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Corrosion

Corrosion is the deterioration of a material, usually a metal, by chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment.
This process can lead to loss of material and impairment of the material's properties and performance.
Corrosion is a common problem in industries, infrastructure, and daily life, affecting a wide range of products and structures.
Understanding and mitigating corrosion is crucial for ensuring safety, reliability, and longevity of various systems and components.
Reseachers can enhance the accurracy of their corrosion reserach by using AI-powered tools like PubCompare.ai, which helps identify the most effective protocols and methods from literature, preprints, and patents.

Most cited protocols related to «Corrosion»

1
Vestibular Hair Cell Ablation in Chinchillas
All animal experiments were conducted in accordance with protocols approved by the Johns Hopkins Animal Care and Use Committee. Four adult chinchillas (C. laniger, 450–650g) were anesthetized with ketamine/xylazine IM and then treated bilaterally with 0.5cc intratympanic injections of 26.7 mg/mL gentamicin buffered with sodium bicarbonate to pH 7.0. This regimen ablates 3D aVOR responses to head rotation by destroying Type I vestibular hair cells and denuding Type II vestibular hair cells of their stereocilia while leaving a viable population of Type II hair cell bodies and spontaneously firing ampullary and macular nerve fibers subjacent to the endorgan neuroepithelium (Hirvonen et al 2005 (link); Della Santina et al 2005b , 2007b (link), 2010 (link); Lyford-Pike et al 2007 (link); Fridman et al 2010 (link)).
For animal restraint during testing, a post was affixed to the animal’s skull using dental cement. For prosthetic electrical stimulation, each chinchilla was implanted with four pairs of electrodes. One pair was placed within or near each of the three semicircular canal ampullae, while the last pair served as reference electrodes and was implanted in the neck musculature. Electrodes consisted of Teflon™ coated 10% iridium/90% platinum wires of diameters ranging from 25um to 125um (Medwire, Sigmund Cohn Corp, Mount Vernon, NY). Distal ends of each wire were stripped 200 μm from the end. Electrode wires of 25 μm diameter were flamed to form a ball on the distal end in order to increase the contact area of the electrode-perilymph interface. This was necessary to avoid electrode corrosion and nerve injury that would otherwise occur during passage of stimulus currents (Robblee and Rose 1990 ).
Hayden R., Sawyer S., Frey E., Mori S., Migliaccio A.A, & Della Santina C.C. (2011). Virtual Labyrinth model of vestibular afferent excitation via implanted electrodes – Validation and application to design of a multichannel vestibular prosthesis. Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale, 210(3-4), 623-640.
Publication 2011
Adult Animals Auditory Hair Cell Bicarbonate, Sodium Chinchilla Corrosion Cranium Dental Cements Esocidae Gentamicin Hair Cells, Vestibular Head Human Body Injuries Iridium Ketamine Macula Lutea Neck Muscles Nerve Fibers Nervousness Perilymph Platinum Semicircular Canals Stereocilia Stimulations, Electric Teflon Treatment Protocols Xylazine
2
Fossil Scorpion Anatomy and Reconstruction
All specimens figured and discussed here are held by the University of Wisconsin-Madison Geology Museum, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Specimens photographed using a Canon EOS Rebel T3i Digital SLR with a Canon MP-E 65 mm macro lens and full spectrum lighting. Some images were made using low-angle lighting. Images were z-stacked and stitched using Adobe Photoshop CC. A corrosion cast of the pericardium and pulmo-pericardial sinuses of a present-day scorpion (Centruroides exilicauda) was used for anatomical comparison. Another present-day scorpion (Hadogenes troglodytes) was used for morphological comparison of medial structures. Explanatory diagrams and the reconstruction of Parioscorpio venator were created using Microsoft Surface Pro 3 with a stylus using Photoshop CC.
Wendruff A.J., Babcock L.E., Wirkner C.S., Kluessendorf J, & Mikulic D.G. (2020). A Silurian ancestral scorpion with fossilised internal anatomy illustrating a pathway to arachnid terrestrialisation. Scientific Reports, 10, 14.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2020
ARID1A protein, human CD3EAP protein, human Corrosion Fistula Lens, Crystalline Lung Pericardium Reconstructive Surgical Procedures Scorpions
3
Draize Eye Irritation Scoring Protocol
OECD TG 405, known as the Draize test, describes how data is obtained for scoring criteria for acute eye irritation/corrosion (OECD, 2012a ). The Draize test involves application of a chemical of interest to white albino rabbit eyes in vivo. Damage is scored for cornea, iris, conjunctivae and chemosis. Each ocular endpoint has subjective scoring rules described in Table 1. GHS hazards describe how Draize endpoint scores can be mapped to 4 categories of irritation: Type 1, Type 2A, Type 2B and non-irritating. Type 1 and Type 2 irritants are differentiated by reversibility with Type 1 irritants causing serious or irreversible eye damage that persists for 21 days post-exposure. Type 2 irritants are reversible before 21 days. Type 2A and Type 2B irritants are differentiated by the severity of irritation with Type 2A irritants more severe than Type 2B and further subcategorized if effects are fully reversible within 7 days of substance application. Eye irritation categories are defined from endpoint features. The classification strategy for H318 (Draize Type 1), H319 (Draize Type 2A) and H320 (Draize Type 2B) is generated in Figure 4 from classifications given by the Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI)5 and defined by the UN GHS. OECD guideline data is interpreted according to the following rules (OECD, 2012a ): Type 2A versus 2B can be determined by 7 day reversibility of effects. Severity of cornea and iris effects with 21-day reversibility differentiate Type 1 and 2A.
For each substance we derived from all the Draize studies an average value for each Draize endpoint (iris, cornea, etc.) and a maximum value for each endpoint. The ECHA Draize studies report Draize endpoint values, thus allowing for the sum and maximum values to be found for these endpoints.
In addition, we derived one “reversibility” feature matching the study and endpoint with the longest reversibility time. For example, for a chemical with a chemosis endpoint that shows a reversibility period greater than 21 days we apply the value “irreversible” to the “reversibility” feature. Finally, the classification and labeling hazard value reported in the given substance’s ECHA dossier was used to define a Draize GHS category corresponding to the category of Draize response (Type 1, 2A, 2B). The features for this model are described below:

Chemosis mean: chemosis mean scores

Chemosis max: max of chemosis scores for substance

Iris mean: mean iris scores

Iris max: max iris scores

Cornea mean: mean of cornea scores

Cornea max: max of cornea scores

Conjunctivae mean: mean of conjunctivae scores

Conjunctivae max: max of conjunctivae scores

Reversibility: longest endpoint reversal period

Draize GHS Category: H318 = Type 1, H319 = Type 2A, H320 = Type 2B

Luechtefeld T., Maertens A., Russo D.P., Rovida C., Zhu H, & Hartung T. (2016). Analysis of Draize Eye Irritation Testing and its Prediction by Mining Publicly Available 2008–2014 REACH Data. ALTEX, 33(2), 123-134.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2016
Albinism Communicable Diseases Conjunctiva Cornea Corrosion Iris Irritants Rabbits substance S Vision
4
Salinity Tolerance of A. canescens
Seeds of A. canescens were collected in Lingwu County (37.78° N, 106.25° E; elevation 1250 m) of Ningxia Autonomous Region, China. After corrosion of the hard coat with 75% H2SO4 (v/v) for 15 h, seeds were rinsed six times with distilled water and, germinated in vermiculite (moistened with distilled water) at 28°C in the dark for 6 days. Uniform seedlings were transplanted to plastic culture pots (5 cm × 5 cm × 5 cm; two plants/pot) containing vermiculite (with trace amounts of Na+ and K+, Ma et al., 2012 (link)) and watered with 1/2 strength Hoagland nutrient solution (Ma et al., 2012 (link)) at 2-days interval. The growth conditions in greenhouse were controlled to maintain a temperature of 28°C/25°C (day/night), a photoperiod of 16/8 h (light/dark; the flux density was about 800 μmol m-2 s-1) and an approximate relative humidity of 65%.
After washing the leaves thoroughly with distilled water (to remove the salt from the surface of the leaves), 5-weeks-old seedlings were treated with 1/2 strength Hoagland nutrient solution containing additional 0, 100, 200, or 400 mM NaCl for 10 days, and the treatment solutions were renewed every 2 days to keep constant NaCl concentration. The treated and control plants were harvested for biomass measurement and physiological analysis.
Pan Y.Q., Guo H., Wang S.M., Zhao B., Zhang J.L., Ma Q., Yin H.J, & Bao A.K. (2016). The Photosynthesis, Na+/K+ Homeostasis and Osmotic Adjustment of Atriplex canescens in Response to Salinity. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7, 848.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2016
Corrosion Humidity Light Nutrients physiology Plant Embryos Plants Seedlings Sodium Chloride vermiculite
5
Draize Eye Irritation Scoring Protocol
OECD TG 405, known as the Draize test, describes how data is obtained for scoring criteria for acute eye irritation/corrosion (OECD, 2012a ). The Draize test involves application of a chemical of interest to white albino rabbit eyes in vivo. Damage is scored for cornea, iris, conjunctivae and chemosis. Each ocular endpoint has subjective scoring rules described in Table 1. GHS hazards describe how Draize endpoint scores can be mapped to 4 categories of irritation: Type 1, Type 2A, Type 2B and non-irritating. Type 1 and Type 2 irritants are differentiated by reversibility with Type 1 irritants causing serious or irreversible eye damage that persists for 21 days post-exposure. Type 2 irritants are reversible before 21 days. Type 2A and Type 2B irritants are differentiated by the severity of irritation with Type 2A irritants more severe than Type 2B and further subcategorized if effects are fully reversible within 7 days of substance application. Eye irritation categories are defined from endpoint features. The classification strategy for H318 (Draize Type 1), H319 (Draize Type 2A) and H320 (Draize Type 2B) is generated in Figure 4 from classifications given by the Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI)5 and defined by the UN GHS. OECD guideline data is interpreted according to the following rules (OECD, 2012a ): Type 2A versus 2B can be determined by 7 day reversibility of effects. Severity of cornea and iris effects with 21-day reversibility differentiate Type 1 and 2A.
For each substance we derived from all the Draize studies an average value for each Draize endpoint (iris, cornea, etc.) and a maximum value for each endpoint. The ECHA Draize studies report Draize endpoint values, thus allowing for the sum and maximum values to be found for these endpoints.
In addition, we derived one “reversibility” feature matching the study and endpoint with the longest reversibility time. For example, for a chemical with a chemosis endpoint that shows a reversibility period greater than 21 days we apply the value “irreversible” to the “reversibility” feature. Finally, the classification and labeling hazard value reported in the given substance’s ECHA dossier was used to define a Draize GHS category corresponding to the category of Draize response (Type 1, 2A, 2B). The features for this model are described below:

Chemosis mean: chemosis mean scores

Chemosis max: max of chemosis scores for substance

Iris mean: mean iris scores

Iris max: max iris scores

Cornea mean: mean of cornea scores

Cornea max: max of cornea scores

Conjunctivae mean: mean of conjunctivae scores

Conjunctivae max: max of conjunctivae scores

Reversibility: longest endpoint reversal period

Draize GHS Category: H318 = Type 1, H319 = Type 2A, H320 = Type 2B

Luechtefeld T., Maertens A., Russo D.P., Rovida C., Zhu H, & Hartung T. (2016). Analysis of Draize Eye Irritation Testing and its Prediction by Mining Publicly Available 2008–2014 REACH Data. ALTEX, 33(2), 123-134.
Publication 2016
Albinism Communicable Diseases Conjunctiva Cornea Corrosion Iris Irritants Rabbits substance S Vision

Most recents protocols related to «Corrosion»

1
Sealant Plug Composition for Pipe Repair
Not available on PMC !

EXAMPLE 2

This example shows the composition of the sealant plug covering the hole in the pipe and the pipe remains in the field of repair of.

CAS #Name component materialContent, %
80-05-7Bisphenol A39
668609-97-2Glycidyl ether11
21645-51-2Inert powder filler (synthetic aluminum20
67-53-0A corrosion resistance provider3
120962-03Rapeseed oil6.1
112945-52Silicon dioxide1
20344-49Iron oxide hydroxyl0.3
1140-40-0Diethylene thiamine3.5
80-05-74.4Isopropylidenediphenol2.5
2855-13-2Isophorondiamine4
100-51-6Benzyl alcohol4
9009-54-5Polyurethane2
9003-04-7Polyacrylate (Tamcril-15)3
9004-62-9Berol NP-10 (9)0.4
9004-62-0Hydroxyethyl cellulose0.1
8050-81-5Antifoam APRU DF-70100.1

US11867337B2. Systems and methods for sealing pipelines (2024-01-09). CURAPIPE SYSTEM LTD. [IL]. Inventors: Piter Goligorsky [IL], Peter Paz [IL], David Hercky [IL].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Aluminum Benzyl Alcohol bisphenol A Corrosion Ethanol Ethers ferric oxide hydroxyethylcellulose Hydroxyl Radical Iron NP 10 Oil, Rapeseed Polyurethanes Powder Silicon Silicon Dioxide Thiamine
2
Corrosion-Resistant Nickel Alloy Synthesis
Not available on PMC !

Example 2

The present invention provides a corrosion-resistant nickel alloy, which comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 4.77% of B, 5.79% of W, 27.93% of Cr, 12.84% of Al, and the balance of Ni and inevitable impurities.

The method for preparing the corrosion-resistant nickel alloy comprises the following steps:

    • mixing boron powder, tungsten powder, chromium sheets, aluminum sheets and nickel powder with a purity of 99.9%, then adding the mixture into a vacuum suspension smelting furnace; firstly performing vacuumization to 2×10−7 Pa, then introducing high-purity argon gas, performing heating to a temperature of 1756° C. from room temperature within 25 min, adjusting a heating power to 100 kW, and performing smelting for 4 min; increasing the heating power to 120 kW, and performing the smelting for 7 min; then increasing the heating power to 140 kW, and performing the smelting for 6 min; and adjusting the heating power to 120 kW and performing the refining for 7 min under thermal insulation, reducing the temperature to 900° C. at 79° C./min after the refining is completed and then reducing the temperature to 60° C. at 40° C./min, and repeating the smelting and refining for 2 times to obtain the corrosion-resistant nickel alloy.

US11866806B2. Corrosion-resistant nickel alloy, preparation method therefor and use thereof (2024-01-09). TIANJIN UNIVERSITY [CN]. Inventors: Wenchao Ma [CN], Sixuan Zeng [CN], Terrence Wenga [CN].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Alloys Aluminum Argon Boron Chromium Corrosion Nickel Powder Tungsten Vacuum
3
Corrosion-Resistant Nickel Alloy Synthesis
Not available on PMC !

Example 3

The present invention provides a corrosion-resistant nickel alloy, which comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 5.16% of B, 6.13% of W, 27.79% of Cr, 12.92% of Al, and the balance of Ni and inevitable impurities.

The method for preparing the corrosion-resistant nickel alloy comprises the following steps:

    • mixing boron powder, tungsten powder, chromium sheets, aluminum sheets and nickel powder with a purity of 99.9%, then adding the mixture into a vacuum suspension smelting furnace; firstly performing vacuumization to 6×10−2 Pa, then introducing high-purity argon gas, performing heating to a temperature of 1752° C. from room temperature within 28 min, adjusting a heating power to 100 kW, and performing smelting for 6 min; increasing the heating power to 120 kW, and performing the smelting for 5 min; then increasing the heating power to 140 kW, and performing the smelting for 5 min; and adjusting the heating power to 120 kW and performing the refining for 9 min under thermal insulation, reducing the temperature to 900° C. at 80° C./min after the refining is completed and then reducing the temperature to 66° C. at 43° C./min, and repeating the smelting and refining for 3 times to obtain the corrosion-resistant nickel alloy.

US11866806B2. Corrosion-resistant nickel alloy, preparation method therefor and use thereof (2024-01-09). TIANJIN UNIVERSITY [CN]. Inventors: Wenchao Ma [CN], Sixuan Zeng [CN], Terrence Wenga [CN].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Alloys Aluminum Argon Boron Chromium Corrosion Nickel Powder Tungsten Vacuum
4
Assessing Hydraulic Structure Condition
In the case of the Trojanka River, the technical condition of hydraulic structures was assessed using the Kaca and Interewicz method [31 , 32 (link)]. This method assesses individual structure elements such as abutments and their backfill, lifting mechanism, sluice, sluice guide, impervious apron, downstream and upstream apron, building signposting, anti-corrosion and start-up protection, footbridge on the valve, and sealing. The measured parameters are evaluated using tables specifying the limit values for each parameter. Then, every element is classified. The classification is based on a modified scale with the following technical conditions: good condition = 5, satisfactory condition = 3, and unsatisfactory condition = 1. The final grade for each object is calculated as the average of the scores obtained for each element. Research has shown that the Kaca and Interewicz method is effective and suitable for assessing small structures but should not be used for large hydraulic structures such as dams [32 (link)]. The authors decided to use this method because there are only small structures, such as weirs, small sills, and culverts, on the Trojanka River. The comprehensive method of assessing lowland rivers presented in this paper does not impose a specific method for evaluating the technical condition of structures. Depending on the nature of the structures (their size, importance in the context of water management and other parameters), a method should be used to reasonably reflect the actual condition of the structure. The Comprehensive Assessment of Lowland Rivers method only assumes that the final condition of all hydrotechnical structures on the river should be determined by a number from a scale of 1–5, where 1 means poor technical condition and 5 means very good technical condition.
Kocięcka J., Kupiec J.M., Hämmerling M, & Liberacki D. (2023). The concept for innovative Comprehensive Assessment of Lowland Rivers. PLOS ONE, 18(3), e0282720.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Corrosion Rivers
5
Corrosion Product Dissolution Dynamics
Dissolution occurring
at the interface between corrosion products and steel was evaluated
under a turbulent flow velocity of 1 m/s, 1% NaCl at room temperature,
and 80 °C. The pH of the CO2-saturated brine solution
was ∼3.6 or 3.3 (HCl addition). The pH was constantly monitored
throughout the reaction. We used a recirculated custom-built flow
cell system controlled with a high precision magnetic drive gear micropump
(micropump series GJ-N25) consisting of a reactor vessel assembled
to maintain strict CO2-saturated atmosphere fitted with
temperature and pH probes and with inlet and outlet ports, as shown
in Figure S1 and described in detail in
elsewhere.13 (link)
Matamoros-Veloza A., Stawski T.M., Vargas S, & Neville A. (2023). Study of a Local Structure at the Interface between Corrosion Films and Carbon Steel Surface in Undersaturated CO2 Environments. ACS Omega, 8(9), 8497-8504.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Atmosphere Blood Vessel brine Corrosion Sodium Chloride Steel

Top products related to «Corrosion»

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S 4800 by Hitachi
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The S-4800 is a high-resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM) manufactured by Hitachi. It provides a range of imaging and analytical capabilities for various applications. The S-4800 utilizes a field emission electron gun to generate high-quality, high-resolution images of samples.
2
Reference 600 by Gamry
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The Reference 600 is a potentiostat/galvanostat device designed for electrochemical measurements. It provides precise control and measurement of voltage, current, and charge in electrochemical cells. The Reference 600 offers a wide dynamic range and high resolution, making it suitable for a variety of electrochemical applications.
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Di tert butyl peroxide by AkzoNobel
Di-tert-butyl peroxide is a chemical compound used as a laboratory reagent. It is a colorless, flammable liquid that decomposes exothermically. Di-tert-butyl peroxide is used as an initiator in various organic synthesis reactions.
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Solvesso 150 is a high-boiling-point aromatic solvent produced by AkzoNobel. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic odor. Solvesso 150 is primarily used as a component in various industrial formulations and applications.

More about "Corrosion"

Corrosion is a ubiquitous issue that affects a wide range of industries, infrastructure, and everyday life.
It is the deterioration of materials, commonly metals, through chemical or electrochemical reactions with their surrounding environment.
This process can lead to material loss and impairment of the material's properties and performance.
Understanding and mitigating corrosion is crucial for ensuring the safety, reliability, and longevity of various systems and components.
Researchers and engineers can enhance the accuracy of their corrosion research by utilizing advanced tools and techniques.
PubCompare.ai is an AI-powered platform that helps identify the most effective protocols and methods from literature, preprints, and patents.
By leveraging smart comparisons, users can quickly pinpoint the most suitable corrosion analysis methods and products for their specific needs, streamlining their workflow and obtaining accurate results.
Cutting-edge analytical instruments, such as the S-4800 scanning electron microscope, Reference 600 potentiostat/galvanostat, and Echem Analyst software, can provide valuable insights into the mechanisms and characteristics of corrosion processes.
Additionally, techniques like X-ray diffraction (D8 Advance), scanning electron microscopy (Quanta 250 FEG), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCALAB 250Xi) can be employed to study the surface morphology, composition, and corrosion behavior of materials.
Electrochemical analysis tools, like the Reference 3000 potentiostat/galvanostat and CHI660E electrochemical workstation, enable researchers to investigate the kinetics and thermodynamics of corrosion reactions, facilitating the development of effective mitigation strategies.
Chemical additives, such as di-tert-butyl peroxide and Solvesso 150, can also play a role in corrosion inhibition and protection.
By leveraging the latest technologies, tools, and techniques, researchers and engineers can enhance the accuracy and effectiveness of their corrosion research, leading to improved understanding, prevention, and management of this ubiquitous challenge.