was carried out under delivery conditions into the reactor (about 20 mbar). 50% of the sample mass is evaporated at 111° C.

Using In(Cp(CH2)3NMe2) synthesized in Example 1 as an indium precursor and H2O and O3 as reaction gases, indium oxide film may be formed on a substrate by ALD method under the following deposition conditions. First step, a cylinder filled with In(Cp(CH2)3NMe2) is heated to 90° C., bubbled with 100 sccm of N2 gas and the In(Cp(CH2)3NMe2) is introduced into a reaction chamber (pulse A). Next step, O3 generated by an ozone generator is supplied with 50 sccm of N2 gas and introduced into the reaction chamber (pulse B). Following each step, a 4 second purge step using 200 sccm of N2 as a purge gas was performed to the reaction chamber. 200 cycles were performed on a Si substrate having a substrate temperature of 150° C. in the reaction chamber at a pressure of about 1 torr. As a result, an indium oxide film will be obtained at approximately 150° C.

Example 2

Same procedure as Example 1 started from Li(CpPiPr2) was performed to synthesize In(CpPiPr2). An orange liquid was obtained. 1H NMR (C6D6, 400 MHz): δ 6.17 (t, 2H, Cp-H), 5.99 (t, 2H, Cp-H), 1.91 (sept, 2H, P—CH—), 1.20-1.00 (m, 12H, C—CH3).

Using In(CpPiPr2) synthesized in Example 2 as the indium precursor and H2O and O3 as the reaction gases, indium oxide film may be formed on a substrate by the ALD method under the following deposition conditions. First step, a cylinder filled with In(CpPiPr2) is heated to 90° C., bubbled with 100 sccm of N2 gas and the In(CpPiPr2) is introduced into a reaction chamber (pulse A). Next step, O3 generated by an ozone generator is supplied with 50 sccm of N2 gas and introduced into the reaction chamber (pulse B). Following each step, a 4 second purge step using 200 sccm of N2 as a purge gas was performed to the reaction chamber. 200 cycles were performed on the Si substrate having a substrate temperature of 150° C. in an ALD chamber at a pressure of about 1 torr. As a result, an indium oxide was obtained at 150° C.

US11859283B2. Heteroalkylcyclopentadienyl indium-containing precursors and processes of using the same for deposition of indium-containing layers (2024-01-02). L'Air Liquide, Société Anonyme pour l'Etude et l'Exploitation des Procédés Georges Claude [FR]. Inventors: Antoine Bruneau [FR], Takashi Ono [JP], Christian Dussarrat [JP].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
1H NMR Atmosphere Distillation Fever Filtration Indium indium oxide Obstetric Delivery Ozone Pressure Pulse Rate Solvents Vacuum
4
Synthesis of 5-Iodo-6-Methyl Pyrimidine Dione Derivative
Not available on PMC !

Example 1

10 g (33.09 mmol) of 1-(2-fluoro-6-trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-6-methyl-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione (III), 6.8 g (49.62 mmol) of K2CO3 and 2.4 g (6.6 mmol) of tetrabutylammonium iodide were mixed with 50 mL of acetone at the temperature of about 20° C. Subsequently, 13.6 g (43.12 mmol) of (R)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-2-phenylethyl methanesulfonate (IVa) were added and the obtained mixture was heated at the temperature of about 55° C. and maintained under stirring for about 16 hours at said temperature.

Once this maintenance was finished, the solvent was vacuum distilled and 50 mL of ethyl acetate and 50 mL of water were added to the residue thus obtained. A 1 M aqueous solution of HCl was slowly added, maintaining the temperature between 20 and 25° C. until achieving a pH of between 7 and 8. The aqueous phase was separated and treated with 3 fractions of 30 mL each of ethyl acetate. All the organic extracts were pooled and the solvent was removed by means of vacuum to obtain a slightly yellowish oily residue to which 45 mL of methanol were added, obtaining complete dissolution of the residue.

Example 2

16.1 g (99.24 mmol) of iodine monochloride (ICI) were dissolved in 40 mL of methanol at the temperature of about 10° C. The methanol solution previously obtained according to the methodology described in Example 1 comprising 3-((R)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino-2-phenylethyl)-1-(2-fluoro-6-trifluoromethylbenzyl)-6-methyl-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione (II) was added to the iodine monochloride solution, maintaining the temperature between 20 and 25° C. Once the addition was finished, the obtained solution was heated to about 50° C. and was maintained under stirring for 2 hours at the mentioned temperature.

Once the maintenance was finished, the solvent was vacuum distilled and 50 mL of acetone were slowly added to the obtained oily residue at the temperature of between and 25° C. The addition of acetone caused a solid precipitate to appear almost immediately. The obtained mixture was maintained for 1 hour under stirring at the mentioned temperature. The resulting solid was isolated by filtration, washed with two fractions of 25 mL of acetone, and finally dried at the temperature of 50° C. to obtain 15.6 g (80.8% yield) of a white solid corresponding to the 3-((R)-2-(amino-2-phenylethyl)-1-(2-fluoro-6-trifluoromethylbenzyl)-5-iodo-6-methyl-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione hydrochloride salt (Ia) (UHPLC purity: 98.9%).

1H-NMR (d6-DMSO, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 8.70 (2H, s broad), 7.65-7.48 (3H, m), 7.40-7.32 (5H, m), 5.40-5.29 (2H, dd), 4.47 (1H, t), 4.25 (2H, dd), 2.65 (3H, s).

13C-NMR (d6-DMSO, 100 MHz) δ (ppm): 161.87, 159.47, 159.41, 154.19, 150.98, 134.70, 129.93, 129.84, 129.01, 128.58, 127.38, 122.61, 122.34, 122.22, 121.34, 121.10, 74.80, 52.26, 45.45, 44.60, 25.66.

The DSC of this compound is shown in FIG. 1 and the XRPD is shown in FIG. 2.

US11858901B2. 3-((R)-2-(amino-2-phenylethyl)-1-(2-fluoro-6 trifluoromethyl benzyl)-5-iodo-6-methyl-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione or a salt thereof, process for its preparation, and its use in the synthesis of elagolix (2024-01-02). MOEHS IBERICA, S.L. [ES]. Inventors: Roberto Ballette [ES], Oscar Jiménez Alonso [ES], Elena García García [ES], Alicia Dobarro Rodríguez [ES].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
1H NMR Acetone Anabolism Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy elagolix ethyl acetate Filtration Iodine iodine monochloride methanesulfonate Methanol Oils potassium carbonate Pyrimidines Sodium Chloride Solvents Sulfoxide, Dimethyl TERT protein, human tetrabutylammonium iodide Vacuum
5
Incorporation of Cisplatin into AGuIX Nanoparticles
Not available on PMC !

Example 17

50 μmol (Gd3+) of AGuIX® were redispersed in 125 μl of ultrapure water in order to obtain a solution at 400 mM [Gd3+]. 2.8 mg of cisplatin are placed in a 2.5 ml flask. 1.1 ml of ultrapure water are added to the flask, which is stirred. Since cisplatin is not very soluble at ambient temperature, it is necessary to heat to 40° C. until it is completely dissolved. A solution containing 2.5 g/l of cisplatin is then obtained, and is protected from the light with aluminium. 229 μl of this solution are then added to the solution of AGuIX®, as are 146 μl of ultrapure water. The flask is stirred for 30 minutes in the dark. A solution containing 100 mM of gadolinium and 1160 mg/l of cisplatin is thus obtained.

This solution is placed in a 3 kDa Vivaspin®, and a tangential filtration cycle is carried out so as to obtain a supernatant of 160 μl. The subnatant is analysed by UV-visible analysis. The cisplatin is detectable by UV/VIS absorption at a wavelength of 706 nm after reaction with ODPA. For the reaction with cisplatin, a solution of ODPA at 1.4 mg/ml and a phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) are prepared. The subnatant is diluted 5-fold. 140 μl of this solution are added to 200 μl of buffer and 100 μl of ODPA. The resulting solution is heated at 100° C. for 15 min.

Once the reaction is finished and the temperature has returned to ambient temperature, 560 μl of DMF are added. The final solution is filtered and then analysed by UV-visible analysis.

US11857604B2. Nanovectors and uses (2024-01-02). NH THERAGUIX [FR], Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1 [FR], Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique—CNRS— [FR]. Inventors: Olivier Tillement [FR], François Lux [FR], Fabien Rossetti [FR], Vu-Long Tran [VN], Clélia Mathieu [FR], Myleva Dahan [FR].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
AGuIX Aluminum Buffers Cisplatin Filtration Gadolinium Light Phosphates

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Whatman filter paper is a laboratory filtration product designed for various filtering applications. It is manufactured to provide consistent quality and performance. The core function of Whatman filter paper is to separate solid particles from liquids or gases through the process of filtration.
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Dulbecco modified eagle medium (dmem) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium) is a cell culture medium formulated to support the growth and maintenance of a variety of cell types, including mammalian cells. It provides essential nutrients, amino acids, vitamins, and other components necessary for cell proliferation and survival in an in vitro environment.
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No 1 filter paper by Cytiva
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Cytiva No. 1 filter paper is a high-quality laboratory filtration product designed for general-purpose filtration tasks. It is composed of cellulose fibers and is suitable for a variety of applications requiring efficient separation of solids from liquids.
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Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) by Merck Group
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DMSO is a versatile organic solvent commonly used in laboratory settings. It has a high boiling point, low viscosity, and the ability to dissolve a wide range of polar and non-polar compounds. DMSO's core function is as a solvent, allowing for the effective dissolution and handling of various chemical substances during research and experimentation.
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Dnase 1 by Merck Group
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DNase I is a laboratory enzyme that functions to degrade DNA molecules. It catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of phosphodiester linkages in the DNA backbone, effectively breaking down DNA strands.
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Bovine serum albumin (bsa) by Merck Group
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Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is a common laboratory reagent derived from bovine blood plasma. It is a protein that serves as a stabilizer and blocking agent in various biochemical and immunological applications. BSA is widely used to maintain the activity and solubility of enzymes, proteins, and other biomolecules in experimental settings.
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Methanol by Merck Group
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Methanol is a clear, colorless, and flammable liquid that is widely used in various industrial and laboratory applications. It serves as a solvent, fuel, and chemical intermediate. Methanol has a simple chemical formula of CH3OH and a boiling point of 64.7°C. It is a versatile compound that is widely used in the production of other chemicals, as well as in the fuel industry.

More about "Filtration"

Filtration is the process of separating particles, molecules, or compounds from a fluid by passing it through a porous medium or membrane.
This technique is widely employed in various industries, including water treatment, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and chemical processing, to purify, concentrate, or isolate desired components.
The filtration process can be achieved through a variety of methods, such as mechanical, electrical, or chemical means, and the choice of filtration method depends on the specific application and the properties of the fluid and particles involved.
Effective filtration is crucial for ensuring product quality, enhancing process efficiency, and minimizing environmental impact.
Researchers and professionals in the field of filtration continually strive to optimize filtration processes through innovative technologies and techniques, such as the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning tools like PubCompare.ai, to enhance reproducibility, accuracy, and workflow efficiency.
Filtration can be used to separate a wide range of materials, including Whatman No. 1 filter paper, fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin/streptomycin, Whatman filter paper, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), No. 1 filter paper, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I), and bovine serum albumin (BSA).
The choice of filtration method and materials will depend on the specific application and the properties of the fluid and particles involved.
For example, Whatman No. 1 filter paper is commonly used for general filtration purposes, while FBS and penicillin/streptomycin may be used in cell culture applications.
DMEM and DMSO are also commonly used in cell culture and related research.
Researchers may also use DNase I and BSA in various filtration and purification processes.
The use of AI-powered tools like PubCompare.ai can help optimize filtration research by enabling researchers to compare and identify the best filtration protocols from the literature, preprints, and patents, enhancing reproducibility, accuracy, and workflow efficiency.
This can be particularly useful in streamlining filtration projects and ensuring the highest quality results.