Coral reefs are diverse, vibrant marine ecosystems found in shallow, warm waters around the world.
These colorful underwater structures are built by colonies of tiny animals called coral polyps.
Coral reefs provide critical habitat for a wide variety of marine life, including fish, invertebrates, and other organisms.
They also play a vital role in coastal protection, tourism, and the global carbon cycle.
However, coral reefs are facing increasing threats from climate change, ocean acidification, pollution, and other human activities.
Understanding and protecting these fragile ecosystems is crucial for maintaing the health of our oceans.
Pubcompare.ai's AI-driven platform can help researchers streamline their coral reef studies by easily locating the most effective protocols and products from the literature.
We aimed to design a versatile PCR primer within the 658 bp COI barcoding region which could be used in combination with a published primer commonly used for DNA barcoding (i.e. LCO1490 or HCO2198 [30 (link)]) to target a short DNA fragment. The Moorea BIOCODE project provided an alignment of 6643 COI sequences belonging to ~3877 marine taxa, mostly coral reef associated species (up to five specimens per morphospecies) spanning 17 animal phyla (sequences available in BOLD, projects MBMIA, MBMIB and MBFA). The information content [entropy h(x)] at each position of the alignment was plotted using BioEdit [38 ] to locate more conserved regions within the 658 bp COI barcoding fragment (Figure 1). A site with limited variation was located between positions 320 and 345 of the 658 bp COI region (Figure 1). The forward primer “mlCOIintF” and its reverse complement “mlCOIintR” (Table 1) were designed herein and used for further performance testing.
Leray M., Yang J.Y., Meyer C.P., Mills S.C., Agudelo N., Ranwez V., Boehm J.T, & Machida R.J. (2013). A new versatile primer set targeting a short fragment of the mitochondrial COI region for metabarcoding metazoan diversity: application for characterizing coral reef fish gut contents. Frontiers in Zoology, 10, 34.
All sampling and filtering equipment was exposed to a 10% bleach solution for at least 30 min before use. For water samplings in the aquarium, approximately 10 l of seawater was collected from the surface using multiple casts of an 8 l polyethylene bucket fastened to a 10 m rope. The bucket was thoroughly prewashed with tank water. The sampling was conducted between 10.00 and 13.00 before daily feeding on two consecutive days (2 and 3 June 2014). The sampled water was stored in a valve-equipped 10 l book bottle and immediately brought to the laboratory before subsequent filtering. For water samples from the coral reefs near the aquarium, 10 l of seawater was collected in a similar manner on 4 June and 7 November 2014. One to three 2 l lots of seawater from the 10 l samples were vacuum-filtered onto 47 mm diameter glass-fibre filters (nominal pore size, 0.7 μm; Whatman, Maidstone, UK). Each filter was wrapped in commercial aluminium foil and stored in −20°C before eDNA extraction. Two litres of Milli-Q water was used as the negative control and treated identically to the eDNA samples, to monitor contamination during the filtering and subsequent DNA extraction. DNA was extracted from the filters using the DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) in combination with a spin column (EZ-10; Bio Basic, Markham, Ontario, Canada). After removing the attached membrane from the spin column (EZ-10), the filter was tightly folded into a small cylindrical shape and placed in the spin column. The spin column was centrifuged at 6000g for 1 min to remove redundant seawater for DNA extraction. The column was then placed in a new 2 ml tube and subjected to lysis using proteinase K. Before lysis, Milli-Q water (400 μl), proteinase K (20 μl) and buffer AL (180 μl) were mixed and the mixed solution was gently pipetted onto the folded filter in the spin column. The column was then placed on a 56°C preheated aluminium heat block and incubated for 30 min. The spin columns were covered with commercial aluminium foil and a clean blanket for effective incubation at the specified temperature. After the incubation, the spin column was centrifuged at 6000g for 1 min to collect the DNA. In order to increase DNA yields from the filter, 300 μl of sterilized TE buffer was gently pipetted onto the folded filter and the spin column was again centrifuged at 6000g for 1 min. The collected DNA solution (ca 900 μl) was purified using the DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit following the manufacture's protocol.
Miya M., Sato Y., Fukunaga T., Sado T., Poulsen J.Y., Sato K., Minamoto T., Yamamoto S., Yamanaka H., Araki H., Kondoh M, & Iwasaki W. (2015). MiFish, a set of universal PCR primers for metabarcoding environmental DNA from fishes: detection of more than 230 subtropical marine species. Royal Society Open Science, 2(7), 150088.
Digital photoquadrats were obtained from projects monitoring coral reef community structure in the outer and fringing reefs of Moorea (French Polynesia), Kingman, Palmyra, Tabuaeran and Kiritimati atolls (northern Line Islands), Nanwan Bay (Taiwan), and the platform reefs at Heron Reef (Great Barrier Reef, Australia). These study locations were selected because they offered legacy data involving large numbers of images that had been annotated with equivalent random point methodologies by experts with extensive experience in identifying benthic organisms from photographs at their respective locations. In each location, multiple species of scleractinian corals, macroalgae, crustose coralline algae, and various non-coral invertebrates densely populate benthic surfaces, and photoquadrats are characterized by complex shapes, diverse surface textures, and intricate boundaries between dissimilar taxa. Additionally, water turbidity and light attenuation degrade colors and image clarity to varying degrees for the four image sets, presenting a challenging task for both manual and automated annotation. It should be noted however, that these are all typical conditions, and these image sets represent typical survey images taken for purposes of coral reef ecology. The four locations also represent the great variation commonly found within and among photographic surveys of shallow (< 20 m depth), Pacific coral reefs. This variation includes differences among locations in species diversity and their colony morphologies, variation in camera equipment (e.g., angle of view, and resolution), distance between camera and benthos (and whether the distance was constant among photographs), and the mechanism employed to compensate for the depth-dependent attenuation of sunlight (i.e., through the use of strobes and/or manual white balance adjustment of camera exposures). The photographs from Moorea, the Line Islands and Nanwan Bay were recorded using framers to hold the camera perpendicular to, and at a constant distance from, the sea floor. Underwater strobes were used in Moorea to restore surface color and remove shadows from images, and in the Line Islands, image-colors were adjusted through manual adjustment of the white balance for each series of images. Neither strobes nor color correction were used to record photoquadrats in Nanwan Bay. Finally, at Heron Island, the reef was recorded using a camera (without strobes or white balance correction) that was hand-held above the reef using a weighted line suspended below the camera to maintain an approximately fixed distance to the sea floor [27 ]. Refer to Fig 1, and S1 Fig for sample images from the locations, to Table 1 for a data summary, and to S1 Appendix for additional details on the survey locations.
Beijbom O., Edmunds P.J., Roelfsema C., Smith J., Kline D.I., Neal B.P., Dunlap M.J., Moriarty V., Fan T.Y., Tan C.J., Chan S., Treibitz T., Gamst A., Mitchell B.G, & Kriegman D. (2015). Towards Automated Annotation of Benthic Survey Images: Variability of Human Experts and Operational Modes of Automation. PLoS ONE, 10(7), e0130312.
in vitro mock metagenomes. To validate the search and classification steps of GraftM, three biological replicates of a mock community composed of the genomic sequences of 54 microorganisms spanning 41 taxonomic families were examined (40 (link)). The expected community composition was known since construction of the mock community involved pooling DNA extracted from a separate culture of each community member. Community profiles generated by GraftM were benchmarked by comparison with this gold standard. Details on the preparation and sequencing of the metagenome libraries can be found in Rinke et al. (40 (link)). in silico mock metagenomes. Error-free, synthetic 150 bp paired-end reads were generated for each lineage of the in vitro mock at 20× coverage using a synthetic paired end read simulator sammy.pl (github.com/minillinim/sammy/blob/master/sammy.pl) using default parameters. Environmental metagenomes. Environmental soil was sampled from a site of thawing permafrost in Abisko National Park, northern Sweden in June 2012 (41 ). Three subsamples were taken at different depths: shallow (0 cm), middle (6.5 cm) and deep (12.5 cm). To demonstrate the expand_search function in GraftM, a further 19 metagenomes from a Sphagnum dominated bog were selected to analyse. Details of the preparation and sequencing of the metagenome libraries are detailed in Woodcroft et al. 2017 (submitted). Symbiodinium metagenomes. Three replicate Acropora tenuis samples were collected from a coral reef at Orpheus Island at Pioneer Bay, Great Barrier Reef in 2016 and preserved in Glycerol-TE buffer. A single sample of A. tenuis sperm was taken following a spawning event in 2016. DNA from all samples were and extracted using MoBio Ultra Clean powerlyzer extraction kits, and prepared using Nextera. Sequencing was completed at the Australian Centre for Ecogenomics with an Illumina NextSeq. NCBI nr database. The NCBI nr database was downloaded from the NCBI FTP server (2.9 × 109 amino acids) in January, 2016.
Boyd J.A., Woodcroft B.J, & Tyson G.W. (2018). GraftM: a tool for scalable, phylogenetically informed classification of genes within metagenomes. Nucleic Acids Research, 46(10), e59.
In order to test the versatility of the newly designed primers for metabarcoding eDNA from fishes, we sampled seawater from four tanks in the Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, Okinawa, Japan (26°41′39′′ N, 127°52′41′′ E; figure 1). The aquarium was chosen because of the remarkable taxonomic diversity of fishes contained in a variety of tanks that resemble surrounding environments in the subtropical western North Pacific. The four selected tanks; Kuroshio (water volume =7500 m3), tropical fish (700 m3), deep-sea (230 m3) and mangrove (35.6 m3) tanks (figure 1a–d) harbour diverse groups of fishes (ca 250 species) from elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) to higher teleosts that vary greatly in their ecology, including both pelagic and benthic species living in shallow coastal to deep waters. In addition to these four aquarium tanks, we also sampled seawaters from coral reefs nearby the aquarium (26°42′35′′ N, 127°52′48′′ E; figure 1e,f) to preliminarily examine the use of the primers for metabarcoding eDNA from natural environments with unknown fish composition and abundances in an open ecosystem.
(a–d) Four tanks used for water sampling in the Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium and (e,f) a sampling site in the coral reefs near the aquarium: (a) Kuroshio (water volume =7500 m3); (b) tropical fish (700 m3); (c) deep-sea (230 m3); and (d) mangrove (35.6 m3) tanks; (e,f) sampling site in Bise (arrow; 26°42′35′′ N, 127°52′48′′ E) and the Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium (star; 26°41′39′′ N, 127°52′41′′ E).
Miya M., Sato Y., Fukunaga T., Sado T., Poulsen J.Y., Sato K., Minamoto T., Yamamoto S., Yamanaka H., Araki H., Kondoh M, & Iwasaki W. (2015). MiFish, a set of universal PCR primers for metabarcoding environmental DNA from fishes: detection of more than 230 subtropical marine species. Royal Society Open Science, 2(7), 150088.
To acquire small subunit (SSU) 16S rRNA datasets for this meta-analysis, an email was sent on July 14, 2020, and July 23, 2020, to the hosts of the coral-list listserv and the SCTLD Disease Advisory Committee (DAC) email list, respectively, requesting scientists to share unpublished SCTLD-associated microbiome datasets. In addition, to allow for comparisons of microbiomes between a past Caribbean coral disease to the novel SCTLD outbreak, a rapid tissue loss (RTL) disease study in Acropora palmata (APAL) and Acropora cervicornis (ACER) comprising apparently healthy (AH) samples, inoculated AH samples, and inoculated diseased samples [61 ], also was included in some analyses. This particular study was selected because Acropora spp. reportedly are not susceptible to SCTLD and the study used V4 primers [3 ]. In total, 17 studies were analyzed, 16 from SCTLD and one from an Acropora spp. RTL study (Supplementary Table 1). Study authors were requested to complete a preformatted metadata file to facilitate comparisons of data across studies. Requested metadata included sample handling information (e.g., source laboratory, and sample collector) and ecological information (e.g., source reef name, coordinates, zone, water temperature, and coral colony measurements). SCTLD zones included vulnerable (i.e., locations where the disease had not been observed/reported), endemic (i.e., locations where the initial outbreak of the disease had moved through and no or few active lesions were observed on colonies), and epidemic (i.e., locations where the outbreak was active and prevalent across colonies of multiple species). Invasion zone sites, where the disease was newly arrived but not yet prevalent, were grouped within the epidemic zone for consistency across studies and simplicity of analysis. Some metadata required standardization of units and not all metadata were available across all studies. However, in all field-collected samples, all sampling dates and site information were available, enabling the completion of SCTLD disease zone metadata for Florida studies by referencing the Coral Reef Evaluation and Monitoring Project, Disturbance Response Monitoring, and SCTLD boundary reconnaissance databases. For USVI, zones were assigned based on the USVI Department of Planning and Natural Resources SCTLD database (https://dpnr.vi.gov/czm/sctld/).
Rosales S.M., Huebner L.K., Evans J.S., Apprill A., Baker A.C., Becker C.C., Bellantuono A.J., Brandt M.E., Clark A.S., del Campo J., Dennison C.E., Eaton K.R., Huntley N.E., Kellogg C.A., Medina M., Meyer J.L., Muller E.M., Rodriguez-Lanetty M., Salerno J.L., Schill W.B., Shilling E.N., Stewart J.M, & Voss J.D. (2023). A meta-analysis of the stony coral tissue loss disease microbiome finds key bacteria in unaffected and lesion tissue in diseased colonies. ISME Communications, 3, 19.
Our review was informed by a synthesis of trends and gaps in CBM cases globally and in Canada. We asked the following questions:
What does the literature say about CBM in the context of the global loss of biodiversity including the degradation of water quality, forests, wildlife, and marine resources?
What is the progress made so far in implementing CBM internationally and in Canada?
What are the challenges that limit the further use of the approach?
What recommendations can be made to further community engagement in CBM projects?
To answer these questions, we examined published literature and various online resources, including project-related webpages, to document available CBM examples and related outcomes. A two-pronged desktop review of online materials focused on regional, national, and international CBM projects was conducted between April and July 2017 (the first round of information gathering and review), and May 2021 to January 2022 (the second round that covers new cases and recently published scholarly works). First, we examined international CBM outcomes in both developing and developed nations, for example, water quality projects in the USA (Green et al., 2016 ), coral reef conservation in New Zealand (Peters et al., 2016 (link)), wildlife management projects in Hawaii, USA (Friedlander et al., 2010 ), and newly evolved carbon monitoring through the REDD + program which focuses on developing nations such as Vietnam and Indonesia (Ferrari et al., 2015 (link)). Second, we reviewed documents on Canadian CBM programs, such as water quality studies on lakes and rivers near mining and other extractive resource sites. The review also involved consulting the repository of the Athabasca River Basin managed by the Athabasca River Basin Research Institute (2017 ), which harbors a collection of published literature on water quality in Canada. This stage of the review helped to identify the breadth and coverage of CBM programs at regional levels. In all cases, we focused on the performance of community-based organizations, the types of projects they support, and the level of community involvement. To start the survey process and internet-based screening of the CBM cases, a keyword-based search was performed, which included “community-based monitoring” and related words such as “community-based monitoring Alberta,” “community-based monitoring fisheries,” “community-based monitoring waters,” “community-based monitoring Arctic,” “community-based monitoring lakes in Alberta,” and “community-based monitoring forest.” Other Google searches focused on related issues such as community-based monitoring challenges or benefits. The results obtained were organized using a spreadsheet with the column headings as shown in Table 1:
Structure of the spreadsheet used to organize CBM programs data
Program
Country
Region
Community
Physical settings
Species/resources
Links
Funding
Project descriptions (notes)
The summary presented in this report includes project activities, origins, communities, funding information (if available), and updates on the benefits and challenges of CBM projects. While gathering information on CBM cases, we plotted the geolocations of the projects in a separate file. This data was used to create a Geographic Information System (GIS) map showing the distribution and concentration of the cases reviewed (Fig. 1). It must be noted that when similar projects are managed by an organization, only its main location was used irrespective of the actual project locations. This was done to avoid clumsiness in the mapping and to group analogous approaches. For example, in the cases of the Centre for Indigenous Environmental Resources (CIER) Canada, we used only its main location of City or Country (CIER, 2017 ). Similarly, in the US cases, we considered only the water monitoring projects at the regional level such as the eastern zone of the USA, although several water monitoring efforts exist (Green et al., 2016 ). We provide a supplementary index based on Google search to acknowledge the contributions of local/Indigenous participants in CBM programs (see Annex-1 of the paper).
Illustration of CBM contributions across different resources in Canada and at global levels. The rationale behind the projection of diverse resource systems across different geographic regions in the map is to demonstrate the fact that CBM is a popular approach and has a global distribution, can operate across nations with dissimilar governance and economic structures, and can contribute to conservation and management of ecosystem values (forests, wildlife, fish, waters, etc.) that are threatened/degraded by human and natural disturbances such as overuse of resources or climate change impacts on them. However, these are the projects we described in our review to support our interpretation and analysis. We reviewed all the CBM projects and their target resource systems and found that we could broadly categorize them for our use
Although projects are all unique in their functions and produce diverse outcomes, for the purpose of this review and to facilitate visualization, we broadly group them as forests, coral reefs, turtles, wildlife, ecology, coastal and marine resources, beluga whales, fisheries, and wild coffee production. However, we note that this classification is arbitrary and less scientifically sound. Although a vast amount of data was collected, interpretations of the significance of CBM were made based on reflections included in scholarly articles and project websites. We present the review outcomes of 121 documents at the Canadian and international levels, including published papers and data from related websites that refer to CBM. The selection of documents used in this review was based on criteria such as the provision of clear information on the project outcomes in social (levels of local participation) and ecological (conservation success) terms, inclusion and identification of issues and challenges of CBM, and suggestions for furthering the projects. Therefore, we caution that the outcomes listed in this paper refer only to those presented by academic researchers in their articles and not those of the communities engaged in such research. Further research should examine community perspectives on CBM projects for a more comprehensive understanding of project outcomes.
Mamun A.A, & Natcher D.C. (2023). The promise and pitfalls of community-based monitoring with a focus on Canadian examples. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195(4), 445.
The North West Cape, Western Australia, is bordered to the west and north by Ningaloo Reef, whose sandy coral lagoons are protected by a shallow reef crest that falls away steeply towards open water, and to the east by Exmouth Gulf, whose shallow, turbid waters contain scattered coral reefs, seagrass meadows, and mangroves49 (link),50 . The waters of the North West Cape provide important habitat for a diverse array of species, including both humpback and bottlenose dolphins45 (link),51 (link).
Syme J., Kiszka J.J, & Parra G.J. (2023). Habitat partitioning, co-occurrence patterns, and mixed-species group formation in sympatric delphinids. Scientific Reports, 13, 3599.
Two dinoflagellate culture isolates from the family Symbiodiniaceae: B. psygmophilum and E. voratum were obtained from the Marine Symbiosis and Coral Reef Biology laboratory at Victoria University of Wellington (New Zealand). The culture isolates had different cell sizes with the mean girdle diameter of B. psygmophilum 6.69 ± 0.83 µm and E. voratum 9.29 ± 0.77 µm. To start the cultures, approximately 100 cells mL −1of each isolate was used. The cultures were grown in f/2 growth medium enriched with nutrients (Guillard, 1975 ). They were maintained in sterile plastic flatbottomed vessels (70 mL Labserv, ThermoFisher Scientific, NZ) with a 12:12 light: dark cycle under 100 µmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at 25 °C. All cultures were harvested during their late exponential phase prior to the freezing experiments.
Kihika J.K., Wood S.A., Rhodes L., Smith K.F., Butler J, & Ryan K.G. (2023). Assessment of the recovery and photosynthetic efficiency of Breviolum psygmophilum and Effrenium voratum (Symbiodiniaceae) following cryopreservation. PeerJ, 11, e14885.
The study area is located 21 km south of Beihai city, China, that outspreads in Beibu Gulf. Three sites of coral reef, A, B, and C (between 21° 1.3966′ N, 109° 4.6977′ E and 21° 5.008′ N, 109° 7.488′ E) were chosen using Global Positioning System (GPS) (Fig. 7A) to install nine ABRs structures (three in each site) for coral reef sexual restoration at end of December 2020. The construction models were placed about 2 m apart in all sites. Chosen sites are described according to coordinates, coral reef structure, coral coverage and noncoral coverage. Information for sampling locations, is shown in Table 3.
Site description: Three sites A, B, and C are described according to coordinates, coral reef structure, coral coverage and noncoral coverage.
Site no.
Station no.
N
E
Coral reef structure
Coral coverage %
Noncoral coverage %
A
4
21° 1.3966′ N
109° 4.6977′ E
Sandy reef with Pavona patches
53
47
5
21° 1.635′ N
109° 4.807′ E
6
21° 1.246′ N
109° 4.632′ E
B
10
21° 3.9070′ N
109° 5.5701′ E
Sandy reef
7
93
11
21° 3.978′ N
109° 5.748′ E
12
21° 3.910′ N
109° 5.440′ E
C
16
21° 5.0074′ N
109° 7.5813′ E
Sandy reef with Pavona patches
80
20
17
21° 4.916′ N
109° 7.668′ E
18
21° 5.008′ N
109° 7.488′ E
Semiartificial substrate composed of a special cement supported with environment-friendly material made of variety of seaweed extracts marine algal source (patency registration No. 202111290154.5, unpublished data) was used to construct a conical like artificial biological reef (ABR) as shown in Fig. 8, to mediate the attraction and survival of coral and other marine habitat larval recruitment and metamorphosis designated as (ABAM, supplemented with bioactive material), (SCE, made up of seawater cement and used as a positive control), (NCE, made up of normal cement and used as a negative control). These designs are constructed to work for sexual restoration of damaged coral reef ecosystem.
Outline diagram of ABR structure.
A total of thirty-six samples were collected over three seasons in 2021; Spring (end of March) just prior to coral larval spooning in April, Summer (July), and Autumn (October), twelve from each season; three from the sediment of natural reef of the three sites (XR group) and nine from the surface of the ABRs installed in the three sites; three from ABAM, three from SCE and three from NCE model structures (Table 2, Fig. 7). Samples from the natural reef As, Bs, and Cs were collected in triplicates. Three replicate’s line transects were laid parallel to the shoreline at two depths (3.5 and 7.5 m) representing the shallow and deep zones of the reef front. Samples from the surface of the ABRs were collected in 8 replicates to ensure covering of the whole surface of the ABR. The eight replicates for each sample are mixed in one tube for later comparison and assessment of microbial community composition (XR groups) VS the (ARs group) using 16S High throughput sequencing analysis and also for 18S High throughput to detect succession and diversity of macrobenthos on the ABRs and XR. Samples were collected using single line transect32 with scuba diving utilities using a hammer, chisel, and gloves. Samples were kept in ice then stored at – 20 °C. The average of the replicates of each line transects represents the percentage values for each site.
Mohamed H.F., Abd-Elgawad A., Cai R., Luo Z., Pie L, & Xu C. (2023). Microbial community shift on artificial biological reef structures (ABRs) deployed in the South China Sea. Scientific Reports, 13, 3456.
The EF 100mm F2.8 L IS USM Macro lens is a high-quality, professional-grade lens designed for close-up photography. It features a fast maximum aperture of F2.8 and Optical Image Stabilization, which helps reduce blur caused by camera shake. The lens is equipped with a Ultrasonic Motor (USM) for fast and quiet autofocus performance.
The Infors HT Multitron is a versatile incubator shaker designed for cell culture and microbiology applications. It features precise temperature and agitation control to provide optimal conditions for the growth of a wide range of microorganisms and cell lines. The Multitron is available in various sizes and configurations to accommodate different experimental needs.
The GoPro Hero 3 Silver Edition is a compact, lightweight digital camera designed for capturing high-quality video and photographs. It features a 12-megapixel sensor, the ability to record 1080p video at 30 frames per second, and a durable, waterproof housing.
Platinum Taq High Fidelity is a thermostable DNA polymerase designed for high-fidelity PCR amplification. It features enhanced proofreading activity to minimize the rate of nucleotide misincorporation during DNA synthesis.
Sourced in Germany, United States, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Spain, France, Switzerland, Japan, China, Canada
The DNeasy kit is a laboratory tool used for the purification of DNA from various sample types. It employs a silica-based membrane technology to efficiently extract and purify DNA for downstream applications.
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Switzerland
MATLAB R2019a is a software package developed by MathWorks for numerical computing and visualization. It provides a programming environment for algorithm development, data analysis, and visualization. MATLAB R2019a includes tools for various applications, such as signal processing, image processing, and control systems.
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, India, Netherlands, Switzerland, France
Phytagel is a natural polysaccharide derived from Sphingomonas paucimobilis bacteria. It is a versatile gelling agent used in various laboratory applications, including cell and tissue culture, microbiology, and biochemistry. Phytagel forms clear, stable gels that can withstand a wide range of pH, temperature, and ionic conditions.
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, France, Sao Tome and Principe, Canada, Switzerland, China, India, Japan, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Denmark, Macao, Israel, Ireland, Argentina, Poland, Portugal, Czechia, Belgium
Gentamicin is a laboratory product manufactured by Merck Group. It is an antibiotic used for the detection and identification of Gram-negative bacteria in microbiological analysis and research.
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Macao, Italy
The Bradford assay is a colorimetric analytical procedure used to measure the concentration of protein in a solution. It involves the binding of the dye Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 to proteins, resulting in a color change that can be measured spectrophotometrically.
BioXtra is a line of lab equipment designed for use in biomedical research and analysis. The core function of BioXtra products is to provide reliable and consistent performance for various laboratory tasks.
More about "Coral Reefs"
Coral reefs are vibrant marine ecosystems found in shallow, warm waters around the globe.
These diverse underwater structures are built by tiny coral polyps, providing critical habitat for a variety of marine life.
Coral reef ecosystems play a vital role in coastal protection, tourism, and the global carbon cycle.
However, these fragile systems face increasing threats from climate change, ocean acidification, and human activities.
Understanding and preserving coral reefs is crucial for maintaining the health of our oceans.
Researchers studying coral reefs can leverage powerful tools like the EF 100mm F2.8 L IS USM Macro lens, Infors HT Multitron bioreactor, and GoPro Hero 3 Silver Edition camera to capture high-quality data and imagery.
Molecular techniques, such as Platinum Taq High Fidelity PCR, DNeasy kits, and MATLAB R2019a software, can be used to analyze coral samples and understand their genetic composition.
Culturing corals in the lab using Phytagel and Gentamicin can provide valuable insights, while the Bradford assay can be employed to measure protein content.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can help streamline coral reef research by easily locating the most effective protocols and products from the literature, pre-prints, and patents.
This cutting-edge tool can optimize workflows and help researchers find the best solutions for their coral reef studies, supporting the vital effort to understand and protect these fragile ecosystems.
