EGFP-Cre (Addgene) was cloned into the pAAV-MCS vector (Stratagene). The resultant recombinant viral vector was packaged in the capsid of serotype 8, and high-titer virus (approximately 1013 genome copy (gc)/ml) was produced by Harvard Gene Therapy Initiative (HGTI). To visualize the projections from the somatosensory cortex, 1–2 μl of rAAV-EGFP-Cre (1.6 × 1013 gc/ml) was injected into anesthetized Ai14 mice at corresponding stereotaxic coordinates using a glass micropipette attached to a Picospritzer (Parker Hannifin). The virus was administered slowly by a number of low pressure air puffs to minimize tissue damage (10 psi, 10–20 ms duration, 2 Hz and 10 min/μl). Mice were then recovered and housed individually until they were utilized for further analysis.
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Air Pressure
Air Pressure
Air Pressure, also known as atmospheric pressure, refers to the force exerted by the weight of air molecules in the Earth's atmosphere.
This physical property plays a crucial role in various scientific disciplines, including meteorology, aviation, and engineering.
Understanding air pressure is essential for accurate weather forecasting, aircraft performance, and the design of pressure-sensitive devices.
This MeSH term encompasses the study of air pressure measurements, its variatieon across different altitudes and geographic regions, and its impact on various physical and biological processes.
Researchers leveraging PubCompare.ai can optimize their air pressure research protocols, identify the best practices from literature, pre-prints, and patents, and achieve reproducible, accurate findings through the power of AI-driven insights.
This physical property plays a crucial role in various scientific disciplines, including meteorology, aviation, and engineering.
Understanding air pressure is essential for accurate weather forecasting, aircraft performance, and the design of pressure-sensitive devices.
This MeSH term encompasses the study of air pressure measurements, its variatieon across different altitudes and geographic regions, and its impact on various physical and biological processes.
Researchers leveraging PubCompare.ai can optimize their air pressure research protocols, identify the best practices from literature, pre-prints, and patents, and achieve reproducible, accurate findings through the power of AI-driven insights.
Most cited protocols related to «Air Pressure»
Air Pressure
Capsid Proteins
Cloning Vectors
Genome
Mice, House
Somatosensory Cortex
Therapy, Gene
Tissues
Virus
EGFP-Cre (Addgene) was cloned into the pAAV-MCS vector (Stratagene). The resultant recombinant viral vector was packaged in the capsid of serotype 8, and high-titer virus (approximately 1013 genome copy (gc)/ml) was produced by Harvard Gene Therapy Initiative (HGTI). To visualize the projections from the somatosensory cortex, 1–2 μl of rAAV-EGFP-Cre (1.6 × 1013 gc/ml) was injected into anesthetized Ai14 mice at corresponding stereotaxic coordinates using a glass micropipette attached to a Picospritzer (Parker Hannifin). The virus was administered slowly by a number of low pressure air puffs to minimize tissue damage (10 psi, 10–20 ms duration, 2 Hz and 10 min/μl). Mice were then recovered and housed individually until they were utilized for further analysis.
Air Pressure
Capsid Proteins
Cloning Vectors
Genome
Mice, House
Somatosensory Cortex
Therapy, Gene
Tissues
Virus
Adult
Air Pressure
Animals
Barbiturates
Cortex, Cerebral
Craniotomy
Cranium
Drug Overdose
Females
Head
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees
Isoflurane
Mice, House
Movement
Muscle Rigidity
Operative Surgical Procedures
Silicon
Stainless Steel
Steel
To compare UTCI to selected bioclimatic indices, different datasets of meteorological variables were used. The data were based on various sources: the control run (1971–1980) of the General Circulation Model ECHAM 4 has a resolution of about 1.1° (Stendel and Roeckner 1998 ). The data consisted of about 65,500 random samples that represent wide range and combinations of meteorological variables. Air temperature (T) varied from −74.6°C to 47.4°C, air vapor pressure (vp) from 0 hPa to 40.2 hPa, wind speed (v10) from 0.5 m s−1 to 30 m s−1. Mean radiant temperature (Tmrt) changed from −92.3°C to 78.7°C. The difference between Tmrt and T was within the range of −18.0°C to 54.0°C.
The second data set used in these studies are synoptic data from Freiburg from the period September 1966–August 1985. The data provided all meteorological parameters used to calculate UTCI and bioclimatic indices. Freiburg is located in the upper Rhine valley in Southwest-Germany. It shows a moderate transient climate dominated by maritime rather than continental air masses.
The third temporal level of comparisons refers to microclimatic data. For the present paper, measurement campaigns were carried out within the frame of COST Action 730 at different locations:
UTCI and some indices (HI, AT, Humidex, WBGT, WCT, ET, PST and PhS) were calculated using the BioKlima 2.6 software package. PET, PMV and SET* were calculated by Rayman software and PT by the special PT module. The STATGRAPHICS 2.1 software package was used for statistical analysis of compared indices.
The second data set used in these studies are synoptic data from Freiburg from the period September 1966–August 1985. The data provided all meteorological parameters used to calculate UTCI and bioclimatic indices. Freiburg is located in the upper Rhine valley in Southwest-Germany. It shows a moderate transient climate dominated by maritime rather than continental air masses.
The third temporal level of comparisons refers to microclimatic data. For the present paper, measurement campaigns were carried out within the frame of COST Action 730 at different locations:
Svalbard archipelago (in March 2008)—arctic climate,
Negev Desert (in September 2008)—dry subtropical climate,
Madagascar Island (in August 2007)—wet subtropical climate,
Warsaw, Poland (in October 2007)—downtown city in a moderate, transient climate.
UTCI and some indices (HI, AT, Humidex, WBGT, WCT, ET, PST and PhS) were calculated using the BioKlima 2.6 software package. PET, PMV and SET* were calculated by Rayman software and PT by the special PT module. The STATGRAPHICS 2.1 software package was used for statistical analysis of compared indices.
Air Pressure
Chills
Climate
Eye
Medulla Oblongata
Microclimate
physiology
Reading Frames
Strains
Transients
Wind
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Air Pressure
COVID 19
gamma-glutamylaminomethylsulfonic acid
Humidity
Hypersensitivity
Wind
Most recents protocols related to «Air Pressure»
The effectiveness of P. fluorescens JL1 in reducing N2O emissions was validated by inoculating the strain into patches amended with different carbon sources in the −AMF treatment to compare their effects with the in situ hyphal exudates. The design of the microcosm, growth substrate, nutrient supplements, and patch composition were the same as in pot expt 2. The patch materials were sterilized to eliminate indigenous microorganisms after culturing in an incubator for 7 days at 25 °C and 60% of WFPS. Each patch was inoculated with P. fluorescens JL1 suspension at a final concentration of 108 CFU bacteria g−1 soil. The patches were placed 21 days after maize planting. Ten days after patch placement, 2 mL carbon source dissolved in sterile H2O (pH 7.5) were injected slowly into the center of the patches at 18:00 on the day before the onset of gas measurement. There were four treatments in the patches: (1) absence of AMF (−AMF) with H2O; (2) −AMF with 7.16 mmol glucose-C kg−1 soil; (3) −AMF with 7.16 mmol citrate-C kg−1 soil; and (4) presence of AMF (+AMF), with 4 replicates per treatment. Gas was monitored every 2 days from days 2 to 24 after patch placement. Eight milliliters of headspace gas was collected from the patch chamber using a syringe 0, 1.5, and 3 h after the chamber was closed. Then, 8 mL of N2 was replenished quickly after every gas sampling to balance the air pressure in the patches. The sampling time was 9.00 am to 12.00 am. The soil moisture content was maintained at 60% WFPS by adjusting the weight of each pot with sterile H2O. RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, and the relative change in nirS and nosZ genes were conducted and assessed as described above. The bacterial numbers in patches were counted according to the total number of colony-forming units (CFU g−1 soil) of bacteria [37 (link)].
Full text: Click here
Air Pressure
Anabolism
Bacteria
Carbon
Citrates
Dietary Supplements
DNA, Complementary
Exudate
Genes
Glucose
Hyphae
Nutrients
Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
Sterility, Reproductive
Strains
Syringes
Zea mays
Four experimental pig sections at
Aarhus University, Foulum, were used in the study (Figure 1 ). Each section contained two
pens with 15 pigs in each. The ventilation system in the sections
was a negative pressure system with a diffuse air inlet through the
ceiling and with a supplementary ceiling inlet for each pen. The ventilation
rate was controlled according to a set temperature between 18 and
21 °C. The ceiling inlets were set to open at an outside temperature
higher than 19 °C. The pen area was 11 m2 (2.4 ×
4.6 m), the wall height was 2.6 m, and the floors were 1/3 drained
floor and 2/3 slatted floor. In the four sections, four different
slurry removal strategies were applied: (i) slurry funnels (SF), slurry
trays (ST), weekly vacuum flushing (WF), and a control section (C).
The same physical sections were used for the same removal strategy
during all four measuring periods as it was not practicable to switch
removal technologies between the batch periods. Between the batches
of pigs, 7 days were used to clean and prepare for the next batch
of pigs, except between batch periods 3 and 4 with a break of 28 days
due to a delay in delivery of pigs.
Section C had a 60 cm deep slurry pit beneath the
floor, and the
slurry was removed with a vacuum flushing system to a slurry height
of ca. 5 cm at days 40 and 77. The WF section was physically identical
to section C, but the slurry was removed weekly instead. Section SF
had nine connected slurry funnels (width: 1500 mm; length: 1580 mm;
height: 979 mm; bottom diameter: 178 mm; slope: 60°) beneath
the slatted floor (Figure 1 ). The funnels were connected with a tube below the funnel
bottoms, and a slurry pump (PL200, Börger GmbH, Borken-Weseke,
Germany) was used for mixing by recirculation followed by emptying
three times per week. In section ST, the slurry was collected in 13
cross-sectional trays underneath the floor with a slight tilt toward
a collection channel at the end of the trays (Figure 1 ). The collection channel in the ST section
was emptied weekly after back-flushing the slurry tray channels with
mixed slurry. In between the weekly emptying, the channels in the
slurry trays were back-flushed in sets of three if needed to keep
the slurry liquid enough to ensure drain-off to the collection channel
(0–9 of 13 tray channels 0–3 times a week with more
channels and at a higher frequency in the end of the batch).
Aarhus University, Foulum, were used in the study (
pens with 15 pigs in each. The ventilation system in the sections
was a negative pressure system with a diffuse air inlet through the
ceiling and with a supplementary ceiling inlet for each pen. The ventilation
rate was controlled according to a set temperature between 18 and
21 °C. The ceiling inlets were set to open at an outside temperature
higher than 19 °C. The pen area was 11 m2 (2.4 ×
4.6 m), the wall height was 2.6 m, and the floors were 1/3 drained
floor and 2/3 slatted floor. In the four sections, four different
slurry removal strategies were applied: (i) slurry funnels (SF), slurry
trays (ST), weekly vacuum flushing (WF), and a control section (C).
The same physical sections were used for the same removal strategy
during all four measuring periods as it was not practicable to switch
removal technologies between the batch periods. Between the batches
of pigs, 7 days were used to clean and prepare for the next batch
of pigs, except between batch periods 3 and 4 with a break of 28 days
due to a delay in delivery of pigs.
Section C had a 60 cm deep slurry pit beneath the
floor, and the
slurry was removed with a vacuum flushing system to a slurry height
of ca. 5 cm at days 40 and 77. The WF section was physically identical
to section C, but the slurry was removed weekly instead. Section SF
had nine connected slurry funnels (width: 1500 mm; length: 1580 mm;
height: 979 mm; bottom diameter: 178 mm; slope: 60°) beneath
the slatted floor (
bottoms, and a slurry pump (PL200, Börger GmbH, Borken-Weseke,
Germany) was used for mixing by recirculation followed by emptying
three times per week. In section ST, the slurry was collected in 13
cross-sectional trays underneath the floor with a slight tilt toward
a collection channel at the end of the trays (
was emptied weekly after back-flushing the slurry tray channels with
mixed slurry. In between the weekly emptying, the channels in the
slurry trays were back-flushed in sets of three if needed to keep
the slurry liquid enough to ensure drain-off to the collection channel
(0–9 of 13 tray channels 0–3 times a week with more
channels and at a higher frequency in the end of the batch).
Air Pressure
Obstetric Delivery
Physical Examination
Pigs
Vacuum
A schematic and an actual image of an experimental setup for the air filtration test are presented in Fig. S1. An electrospun nanofiber filter on the mesh collector was installed in the middle of two glass chambers. PM counter sensors, which measure the PM density of the air in real time, were installed on both sides of the chamber. Before the experiment, the fan mounted on the left side of the chamber produced constant airflow, and PM was continuously produced by burning incense from the right side to the left side of the chamber. The generated PM has a broad size distribution of over 300 nm to below 10 μm, and the majority are below 1 μm in size [68 (link)]. PM densities from the inlet and outlet of the chamber system were measured by a PM counter sensor module (Wuhan Cubic Optoelectronics Co. Ltd., PM2008) with the simultaneous detection of PM0.5, PM1.0, PM2.5, PM5.0, and PM10. PM2.5, PM1.0, and PM0.5 were utilized to measure the air filtration performance. Airflow was fixed to 0.11 m s−1 by controlling the power of the fan. Each air filtration test was conducted for 5 min by each polymeric nanofiber filter fabricated with or without the electrolyte solution. Electrospun nanofiber filters fabricated with or without the electrolyte solution on the fabric mesh or PP wiper were placed in the middle neck of the custom chamber system with 23 mm diameter to evaluate the filtration efficiency and pressure drop during air filtration. A differential pressure manometer (DT-8890A, CEM Instruments, China) was utilized to measure the pressure drop during the test. Airflow was varied by 0.055, 0.165, and 0.22 m s−1 to examine the influence of airflow velocity on PM filtration efficiency and pressure drop of each filter. Pressure drop was also measured during the PM filtration test. Air permeability was evaluated in accordance with ISO 9237 standard via FX-3300 LabAir IV (TEXTEST AG, Switzerland) under 100 Pa applied pressure, 50% relative humidity (RH), and room temperature of 25 °C with 5 cm2 of KF94 mask, fabric mesh or mask, and electrospun nanofiber filters fabricated with or without the electrolyte solution.
A 300
Air Pressure
Cuboid Bone
Electrolytes
Filtration
Humidity
Manometry
Neck
Permeability
Polymers
Pressure
In this study, the fluid flow was simulated by ANSYS-FLUENT 2020 R2 (ANSYS, INC., CANONSBURG, Pennsylvania). During quiet and moderate breathing, airflow is primarily laminar in nasal passages. However, the airflow may exhibit higher level of disturbances at locations with drastic changes in cross-sectional areas (such as the nasal valve or nasopharynx sections). Therefore, to capture all flow patterns in nasal airways including the laminar-turbulence transition, Shear-Stress Transport (SST) k-ω model was employed in present study (34 (link), 35 (link)). Due to the presence of swirls and eddies, stronger mixing effect are expected in turbulent flow, which causes higher flow resistance. In addition, flow fluctuations also cause particles to undergo changes in both magnitude and direction of their trajectories and to eventually deposit on airway walls. To account for the role of turbulence in deposition, the Discrete Random Walk (DRW) model can be added when conducting air-particle simulations using Discrete Phase Model (DPM). According to our predictions of the total particle deposition efficiencies for 1 μm, 5 μm and 10 μm particles with and without the DRW model, the largest value disparity is 0.32% for 1 μm particles. Therefore, the effect of turbulent mixing on deposition is considered as insignificant and negligible.
For the assuming steady incompressible fluid, continuity and momentum equations were solved to govern the fluid motion and shown as below:
Where ρ represents density, u represents velocity and p represents pressure of the air.
For the assuming steady incompressible fluid, continuity and momentum equations were solved to govern the fluid motion and shown as below:
Where ρ represents density, u represents velocity and p represents pressure of the air.
Full text: Click here
Air Pressure
Nasal Cavity
Nasopharynx
Nose
An automatic filter material tester (TSI 3160 purchased from American TSI Inc) was used to test the filtration efficiency and pressure drop of MBs. The filtration efficiency and pressure drop of MBs to dioctyl phthalate (DOP) aerosols with different particle sizes were tested by controlling the airflow rate of 32 L min−1, and the filtration efficiency (η) was calculated using formula (2) :20 (link) where Cu and Cd represent the concentrations of aerosol upstream and downstream, respectively. Calculate the average value of filtration efficiency by measuring the values of at least three samples. The quality factors (QF) were calculated using formula (3) :20 (link) where η (%) is the filtration efficiency along the particulates and ΔP is the pressure drop across the filter.
Bacterial filtration efficiency (BFE) of PLA-based MBs was evaluated and adapted from the standard YY 0469-2011 "Medical Surgical Mask".35 Before the test, the sample was placed in an environment with temperature of 22 °C and relative humidity of 27% for pretreatment for 4 h. Bacterial suspension was prepared, and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC6538) was inoculated into a proper amount of trypsin soybean broth, and cultured at 37 °C for 24 h. Then, the above culture was diluted with 1.5% peptone to a concentration of about 5 × 105 CFU mL−1. The gas flow rate through the sampler was controlled at 28.3 L min−1, the time of delivering bacterial suspension to the sprayer was set at 1 min, the air pressure and the running time of the sampler were set at 2 min, and the bacterial aerosol was collected on trypsin soybean agar. The agar plate was incubated at 37 °C for 48 h, and then the colony-forming units (positive holes) formed by bacterial aerosol particles were counted, and the obtained values were used to determine the average level of bacterial aerosol particles delivered to the test sample. Calculate the test results according to formula(4) :1 among them, C is the average value of positive quality control and T is the sum of test sample counts.
Bacterial filtration efficiency (BFE) of PLA-based MBs was evaluated and adapted from the standard YY 0469-2011 "Medical Surgical Mask".35 Before the test, the sample was placed in an environment with temperature of 22 °C and relative humidity of 27% for pretreatment for 4 h. Bacterial suspension was prepared, and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC6538) was inoculated into a proper amount of trypsin soybean broth, and cultured at 37 °C for 24 h. Then, the above culture was diluted with 1.5% peptone to a concentration of about 5 × 105 CFU mL−1. The gas flow rate through the sampler was controlled at 28.3 L min−1, the time of delivering bacterial suspension to the sprayer was set at 1 min, the air pressure and the running time of the sampler were set at 2 min, and the bacterial aerosol was collected on trypsin soybean agar. The agar plate was incubated at 37 °C for 48 h, and then the colony-forming units (positive holes) formed by bacterial aerosol particles were counted, and the obtained values were used to determine the average level of bacterial aerosol particles delivered to the test sample. Calculate the test results according to formula
Agar
Air Pressure
Bacteria
Diethylhexyl Phthalate
Filtration
Humidity
Peptones
Pressure
Soybeans
Staphylococcus aureus
Trypsin
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The Mastersizer 2000 is a laser diffraction particle size analyzer that measures the size distribution of particles in a sample. It uses the principle of laser light scattering to determine the particle size distribution of materials in the range of 0.1 to 2000 microns.
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The S-4700 is a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) manufactured by Hitachi. It provides high-resolution imaging and analytical capabilities for a wide range of applications. The S-4700 utilizes a field emission electron source to produce a stable, high-brightness electron beam, enabling high-resolution imaging of samples.
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The LI-6400XT is a portable photosynthesis system designed for measuring gas exchange in plants. It is capable of measuring net photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, and other physiological parameters. The system consists of a control unit and a leaf chamber that encloses a portion of a plant leaf.
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More about "Air Pressure"
Atmospheric Pressure, Barometric Pressure, Air Density, Meteorology, Aviation, Engineering, Weather Forecasting, Aircraft Performance, Pressure-Sensitive Devices, Altitude, Geographic Variations, Physical Processes, Biological Processes, Mastersizer 2000, S-4700, LI-6400XT, LI-6400, B-290, Malvern Mastersizer Scirocco 2000, Mastersizer 3000, Mini Spray Dryer B-290, Vero E6, SC 502.
Air pressure, also known as atmospheric pressure, refers to the force exerted by the weight of air molecules in the Earth's atmosphere.
This physical property plays a crucial role in various scientific disciplines, including meteorology, aviation, and engineering.
Understanding air pressure is essential for accurate weather forecasting, aircraft performance, and the design of pressure-sensitive devices.
Researchers studying air pressure can leverage PubCompare.ai to optimize their research protocols, identify best practices from literature, pre-prints, and patents, and achieve reproducible, accurate findings through the power of AI-driven insights.
Air pressure varies across different altitudes and geographic regions, and it impacts a wide range of physical and biological processes.
Instruments like the Mastersizer 2000, S-4700, LI-6400XT, LI-6400, B-290, Malvern Mastersizer Scirocco 2000, Mastersizer 3000, Mini Spray Dryer B-290, Vero E6, and SC 502 are commonly used to measure and analyze air pressure and related parameters.
By understanding the complexities of air pressure and utilizing the latest research tools and techniques, scientists and engineers can make significant advancements in fields such as meteorology, aviation, and environmental engineering.
Air pressure, also known as atmospheric pressure, refers to the force exerted by the weight of air molecules in the Earth's atmosphere.
This physical property plays a crucial role in various scientific disciplines, including meteorology, aviation, and engineering.
Understanding air pressure is essential for accurate weather forecasting, aircraft performance, and the design of pressure-sensitive devices.
Researchers studying air pressure can leverage PubCompare.ai to optimize their research protocols, identify best practices from literature, pre-prints, and patents, and achieve reproducible, accurate findings through the power of AI-driven insights.
Air pressure varies across different altitudes and geographic regions, and it impacts a wide range of physical and biological processes.
Instruments like the Mastersizer 2000, S-4700, LI-6400XT, LI-6400, B-290, Malvern Mastersizer Scirocco 2000, Mastersizer 3000, Mini Spray Dryer B-290, Vero E6, and SC 502 are commonly used to measure and analyze air pressure and related parameters.
By understanding the complexities of air pressure and utilizing the latest research tools and techniques, scientists and engineers can make significant advancements in fields such as meteorology, aviation, and environmental engineering.