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> Phenomena > Natural Phenomenon or Process > Convection

Convection

Convection is a fundamental mode of heat transfer, in which fluid motion (liquid or gas) is the primary mechanism for the transfer of heat.
This process occurs when hotter, less dense fluid rises and colder, more dense fluid sinks, creating circular motions known as convection currents.
Convection is an important mechanism in a wide range of natural and engineered systems, from atmospheric and oceanic circulations to heat exchangers and electronics cooling.
It plays a vital role in the transport of energy and the maintenance of thermal equilibrium in these systems.
Uderstanding the principles of convection is crucial for designing efficient and effective thermal management solutions across various industries and applications.

Most cited protocols related to «Convection»

1
Lattice Light Sheet Microscopy Setup
Specimens are cultured or mounted on 5 mm diameter cover slips (Warner Instruments, 64-0700), cleaned prior to use according to our earlier protocol (7 (link)). The cover slip is clipped to the end of a long extension of the sample holder (orange, fig. S4D). This end is dipped in a shallow media-filled bath (translucent yellow, fig. S4D), while the opposite end is bolted to the sample piezo. The bath has inlet and output ports for perfusion of the media. A subassembly with the excitation and detection objectives and their translation stages is lowered from above until the ends of the objectives are dipped in the media at the distance from the cover slip appropriate for creating a lattice light sheet near its upper surface.
For operation away from room temperature (particularly for live mammalian cells at 37°C), heated or chilled water from a remote temperature-controlled reservoir is pumped through self-contained channels cut in the base of the bath, unconnected to the bowl that contains the imaging media. Asymmetric heating or cooling of the ends of the objectives creates significant optical aberrations that affect the microscope performance, as does convection of the media due to temperature gradients in the bath. Thus, additional heating/cooling blocks (translucent green and red, fig. S4D) with self-contained water channels are bolted around and close to the objectives, but not in contact. These are supplied with water from a second reservoir to maintain a circularly symmetric, uniform temperature around the objectives that matches the temperature of the bath. The temperatures of the two reservoirs needed to attain a given specimen temperature differ, but can be determined empirically.
Preparation conditions specific to each specimen are given in the Supplementary Note 5. Imaging conditions specific to each specimen, including maximum and minimum excitation NA, excitation power, imaging time, image and voxel sizes, imaging mode, fluorophores and proteins, etc., are given in table S1.
Chen B.C., Legant W.R., Wang K., Shao L., Milkie D.E., Davidson M.W., Janetopoulos C., Wu X.S., Hammer JA I.I.I., Liu Z., English B.P., Mimori-Kiyosue Y., Romero D.P., Ritter A.T., Lippincott-Schwartz J., Fritz-Laylin L., Mullins R.D., Mitchell D.M., Bembenek J.N., Reymann A.C., Böhme R., Grill S.W., Wang J.T., Seydoux G., Tulu U.S., Kiehart D.P, & Betzig E. (2014). Lattice Light Sheet Microscopy: Imaging Molecules to Embryos at High Spatiotemporal Resolution. Science (New York, N.Y.), 346(6208), 1257998.
Publication 2014
Bath Cells Convection Light Mammals Microscopy Perfusion Proteins Vision Water Channel
2
Oxygen Transport in Islet Devices
For the present exploratory models, fully scaled realistic 2D and 3D geometries have been used with spherical islets of 100, 150, and 200 μm diameters placed in millimeter-sized device models. COMSOL's predefined 'Extra fine' and 'Fine' mesh size was used for meshing of 2D and 3D geometries, respectively resulting in meshes with 5–10,000 elements in 2D and 150,000 elements in 3D. In the convection and diffusion models, the following conditions were assumed: insulation/symmetry, n·(-D▽c+cu) = 0, for side walls, continuity for islets, and fixed concentration (c = camb) for liquid surfaces in contact with exterior media (top). For the case of diffusion through a membrane, a membrane/media partition coefficient Kp = cmembr/c was built into the model for oxygen through a special boundary condition using the stiff-spring method [51 ]. An additional, separate concentration variable c2 was added for the membrane (with a corresponding application mode), and to maintain continuous flux at the interface, an inward flux boundary condition was imposed along the membrane-fluid boundary with υ (c2 - Kpc) and υ = 10,000 m·s-1. In the incompressible Navier-Stokes models, no slip (u = 0) was assumed along all surfaces corresponding to liquid-solid interfaces. For the perifusion chamber, a parabolic inflow velocity profile, 4vins(1-s), was used on the inlet (s being the boundary segment length) and pressure, no viscous stress with p0 = 0 on the outlet.
, & Buchwald P. (2009). FEM-based oxygen consumption and cell viability models for avascular pancreatic islets. Theoretical Biology & Medical Modelling, 6, 5.
Publication 2009
Convection Diffusion Medical Devices Oxygen Pressure Tissue, Membrane Viscosity
3
Comparative Assessment of PM2.5 Sensors

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Publication 2017
Carbon Carbon dioxide Cell Adhesion Molecules Convection Earth, Diatomaceous Humidity
4
Microvascular Perfusion and Density Analysis
The perfusion of a tissue depends on the number, distribution, and diameters of the capillaries in combination with blood viscosity and driving pressure across the capillaries. There are two main hemodynamic principles governing how oxygen in red blood cells reaches the tissue cells; the first is the convection based on red blood cell flow, and the second is the diffusion distance oxygen must travel from the red blood cells in the capillaries to the parenchymal cells [19 (link)]. Convection is quantified by measurement of flow in the microvessels, and diffusion is quantified by the density of the perfused microvessels (functional capillary density).
Subsequent image analysis was performed using microvascular density (total or perfused vessel density) and microvascular perfusion (proportion of perfused vessels and microcirculatory flow index) parameters in line with international consensus [22 (link)]. Software assisted analysis (AVA 3.0; Automated Vascular Analysis, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam) was used on the images [20 (link)]. The analysis of the microvascular density was restricted to vessels with a diameter <20 μm.
The total vessel density (TVD; mm/mm2) was determined using the AVA software. A semiquantitative analysis previously validated [23 (link)] but assisted by the AVA software was performed in individual vessels that distinguished among no flow (0), intermittent flow (1), sluggish flow (2), and continuous flow (3). A value was assigned for each vessel. The overall score, called the microvascular flow index (MFI), is the average of the individual values [24 (link)]. The proportion of perfused vessels (PPV) was calculated as the number of vessels with flow values of 2 and 3 divided by the total number of vessels. Perfused vessel density (PVD) was determined as the total vessel density multiplied by the fraction of perfused vessels [22 (link)]. Analyses of all images were done off-line and blinded to the investigators.
Aykut G., Veenstra G., Scorcella C., Ince C, & Boerma C. (2015). Cytocam-IDF (incident dark field illumination) imaging for bedside monitoring of the microcirculation. Intensive Care Medicine Experimental, 3, 4.
Publication 2015
Blood Vessel Blood Viscosity Capillaries Cells Convection Diffusion Erythrocytes Hematologic Tests Hemodynamics Microcirculation Microvessels Oxygen Perfusion Pressure Tissues
5
Flexible Protein Structure Determination from Cryo-EM
3DFlex is a generative neural network method for determining, from cryo-EM particle images, the structure and motion of flexible protein molecules at atomic resolutions. In what follows, we outline the formulation of the model and the essential design choices of the model architecture and learning procedure. We also discuss hyper-parameter selection for effective use.
Central to 3DFlex is the overarching assumption that conformations of a dynamic protein are related to each other through deformation of a single 3D structure. Specifically, a flexible molecule is represented in terms of (1) a canonical 3D density map, (2) latent coordinate vectors that specify positions over the protein’s conformational landscape and (3) a flow generator that converts a latent coordinate vector into a deformation field that convects the canonical map into the corresponding protein conformation. The canonical 3D map, the parameters of the flow generator and a latent coordinate vector for each particle image are the model parameters that are initially unknown. They are jointly learned from experimental data.
Under the 3DFlex model (Fig. 1), a single-particle 2D image Ii is generated as follows. First, the K-dimensional latent coordinates zi of the particle are input to the flow generator fθ(zi). The generator provides a 3D deformation field, denoted ui(x), where x is a 3D position and θ denotes the parameters of the generator. The deformation vector field and the canonical 3D density map V are input to a convection operator, denoted D(ui, V), which outputs a convected density, denoted Wi. The 2D particle image Ii is then a CTF-corrupted projection of Wi, plus additive noise η; that is, Ii=CiP(ϕi)Wi+η=CiP(ϕi)D(fθ(zi),V)+η. Here, Ci denotes the CTF operator and P(ϕi) is the projection operator for pose ϕi, specifying the rigid transformation between the microscope coordinate frame and the coordinate frame of the canonical map.
Fitting 3DFlex to experimental data entails optimizing the flow generator parameters θ, the canonical density map V and the per-particle latent coordinates z1:M, to maximize the likelihood of the experimental data under the probabilistic model (equation (2)). This is equivalent to minimizing the negative log likelihood, Edata(V,θ,z1:M)=12∑i=1MIi−CiP(ϕi)Dfθ(zi),V2, where M is the number of particle images. Our current model assumes additive white noise, however extensions to colored noise are straightforward. We also assume that poses ϕi and CTF estimates are known, for example, from a standard cryo-EM refinement algorithm, although these parameters could also be reoptimized in the 3DFlex model.
The 3DFlex framework entails several important design choices that define the architecture of the 3DFlex model. Computationally determining structure and motion from noisy cryo-EM data is a challenging problem. As such, discussion of the design choices below provides insight into the working model, reflecting our exploration of different designs and hyper-parameter settings during the development of 3DFlex.
Punjani A, & Fleet D.J. (2023). 3DFlex: determining structure and motion of flexible proteins from cryo-EM. Nature Methods, 20(6), 860-870.
Publication 2023
Cloning Vectors Convection Microscopy Muscle Rigidity Proteins Reading Frames Teaching

Most recents protocols related to «Convection»

1
Enhanced Absorbency of Embossed SAM Sheets
Not available on PMC !

Example 1

A 1 g compressed SAM sheet was formed without embossing. To ensure that Comparative Example 1 had the same compactness as Example 1, meaning that both samples experienced the same compressing pressure, the SAM sheets were each placed between two flat metal plates and compressed twice with a 1000 lb load for 10 minutes using the Carver hydraulic compressor (CE, Model 4350). In this way, the void volumes between and within SAM particles are quite close, if not the same, for Comparative Example 1 and Example 1. The sample was dried in a convection oven at 80° C. for 12 hours before testing.

A 1 g compressed SAM sheet was formed without embossing. The prepared SAM sheet was placed on a flat metal plate, covered with a 1″×1″ metal patterned plate with protruding balls of 250 μm diameter, the balls side facing downward towards the SAM sheet (FIG. 1). The Carver hydraulic compressor (CE, Model 4350) was used to create the embossing pattern by applying a 1000 lb load to a plasticized SAM sheet for 5 minutes. After that, the SAM sheet was flipped over and compressed one more time with the metal balls under same pressure and same dwell time. The resultant SAM sheet has a clear pattern on the surface (FIG. 2). The scale bar shows the diameter of dent of 243 μm. The size of the dent is consistent with the size of metal balls of the embossing plate.

The final 1 g compressed SAM sheet had two-sided embossing. The sample was dried in a convection oven at 80° C. for 12 hours before testing.

The protrusions of this example were ball-shaped, but the protrusion of the pins could be any shape. Shapes without sharper corners, such as spheres, could be less damaging to the SAM particles. The depth of the indentations from the shapes could be in the range of from about 10 μm to 200

Absorbency Evaluation.

Equal masses of embossed and non-embossed SAM sheet samples were each individually dropped in a 100 mL beaker containing 30 mL NaCl solution, which contained blue dye to improve visualization during testing. The time and process of the SAM sheet completely absorbing the saline solution was monitored and compared.

The testing process for both samples to compare their absorbency properties is shown in FIGS. 3a-3e. FIG. 3a shows the testing beakers with 30 mL NaCl solution and blue dye. FIG. 3b shows at the start of the testing (0 min) by adding SAM sheets into the respective NaCl solutions. FIG. 3c shows the completion of absorption of liquid for Example 1 at 27 minutes. After completion, the swollen SAM particles were cast off onto white paper to verify the complete absorption of the fluid (FIG. 3d). At 40 min, Comparative Example 1 completed absorbing all fluid and was cast off onto white paper to verify completion (FIG. 3e). By the time Comparative Example 1 was cast off onto white paper, Example 1 had already turned white because it had finished the absorbing process 13 minutes earlier and the absorbed fluid already diffused into the center of each SAM particle. Absorbency times are summarized in Table 1.

TABLE 1
Absorbency times for SAM sheets.
SampleIntake time (min)
Comparative Example 140
Example 127

Compressing SAM particles into sheets generally leads to lower intake rates and higher intake times compared with SAM particles that are not compressed into sheets due to the loss of free volume within SAM molecular structure and surface area. However, the results demonstrated herein prove that SAM with surface embossing could lead to increase of surface area, thereby increasing the absorbency intake rate compared to the compressed SAM without embossing.

Flexible Absorbent Binder Film.

FAB is a proprietary crosslinked acrylic acid copolymer that develops absorbency properties after it is applied to a substrate and dried, FAB itself can also be casted into film and dried, yet the resultant 100% FAB film is quite rigid and stiff. The chemistry of FAB is similar to standard SAPs except that the latent crosslinking component allows it to be applied onto the substrate of choice as an aqueous solution and then converted into a superabsorbent coating upon drying. When the water is removed, the crosslinker molecules in the polymeric chain come into contact with each other and covalently bond to form a crosslinked absorbent.

In the examples of this disclosure, FAB was coated on a nonwoven substrate to provide a single layer with both intake and retention functions, as well as flexibility. FAB solution with 32% (wt/wt) solids was coated on a nonwoven substrate through a slot die with two rolls. After coating, the coated film was cured by drying in a convection oven at 55° C. for 20-30 minutes, or until the film was dry, to remove the water.

Compression embossing was applied on FAB films. Two-sided embossing was applied on a FAB film. The absorbent properties were characterized and compared through saline absorption testing. The FAB film with an embossed pattern showed 91.67% faster intake rate compared with the FAB film without an embossed pattern.

US11864985B2. Absorbent composites containing embossed superabsorbent materials (2024-01-09). Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Feng Chen [US], Wing-Chak Ng [US], Mark M. Mleziva [US].
Patent 2024
acrylate Convection Electroplating Metals Molecular Structure Muscle Rigidity Polymers Pressure Retention (Psychology) Saline Solution SKAP2 protein, human Sodium Chloride Urination
2
Abrasion Behavior of APS-Coated Glass Vials
Not available on PMC !

Example 11

Three sets of two glass vials were prepared with an APS (aminopropylsilsesquioxane) coating. Each of the vials was dip coated in a 0.1% solution of APS and heated at 100° C. in a convection oven for 15 minutes. The coated vials were then depyrogenated (heated) at 300° C. for 12 hours. Two vials were placed in the vial-on-vial jig depicted in FIG. 9 and abraded under a 10 N loaded. The abrasion procedure was repeated 4 more times over the same area and the coefficient of friction was determined for each abrasion. The vials were wiped between abrasions and the starting point of each abrasion was positioned on a previously abraded area and each abrasion traveled over the same “track”. The same procedure was repeated for loads of 30 N and 50 N. The coefficients of friction of each abrasion (i.e., A1-A5) are graphically depicted in FIG. 22 for each load. As shown in FIG. 22, the coefficients of friction of the APS coated vials depyrogenated for 12 hours were significantly higher than the APS coated vials shown in FIG. 20 and were similar to coefficients of friction exhibited by uncoated glass vials, indicating that the vials may have experienced a significant loss of mechanical strength due to the abrasions.

US11872189B2. Glass articles with low-friction coatings (2024-01-16). CORNING INCORPORATED [US]. Inventors: Andrei Gennadyevich Fadeev [US], Theresa Chang [US], Dana Craig Bookbinder [US], Santona Pal [US], Chandan Kumar Saha [US], Steven Edward DeMartino [US], Christopher Lee Timmons [US], John Stephen Peanasky [US].
Patent 2024
Convection Debility Friction
3
Quantifying Abrasion Resistance of APS/Kapton Coatings
Not available on PMC !

Example 10

Three sets of two glass vials were prepared with an APS/Kapton coating. Each of the vials was dip coated in a 0.1% solution of APS (aminopropylsilsesquioxane). The APS coating was heated at 100° C. in a convection oven for 15 minutes. The vials were then dipped into a 0.1% poly(pyromellitic dianhydride-co-4,4′-oxydianiline) amic acid solution (Kapton precursor) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). Thereafter, the coatings were cured by placing the coated vials in into a preheated furnace at 300° C. for 30 minutes. The coated vials were then depyrogenated (heated) at 300° C. for 12 hours.

Two vials were placed in the vial-on-vial jig depicted in FIG. 9 and abraded under a 10 N load. The abrasion procedure was repeated 4 more times over the same area and the coefficient of friction was determined for each abrasion. The vials were wiped between abrasions and the starting point of each abrasion was positioned on a previously abraded area and each abrasion was performed over the same “track”. The same procedure was repeated for loads of 30 N and 50 N. The coefficients of friction of each abrasion (i.e., A1-A5) are graphically depicted in FIG. 21 for each load. As shown in FIG. 21, the coefficients of friction of the APS/Kapton coated vials were generally uniform and approximately 0.20 or less for the abrasions introduced at loads of 10 N and 30 N. However, when the applied load was increased to 50 N, the coefficient of friction increased for each successive abrasion, with the fifth abrasion having a coefficient of friction slightly less than 0.40.

US11872189B2. Glass articles with low-friction coatings (2024-01-16). CORNING INCORPORATED [US]. Inventors: Andrei Gennadyevich Fadeev [US], Theresa Chang [US], Dana Craig Bookbinder [US], Santona Pal [US], Chandan Kumar Saha [US], Steven Edward DeMartino [US], Christopher Lee Timmons [US], John Stephen Peanasky [US].
Patent 2024
1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone Acids Convection Friction Poly A pyromellitic dianhydride
4
Glass Vial Coating Techniques
Not available on PMC !

Example 1

Glass vials were formed from Schott Type 1B glass and the glass composition identified as “Example E” of Table 1 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/660,394 filed Oct. 25, 2012 and entitled “Glass Compositions with Improved Chemical and Mechanical Durability” assigned to Corning, Incorporated (hereinafter “the Reference Glass Composition”). The vials were washed with deionized water, blown dry with nitrogen, and dip coated with a 0.1% solution of APS (aminopropylsilsesquioxane). The APS coating was dried at 100° C. in a convection oven for 15 minutes. The vials were then dipped into a 0.1% solution of NOVASTRAT® 800 polyamic acid in a 15/85 toluene/DMF solution or in a 0.1% to 1% poly(pyromellitic dianhydride-co-4,4′-oxydianiline) amic acid solution (Kapton precursor) in N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). The coated vials were heated to 150° C. and held for 20 minutes to evaporate the solvents. Thereafter, the coatings were cured by placing the coated vials into a preheated furnace at 300° C. for 30 minutes. After curing, the vials coated with the 0.1% solution of NOVASTRAT® 800 had no visible color. However, the vials coated with the solution of poly(pyromellitic dianhydride-co-4,4′oxydianiline) were visibly yellow in color. Both coatings exhibited a low coefficient of friction in vial-to-vial contact tests.

US11872189B2. Glass articles with low-friction coatings (2024-01-16). CORNING INCORPORATED [US]. Inventors: Andrei Gennadyevich Fadeev [US], Theresa Chang [US], Dana Craig Bookbinder [US], Santona Pal [US], Chandan Kumar Saha [US], Steven Edward DeMartino [US], Christopher Lee Timmons [US], John Stephen Peanasky [US].
Patent 2024
1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone Acids ARID1A protein, human chemical composition Cocaine Convection Friction Nitrogen Poly A polyamic acid pyromellitic dianhydride Solvents Toluene
5
Abrasion Resistance of APS Coatings
Not available on PMC !

Example 9

Three sets of two glass vials were prepared with an APS coating. Each of the vials were dip coated in a 0.1% solution of APS (aminopropylsilsesquioxane) and heated at 100° C. in a convection oven for 15 minutes. Two vials were placed in the vial-on-vial jig depicted in FIG. 9 and abraded under a 10 N load. The abrasion procedure was repeated 4 more times over the same area and the coefficient of friction was determined for each abrasion. The vials were wiped between abrasions and the starting point of each abrasion was positioned on a previously non-abraded area. However, each abrasion traveled over the same “track”. The same procedure was repeated for loads of 30 N and 50 N. The coefficients of friction of each abrasion (i.e., A1-A5) are graphically depicted in FIG. 20 for each load. As shown in FIG. 20, the coefficient of friction of the APS only coated vials is generally higher than 0.3 and often reached 0.6 or even higher.

US11872189B2. Glass articles with low-friction coatings (2024-01-16). CORNING INCORPORATED [US]. Inventors: Andrei Gennadyevich Fadeev [US], Theresa Chang [US], Dana Craig Bookbinder [US], Santona Pal [US], Chandan Kumar Saha [US], Steven Edward DeMartino [US], Christopher Lee Timmons [US], John Stephen Peanasky [US].
Patent 2024
Convection Friction

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Spectral fumed alumina by Cabot
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More about "Convection"

Convection is a fundamental mode of heat transfer, where fluid motion (liquid or gas) is the primary mechanism for transferring heat.
This process occurs when hotter, less dense fluid rises and colder, more dense fluid sinks, creating circular motions known as convection currents.
Convection is an important mechanism in a wide range of natural and engineered systems, from atmospheric and oceanic circulations to heat exchangers and electronics cooling.
Understanding the principles of convection is crucial for designing efficient and effective thermal management solutions across various industries and applications.
PubCompare.ai, a powerful AI-driven platform, can help researchers and engineers locate relevant protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, and use AI-driven comparisons to identify the best protocols and products for their convection-based research.
In the context of convection-based research, COMSOL Multiphysics, a powerful simulation software, can be used to model and analyze complex convection phenomena.
Sylgard 184, a silicone-based material, is often used in microfluidic devices and heat exchanger applications due to its thermal and mechanical properties.
COMSOL Multiphysics 5.5, the latest version of the software, offers enhanced capabilities for modeling convection and other heat transfer processes.
Convection ovens, which use hot air circulation to cook food, are another example of a practical application of convection principles.
SpectrAl fumed alumina, a type of nanoparticle, has been used in convection-based heat transfer applications due to its high thermal conductivity.
FD 115, OF-21, and FED 115 are examples of fluorescent dyes, such as FITC-dextran, that can be used as tracers in convection experiments and fluid flow visualization.